建立腔体热释电探测器相对光谱响应度标尺的研究

由于腔体热释电探测器在宽光谱范围内具有相对平坦的光谱响应度,因此经常被用作标定探测器相对光谱响应度的工作基准。但是在标定过程中通常认为腔体热释电探测器是无光谱选择性的,即R(λ)为常数。这样就会使测量结果不够准确,因此建立腔体热释电探测器相对光谱响应度的标尺是非常重要的。本文主要介绍了建立腔体热释电探测器相对光谱响应度标尺的原理和方法,并通过实验利用该方法建立了腔体热释电探测器相对光谱响应度的标尺,从而使该腔体热释电探测器成为红外光谱响应度测量装置的工作基准。

Improved YOLOv8-Based Target Detection Algorithm for UAV Aerial Image

In response to the challenge of low detection accuracy and susceptibility to missed and false detections of small targets in unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs)aerial images,an improved UAV image target detection algorithm based on YOLOv8 was proposed in this study.To begin with,the CoordAtt attention mechanism was employed to enhance the feature extraction capability of the backbone network,thereby reducing interference from backgrounds.Additionally,the BiFPN feature fusion network with an added small object detection layer was used to enhance the model's ability to perceive for small objects.Furthermore,a multi-level fusion module was designed and proposed to effectively integrate shallow and deep information.The use of an enhanced MPDIoU loss function further improved detection performance.The experimental results based on the publicly available VisDrone2019 dataset showed that the improved model outperformed the YOLOv8 baseline model,mAP@0.5 improved by 20%,and the improved method improved the detection accuracy of the model for small targets.

Study on the scales of heterogeneous geologic bodies in random media

In order to study the scale characteristics of heterogeneities in complex media, a random medium is constructed using a statistical method and by changing model parameters （autocorrelation lengths a and b）, the scales of heterogeneous geologic bodies in the horizontal and the vertical Cartesian directions may be varied in the medium. The autocorrelation lengths a and b represent the mean scale of heterogeneous geologic bodies in the horizontal and vertical Cartesian directions in the randQm medium, respectively. Based on this model, the relationship between model autocorrelation lengths and heterogeneous geologic body scales is studied by horizontal velocity variation and standard deviation. The horizontal velocity variation research shows that velocities are in random perturbation. The heterogeneous geologic body scale increases with increasing autocorrelation length. The recursion equation for the relationship between autocorrelation lengths and heterogeneous geologic body scales is determined from the velocity standard deviation research and the actual heterogeneous geologic body scale magnitude can be estimated by the equation.

Image-based Water Level Measurement Method under Stained Ruler

This paper propoes the water level measuring method based on the image, while the ruler used to indicate the water level is stained. The contamination of the ruler weakens or eliminates many features which are required for the image processing. However, the feature of the color difference between the ruler and the water surface are firmer on the environmental change compare to the other features. As the color differeaces are embossed, only the region of the ruler is limited to eliminate the noise, and the average image is produced by using several continuous frames. A histogram is then produced on the height axis of the produced intensity average image. Local peaks and local valleys are detected, and the section between the peak and valley which have the greatest change is looked for. The valley point at this very moment is used to detect the water level. The detected water level is then converted to the actual water level by using the mapping table. The proposed method is compared to the ultrasonic based method to evaluate its accuracy and efficiency on the various contaminated environments.

Effects of Serum Calcium and Phosphorus under Different Feeding Conditions on Production Traits of Young Xinjiang Brown Bulls

