Estimation of Vehicle Speed Based on Wheel Speeds from ASR System in Four-Wheel Drive Vehicles

Three major methods currently in the use of determining vehicle speed based on wheel speeds, the minimum wheel speed, minimum wheel speed corrected by slope method and the Kalman filter method, are analyzed, with merits and defects of each approach stated. Through simulations, the Kalman filter method based on minimum wheel speed shows improved accuracy, in addition to better adaptivity to vehicle reference speed. It also can be used to acceleration ship regulation （ASR） in part-time four-wheel drive vehicles.

Investigation into rail corrugation in high-speed railway tracks from the viewpoint of the frictional self-excited vibration of a wheel–rail system

A finite element vibration model of a multiple wheel-rail system which consists of four wheels, one rail, and a series of sleepers is established to address the problem of rail corrugation in high-speed tracks. In the model, the creep forces between the wheels and rail are considered to be saturated and equal to the normal contact forces times the friction coefficient. The oscillation of the rail is coupled with that of wheels in the action of the saturated creep forces. When the coupling is strong, self- excited oscillation of the wheel-rail system occurs. The self-excited vibration propensity of the model is analyzed using the complex eigenvalue method. Results show that there are strong propensities of unstable self-excited vibrations whose frequencies are less than 1,200 Hz under some conditions. Preventing wheels from slipping on rails is an effective method for suppressing rail corrugation in high-speed tracks.

Characteristics of wheel-rail vibration of the vertical section in high-speed railways

In order to analyze the characteristics of wheel-rail vibration of the vertical section in a high-speed railway, a vehicle-line dynamics model is established using the dynamics software SIMPACK. Through this model, the paper analyzes the influence of vertical section parameters, including vertical section slope and vertical curve radius, on wheel-rail dynamics interaction and the acting region of wheel-rail vibration. In addition, the characteristics of wheel- rail vibration of the vertical section under different velocities are investigated. The results show that the variation of wheel load is not sensitive to the vertical section slope but is greatly affected by the vertical curve radius. It was also observed that the smaller the vertical curve radius is, the more severe the interaction between the wheel and rail be- comes. Furthermore, the acting region of wheel-rail vibration expands with the vertical curve radius increasing. On another note, it is necessary to match the slope and vertical curve radius reasonably, on account of the influence of operation speed on the characteristics of wheel-rail vibration. This is especially important at the design stage of vertical sec- tions for lines of different grades.

Minimum Curve Radii for High-Speed Trains, Including the Gyroscopic Moments of the Wheels

This paper studies the title problem including an analysis of the gyroscopic effects of the wheels of a rail-car travelling at high-speed around a level, horizontal curve. The analysis is based upon the fundamental principles of dynamics. The result is a design formula for the minimum curve radius needed to prevent derailment. Aside from the rail car geometric and physical properties, the minimum curve radius depends upon the square the train speed. An illustrative example shows that the wheel gyroscopic effect is destabilizing and additive to the centrifugal force derailment tendency. From a track design perspective, however, the gyroscopic effect is relatively small compared with the centrifugal force effect.

Parametric analysis of wheel wear in high-speed vehicles

In order to reduce the wheel profile wear of highspeed trains and extend the service life of wheels, a dynamic model for a high-speed vehicle was set up, in which the wheelset was regarded as flexible body, and the actual measured track irregularities and line conditions were considered. The wear depth of the wheel profile was calculated by the well-known Archard wear law. Through this model, the influence of the wheel profile, primary suspension stiffness, track gage, and rail cant on the wear of wheel profile were studied through multiple iterafive calculations. Numerical simulation results show that the type XP55 wheel profile has the smallest cumulative wear depth, and the type LM wheel profile has the largest wear depth. To reduce the wear of the wheel profile, the equivalent conicity of the wheel should not be too large or too small. On the other hand, a small primary vertical stiffness, a track gage around 1,435-1,438 mm, and a rail cant around 1：35-1：40 are beneficial for dynamic performance improvement and wheel wear alleviation.