[Objective] In the Xinjiang new era from October 2012 to February 2013, agricultural and animal husbandry Co. Ltd. feedlot Yining Tuogelake village used tethered and scattered feeding methods to conduct fattening young Xinjiang brown cattle experiment. [Method] The 16-month-old young Xinjiang brown bulls were se- lected totaling 68 heads, divided into scattered group and tethered group. Male claves were taken as test subjects from October to February of following year and body conformation linear evaluation were made, followed by measurement of body size indexes and Regular collection of Blood samples. [Result] In the two feeding ways, scattered group feeding improved the ADG of youth Xinjiang brown cattle bull calf （P〈0.01）, and the whole calf ADG 845.58g was significantly higher than that in tethered group at 619.11g, increasing by 36.58%; furthermore, scattered group in the December, January and February average daily weight gain was significantly higher compared with the tethered group at 13.61%, 32.32%, 53.47%, respectively. Scattered group feeding significantly increased the young calf serum phosphorus content （P〈0.01）, higher than the tethered group at 0.62%, 7.89%, 14.29% in February, December and January respectively. But the tethered feeding young cattle serum phosphorus content gradually declined. Of the two groups, male calf serum calcium content had little effects on the serum calcium with insignificant difference （P〉0.05）. Bulls by scattered feeding method was proved faster and better in the whole growth period, in terms of body height, body length, circumference, leg cir- cumference, rump length, waist high, sciatic wide, hip width basically in the contin- ued growth trend. [Conclusion] Scattered feeding can significantly improve the young Xinjiang brown cattle＇s daily gain, and accelerate the body height, heart girth and body length etc body growth. What＇s more, scattered feeding serum calcium and phosphorus content are significantly higher than tethered feeding.

Scaling behavior of nucleotide cluster in DNA sequences

In this paper we study the scaling behavior of nucleotide cluster in 11 chromosomes of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Genome. The statistical distribution of nucleotide clusters for 11 chromosomes is characterized by the scaling behavior of P ( S ) ∝ e ?αS, where S represents nucleotide cluster size. The cluster-size distribution P(S1+S2) with the total size of sequential C-G cluster and A-T cluster S1+S2 were also studied. P(S1+S2) follows exponential decay. There does not exist the case of large C-G cluster following large A-T cluster or large A-T cluster following large C-G cluster. We also discuss the relatively random walk length function L(n) and the local compositional complexity of nucleotide sequences based on a new model. These investigations may provide some insight into nucleotide cluster of DNA sequence.

A Method of Precision Testing Relative Relation of Space Points and Its Application

In response to the high requirements of industrial precision test, presenting a method of testing relative relation of space points was studied. The spatial-coordinate testing system was established by using high precision theodolites and horizontal staff. The related test was conducted with the use of the space intersection and the precision was evaluated based on the error of baseline. In the practical application of radar-development base, the relative relation of space points was implemented by using electronic theodolite and horizontal staff, which can be easily operated. Furthermore, it can be conveniently used to test small areas where the instruments are difficult to be installed and for high industrial requirements of precision test. The test results can fully meet the strict industrial requirements.

Mesoscale structure of the central South China Sea detected by SCSMEX Buoy and Argo float

We addressed the mesoscale structure variation of the central South China Sea （SCS） with the measurements by a long-lived Argo float and a high-resolution ATLAS buoy during 1998-2002. T-S diagram indicates cooling and freshening events in 2000 and 2001 with lower salinity （0.5-0.8） and lower temperature （1-1.7℃）. Significant decrease in the net heat flux and increase in the precipitation suggest that the cooling and freshening is due to extra forcing by the atmosphere. Additional to large year-to-year changes, intraseasonal variability is moderate in the research area. The axis of the maximum intraseasonal temperature and salinity signals are mainly located on the thermocline, Typically, amplitude and period of intraseasonal temperature is about 2℃ and 40-60 days, and that of salinity is 0.34）.5 and 35-60 days. Rapidly-changing winds, heat flux, and precipitation are critical in controlling the intraseasonal fluctuations of the mixed layer of the area. Studies on heat and freshwater balance in the mixed-layer further suggest that horizontal advection plays an important role in intraseasonal fluctuation in the upper ocean. In addition, the energetic mesoscale propagation radiated from the east boundary is linked to the intraseasonal variability in winter.

On the criteria to create a susceptibility map to debris flow at a regional scale using Flow-R

Studies on susceptibility to debris flows at regional scale （ioo-looo km2） are important for the protection and management of mountain areas. To reach this objective, routing models, mainly based on land topography, can be used to predict susceptible areas rapidly while necessitating few input data. In this research, Flow-R model is implemented to create the susceptibility map for the debris flow of the Vizze Valley （BZ, North-Eastern Italy; 134 km^2）. The analysis considers the model application at local scale for three sub-catchments and then it explores the model upsealing at the regional scale by verifying two methods to generate the source areas of debris-flow initiation. Using data of an extreme event occurred in the Vizze Valley （4 August 2012） and historical information, the modeling verification highlights that the propagation parameters are relatively simple to set in order to obtain correct runout distances. A double DTM filtering - using a threshold for the upslope contributing area （0.1 km^2） and a threshold for the terrain-slope angle （15°） provides a satisfactory prediction of source areas and susceptibility map within the geological conditions of the Vizze Valley.

Methods for Setting up a Three-Dimensional Industrial Surveying System of “Building Blocks Type”

This paper is to advance some relevant techniques to set up a three-dimensional industrial surveying system of “building blocks type”, making use of the electronic theodolite, standard ruler and portable computer.

Multi-Objective Optimization of Water-Sedimentation-Power in Reservoir Based on Pareto-Optimal Solution

A multi-objective optimal operation model of water-sedimentation-power in reservoir is established with power-generation, sedimentation and water storage taken into account. Moreover, the inertia weight self-adjusting mechanism and Pareto-optimal archive are introduced into the particle swarm optimization and an improved multi-objective particle swarm optimization （IMOPSO） is proposed. The IMOPSO is employed to solve the optimal model and obtain the Pareto-optimal front. The multi-objective optimal operation of Wanjiazhai Reservoir during the spring breakup was investigated with three typical flood hydrographs. The results show that the former method is able to obtain the Pareto-optimal front with a uniform distribution property. Different regions （A, B, C） of the Pareto-optimal front correspond to the optimized schemes in terms of the objectives of sediment deposition, sediment deposition and power generation, and power generation, respectively. The level hydrographs and outflow hydrographs show the operation of the reservoir in details. Compared with the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-Ⅱ （NSGA-Ⅱ）, IMOPSO has close global optimization capability and is suitable for multi-objective optimization problems.

Self-organized Criticality in an Earthquake Model on Random Network

A simplified Olami-Feder-Christensen model on a random network has been studied. We propose a new toppling rule -- when there is an unstable site toppling, the energy of the site is redistributed to its nearest neighbors randomly not averagely. The simulation results indicate that the model displays self-organized criticality when the system is conservative, and the avalanche size probability distribution of the system obeys finite size scaling. When the system is nonconservative, the model does not display scaling behavior. Simulation results of our model with different nearest neighbors q is also compared, which indicates that the spatial topology does not alter the critical behavior of the system.

Dot Size Thermal Objects Detection in Atmosphere of Infrared Range

The article deals with the experimental studies of atmosphere indistinct radiation structure. The information extraction background of dot size thermal object presence in atmosphere is reasonable. Indistinct generalization of experimental study regularities technique of space-time irregularity radiation structure in infrared wave range is offered. The approach to dot size thermal object detection in atmosphere is proved with a help of threshold method in the thermodynamic and turbulent process conditions, based on the indistinct statement return task solution.

Application of analytical hierarchy process to selection of primary crusher

Selection of crusher required a great deal of design based on the mining plan and operation input. Selection of the best primary crusher from all of available primary crushers is a Multi-Criterion Decision Making （MCDM） problem, in this paper, the Analytical Hierarchy Process （AHP） method was used to selection of the best primary crusher for Golegohar Iron Mine in Iran. For this reason, gyratory, double toggle jaw, single toggle jaw, high speed roll crusher, low speed sizer, impactor, hammer mill and feeder breaker crushers were considered as alternatives and capacity, feed size, product size, rock compressive strength, abrasion index and mobility of crusher were considered as criteria. As a result of our study, the gyvratory crusher was offered as the best primary crusher for the studied mine.

Scaling Behavior of an Aggregation-Migration Model

We study the kinetic behavior of a two-species aggregation-migration model in which an irreversible aggregation occurs between any two clusters of the same species and a reversible migration occurs simultaneously between two different species. For a simple model with constant aggregation rates and with the migration rates and , we find that the evolution behavior of the system depends crucially on the values of the indexes υ1 and υ2. The aggregate size distribution of either species obeys a conventional scaling law for most cases. Moreover, we also generalize the two-species system to the multi-species case and analyze its kinetic behavior under the symmetrical conditions.

Housing Policy in Khartoum： Plot Subdivision for Increased Housing Supply for Low-income People

The article discusses plot size standards applied in the government sites-and-services projects in Khartoum and probes into the possible alternative ways of re-establishing solid grounds for those standards. The particular issue of plot size is a crucial factor in the whole housing policy as it directly affects the urban land use and consumption and extends its influence far into sustainability and affordability issues and the whole housing policy and supply process. The article, analysing the applied standards, argues that plot subdivision can substantially contribute to providing more access of housing to the low-income groups. Large plot sizes can be subdivided driven by the need to realize security of tenure, doubling the owner-occupier housing stock which is the base issue of self-help housing, increases housing finance, provides variety of housing choices and behind all it conforms to the legacy principles and some cultural attributes of the local community. The article underlined existence of a cumbersome regulatory system, subdivision procedures and development controls which need to be reformed.