Analysis of torque transmitting behavior and wheel slip prevention control during regenerative braking for high speed EMU trains

The wheel-rail adhesion control for regenerative braking systems of high speed electric multiple unit trains is crucial to maintaining the stability,improving the adhesion utilization,and achieving deep energy recovery.There remain technical challenges mainly because of the nonlinear,uncertain,and varying features of wheel-rail contact conditions.This research analyzes the torque transmitting behavior during regenerative braking,and proposes a novel methodology to detect the wheel-rail adhesion stability.Then,applications to the wheel slip prevention during braking are investigated,and the optimal slip ratio control scheme is proposed,which is based on a novel optimal reference generation of the slip ratio and a robust sliding mode control.The proposed methodology achieves the optimal braking performancewithoutthewheel-railcontactinformation.Numerical simulation results for uncertain slippery rails verify the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.

A dynamic simulation of the wheel–rail impact caused by a wheel flat using a 3D rolling contact model

A three-dimensional （3-D） wheel-rail rolling contact model with a wheel fiat was built using commercial software Hypermesh, and the dynamic finite element simulation was conducted using LS-DYNA 3D/explicit code. Influences of the train speed, flat length and axle load on the vertical wheel-rail impact response were discussed, respectively. The results show that the maximum vertical wheel-rail impact force induced by the wheel flat is higher than that generated by the perfect wheel, and these two dynamic impact forces are much greater than the static axle load. Besides, the maximum von Mises equivalent stress and maximum equivalent plastic strain are observed on the wheel-rail contact surface, and both of them as well as the maximum wheel-rail impact force are sensitive to train speed, fiat length and axle load.

Effect of wheelset flexibility on wheel–rail contact behavior and a specific coupling of wheel–rail contact to flexible wheelset

The fexibility of a train＇s wheelset can have a large effect on vehicle–track dynamic responses in the medium to high frequency range.To investigate the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web,a specifi coupling of wheel–rail contact with a fexible wheelset is presented and integrated into a conventional vehicle–track dynamic system model.Both conventional and the proposed dynamic system models are used to carry out numerical analyses on the effects of wheelset bending and axial deformation of the wheel web on wheel–rail rolling contact behaviors.Excitations with various irregularities and speeds were considered.The irregularities included measured track irregularity and harmonic irregularities with two different wavelengths.The speeds ranged from 200 to400km/h.The results show that the proposed model can characterize the effects of fexible wheelset deformation on the wheel–rail rolling contact behavior very well.

基于轴箱高频振动的车轮不圆辨识方法研究

为实现对高速列车车轮高阶不圆的实时检测,研究了轴箱高频振动与车轮不圆的频谱特征和映射关系,采用频域积分方法对车轮不圆的幅值和阶次进行辨识.首先,通过静态测试和台架试验,研究我国高速铁路车轮多边形、钢轨波磨和轨道模态的表现形式;其次,通过高速列车长期服役性能跟踪试验,掌握转向架轴箱振动的时频特征和演化规律;最后,以现场出现车轮20阶多边形的车辆为研究对象,提出基于频域积分的车轮不圆阶次和幅值辨识方法.研究结果表明:CRTS-Ⅱ型轨道板钢轨三阶弯曲频率为592 Hz;列车以300 km/h运行时,20阶车轮多边形和136 mm波长钢轨波磨的响应频率分别为580 Hz和613 Hz;钢轨模态、车轮多边形以及钢轨波磨的振动主频较为集中,轴箱高频振动幅值随车速和镟后里程的增大而增大;采用加速度频域积分方法,从理论上可实现对车轮不圆幅值和阶次的辨识;基于线路实测轴箱加速度的20阶车轮多边形辨识结果与静态测试值相对误差不超过5%.

Dynamic Response Analysis of High-Speed Train Gearbox Housing Based on Equivalent Acceleration Amplitude Method

Gearbox, as the crucial transmission equipment of high-speed train drive system, bears mainly the impact of wheel-rail excitation during its application, resulting in fatigue failure of the housing structure. In order to analyze the vibration characteristics of the high-speed train gearbox housing, a test had been performed under operating condition on Wuhan-Guangzhou High-Speed Railway, where a host of vibration characteristics of different parts of housing had been obtained, and vibration signals had also been comparatively analyzed using acceleration amplitude spectrum and equivalent acceleration amplitude method. The result showed that the vibration level of the measuring point A on the joint part of the gearbox housing and axle bearing block was higher than that of the measuring point B on the upper part of the gearbox housing, both horizontally and vertically. And there existed attenuation during the transmission process of vibration from point A to Point B. Further, when a train was moving at a high speed, the gearbox vibration at the head carriage was better than that at the tail carriage. In addition, when a train slowed down from 300 km/h to 200 km/h, the horizontal equivalent acceleration amplitude dropped by 58% while the vertical one declined by 62%. Equivalent acceleration amplitude method was used to identify the vibration relations among different parts of housing, and the validity and applicability of this method were verified by data analysis. The study provided reference to ensure the operating safety of high-speed train drive system and design of new housing structure.