Evaluating the impact of spatio-temporal scale on CPUE standardization

This study focused on the quantitative evaluation of the impact of the spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and grouping on the standardization of CPUE(catch per unit effort).We used the Chinese squid-jigging fishery in the northwestern Pacific Ocean as an example to evaluate 24 scenarios at different spatio-temporal scales,with a combination of four levels of temporal scale(weekly,biweekly,monthly,and bimonthly)and six levels of spatial scale(longitude×latitude:0.5°×0.5°,0.5°×1°,0.5°×2°,1°×0.5°,1°×1°,and 1°×2°).We applied generalized additive models and generalized linear models to analyze the24 scenarios for CPUE standardization,and then the differences in the standardized CPUE among these scenarios were quantified.This study shows that combinations of different spatial and temporal scales could have different impacts on the standardization of CPUE.However,at a fine temporal scale(weekly)different spatial scales yielded similar results for standardized CPUE.The choice of spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and analysis may create added uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment and management.To identify a cost-effective spatio-temporal scale for data collection,we recommend a similar study be undertaken to facilitate the design of effective monitoring programs.

Ex situ echo sounder target strengths of ice krill Euphausia crystallorophias

Ice krill is the keystone species in the neritic ecosystem in the Southern Ocean, where it replaces the more oceanic Antarctic krill. It is essential to understand the variation of target strength （TS in dB re l m^2） with the different body size to accurately estimate ice krill stocks. However, there is comparatively little knowledge of the acoustic backscatter of ice krill. The TS of individual, formalin-preserved, tethered ice krill was measured in a freshwater test tank at 38, 120, and 200 kHz with a calibrated split-beam echo sounder system. Mean TS was obtained from 21 individual ice krill with a broad range of body lengths （L： 13-36 iron）. The length （L, mm） to wet weight （W; mg） relationship for ice krill was 11/=0.001 21g^103~L35s （R2=0.96）. The mean TS-to-length relationship were TS38kHz=-177.4＋57log10（L）, （R^2=0.86）; TS120kHz= -129.9＋31.561ogf0（L）, （R2=0.87）; and TS200kHz=-117.6＋24.661ogre（L）, （R2=0.84）. Empirical estimates of the relationship between the TS and body length of ice krill were established at 38, 120, and 200 kHz and compared with predictions obtained from both the linear regression model of Greene et al. （1991） and the Stochastic Distorted Wave Born Approximation （SDWBA） model. This result might be applied to improve acoustic detection and density estimation of ice krill in the Southern Ocean. Further comparative studies are needed with in situ target strength including various body lengths of ice krill.

Reduced Fidelity Susceptibility in One-Dimensional Transverse Field Ising Model

We study critical behaviors of the reduced fidelity susceptibility for two neighboring sites in the onedimensional transverse field Ising model. It is found that the divergent behaviors of the susceptibility take the form of square of logarithm, in contrast with the global ground-state fidelity susceptibility which is power divergence. In order to perform a scaling analysis, we take the square root of the susceptibility and determine the scaling exponent analytically and the result is further confirmed by numerical calculations.

Availability. Based Wind Farm Design

The paper develops a methodology for the optimal sizing of a generic wind farms, focusing primarily on reliability aspects, besides the traditional economic ones. A specific objective function is proposed in order to select the better wind farm configuration, based upon the profits related to the economic trading in the deregulated electric market and the costs due to investment, operation ＆ management, and to system unavailability. This objective function is accurately investigated as a function of the turbines number in order to derive the most convenient alternative, which implies also the optimal choice of the single wind generators size. The ranking coming out from this assessment is then compared with that one established in terms of expected load not supplied. A compromise choice, between the best alternatives provided by the two criteria has finally adopted. A simple numerical application is reported in the last part of the paper for testing the validity of the proposed approach. Also uncertainty aspects in the basic input parameters are taken into account and possible way of dealing with them is briefly illustrated.