Simulation on derailment base on a new wheel-rail contact method

The simulation package for special research on derailment of high speed vehicle is established.The process of derailment is different from other behaviors of vehicle dynamics because of large lateral displacement of wheelsets.To get correct results,a new fast algorithm to computing contact force is adopted and the exact geometry analysis is necessary to judge derailment happened.Variation of contact condition and coefficient of friction with speeds are also considered into vehicle-track coupled model.The structure of the package is presented in detail.The results are particular emphasis on investigation influence of maximum track defect,critical vehicle speed and various contact condition on derailment.The simulation can also be used to define the most risk factor leading to derailment.

An approach for ergonomic design of mouse wheel

A new method for ergonomic design of a computer mouse is proposed in this paper. In the method, the movements of joints and tip of the forefinger during operating a mouse was captured by a high-speed video camera. The captured videos were ana- lyzed and an algorithm was developed to decide the size and location of the mouse wheel according to ergonomic principles. The al- gorithm was then coded in a software package with Visual C＋＋ and OpenGL languages. Results of the calculation and simulation agreed well with those of the experiments. The software can also be used for shape design of mouse body, buttons and their layouts.

基于改进DWA的四轮差速移动底盘模型算法研究

针对四轮差速移动底盘在路径规划中遇到的局部最优问题以及目标不可达到的问题,提出了一种改进的动态窗口法(dynamic window approach,DWA)。在传统DWA算法的基础上对评价函数进行了改进,针对局部最优问题,引入预碰撞评价函数,能够使移动底盘在移动过程中提前避开位于移动底盘和目标点之间的障碍物以及凹型障碍物;针对目标不可达问题,改进航向评价函数的权重系数,将航向角评价函数权重系数设为随移动底盘与目标距离减小而增大的权重函数,能够有效解决目标不可达问题。改进后的DWA算法可通过新的评价函数规划出更为合理高效的移动路径。通过对改进DWA算法进行MATLAB仿真实验验证表明,改进后的DWA算法具有良好的效果,保证了四轮差速移动底盘良好的避障性能。

更高速下轮轨瞬态“滚-滑-跳”接触行为及中/短波不平顺临界限值研究

简述轮轨滚动接触行为预测方法现状的基础上,选择最适于400 km/h及以上更高速和中/短波不平顺激励下轮轨“滚-滑-跳”接触行为分析的瞬态滚动接触显式有限元建模方法,建立更高速轮轨三维瞬态滚动接触时域分析模型,数值模拟了轮对在典型曲线轨道上的瞬态曲线通过行为。根据现营高速轮轨的中/短波不平顺调研,以波长30~210 mm钢轨波磨为典型不平顺,考虑波磨激励下左右两侧轮轨动力作用相互影响,分析波磨几何等因素对速度500 km/h及以下轮轨瞬态“滚-滑-跳”接触行为的影响。考虑低、中频动力减载等因素的前提下,仅从轮轨接触脱离角度,提出轮轨中/短波不平顺的临界管理限值建议,讨论其重要性、合理性和应用局限,并与《高速铁路钢轨打磨管理办法》规定的波磨整治限度进行对比。

高速列车车轮两阶段退化建模及可靠性分析

针对高速列车车轮在退化过程中呈现两阶段特征的问题,提出一种基于两阶段非线性Wiener过程的高速列车车轮退化建模及可靠性分析方法。采用CUSUM(CUmulative SUM)算法实现车轮退化过程变点判别,在此基础上,利用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗方法估计模型未知参数。针对车轮两阶段退化过程较为复杂、可靠度解析形式难以求解的问题,通过蒙特卡罗模拟方法求解得到车轮可靠度函数曲线和可靠寿命。最后以某机车同转向架车轮单个镟修周期内的实测数据为例,验证了模型的有效性。结果表明:受运营环境影响,同转向架不同侧车轮退化过程出现变点的位置不同;相较于未考虑阶段性特征的退化模型,所提模型可靠性评估结果更符合现场实际;通过不断获取车轮退化数据,可采用所提模型计算并更新车轮可靠寿命值,为车轮镟修周期的进一步优化提供了理论指导。

以谐波为导向的轮辐式磁场调制永磁轮毂电机转速波动抑制研究

结合车辆轮毂直驱应用场合需求,以“低速大转矩”能力出色的轮辐式磁场调制永磁轮毂电机为研究对象,系统性开展以谐波为导向的电机转速波动抑制研究。分析齿槽转矩这一引起电机转矩波动的重要因素,确定与之相关联的主导谐波阶次。并且,将关联谐波作为优化设计目标,有效削弱齿槽转矩,从而有助于在电机设计层面实现电机转速波动的抑制。此外,面临轮毂直驱场合复杂工况及恶劣路况的驱动需求,在电机控制层引入“扰动抑制能力出色”的自抗扰控制技术,在自抗扰控制器误差反馈控制律中针对性引入电机齿槽转矩主导谐波的抑制环节,提出谐波导向型线性状态误差反馈控制律,进一步抑制了电机的转速波动。理论分析与实验结果验证了研究的合理性。

基于线控底盘的无人驾驶轨迹跟踪控制研究

为提高结构化工况下无人驾驶汽车轨迹跟踪的精确性,提出一种融合纵向车速跟踪控制器的预瞄轨迹跟踪控制算法。针对四轮转向的特性,基于传统纯跟踪算法设计了四轮转向纯跟踪控制模型;针对纯跟踪算法跟踪效果受车速影响较大的缺陷,设计了纵向车速跟踪控制器并采用n维插值表方式在不同曲率处设置不同车速;将四轮转向纯跟踪算法融合纵向车速跟踪控制器,以达到更好的跟踪效果。仿真与实车试验表明,试验平台可较精确地跟踪规划轨迹并平稳抵达目标终点,实车轨迹跟踪过程中最大横向误差控制在0.497m。

CFRP砂轮高速外圆磨削稳定性分析

为分析不同影响因素对CFRP砂轮高速外圆磨削稳定性的影响,采用铁木辛柯梁理论对具有阶梯特征的工件进行动力学分析,结合锤击试验测得砂轮动态特性,对高速磨削过程中的砂轮-工件两自由度系统进行了磨削稳定性分析。在对阶梯工件进行动力学分析的过程中,发现阶梯特征对于动态特性的影响较小,误差小于2%。在稳定性分析中发现,不同的砂轮转速和不同的工件磨削位置均会影响磨削稳定性。磨削位置越靠近工件中心,工件刚度越弱,磨削稳定性降低易诱发颤振;而在靠近顶尖支撑的位置,由于工件刚度增强,该位置的磨削稳定性将同时受到工件和砂轮的动力学性能的影响。通过磨削试验验证了分析方法的有效性,试验结果表明,工件磨削位置的刚度差异将会影响加工表面质量,由磨削失稳导致的粗糙度增幅可达51.6%。

车轮扁疤激励下高铁轴箱系统振动特性研究

以某型高速列车轮对和轴箱轴承为研究对象,构建包含轮对轴箱轴承的车辆-轨道耦合动力学模型,研究在京津线轨道不平顺激扰及车轮扁疤激扰工况下轴箱系统内部结构的接触振动特性。结果表明:当车轮出现扁疤缺陷时会引起轴箱在垂向和横向的高频振动;随着车轮扁疤长度的增加,轴箱轴承滚子与外圈接触载荷高频段所占成分逐渐增加,引起轴承滚子与外圈的中高频激振,加速轴承的疲劳破坏;扁疤长度超过30 mm时,0号滚道区域的接触载荷变化较大,扁疤长度50 mm处轴箱轴承滚子与外圈接触载荷均值与扁疤长度10 mm处滚子与外圈接触载荷均值的最大值相比增加了33.38%;当列车运行速度在250 km/h左右时,车轮扁疤长度安全阈应限制在30 mm以内,尽量降低车轮较长扁疤引起的轮轨结构高频振动。

珠光体型高铁车轮钢的研究进展

珠光体钢具有高强度和优异的耐磨性,广泛应用于铁路车轮。首先总结了目前我国高速动车组车轮的应用现状、轮辋强韧性水平及主要损伤形式;其次,结合350 km/h自主化高铁车轮钢的研发思路从珠光体组织及夹杂物改性控制方面重点介绍了轮辋材料强韧化机理及超高周疲劳性能的研究进展;最后,从冶金与材料学角度提出了未来更高时速高铁车轮用钢的发展思路。