Dietary polyphenols reduced the allergenicity ofβ-lactoglobulin via non-covalent interactions:a study on the structure-allergenicity relationship

Studies showed that complexation of polyphenols with milk allergens reduced their immunogenic potential.However,the relationship between structures of polyphenols and their hypoallergenic effects on milk allergens in association with physiological and conformational changes of the complexes remain unclear.In this study,polyphenols from eight botanical sources were extracted to prepare non-covalent complexes withβ-lactoglobulin(β-LG),a major allergen in milk.The dominant phenolic compounds bound toβ-LG with a diminished allergenicity were identified to investigate their respective role on the structural and allergenic properties ofβ-LG.Extracts from Vaccinium fruits and black soybeans were found to have great inhibitory effects on the IgE-and IgG-binding abilities ofβ-LG.Among the fourteen structure-related phenolic compounds,flavonoids and tannins with larger MWs and multi-hydroxyl substituents,notably rutin,EGCG,and ellagitannins were more potent to elicit changes on the conformational structures ofβ-LG to decrease the allergenicity of complexedβ-LG.Correlation analysis further demonstrated that a destabilized secondary structure and protein depolymerization caused by polyphenol-binding were closely related to the allergenicity property of formed complexes.This study provides insights into the understanding of structure-allergenicity relationship ofβ-LG-polyphenol interactions and would benefit the development of polyphenol-fortified matrices with hypoallergenic potential.

Efficient reduction ofβ-lactoglobulin allergenicity in milk using Clostridium tyrobutyricum Z816

Milk allergy is one of the most common food allergies,affecting 6%of young children,andβ-lactoglobulin(β-LG)is the main milk allergen.Clostridium tyrobutyricum Z816 was selected for the degradation ofβ-LG,which was successfully reduced by about 90%using permeabilized bacteria under the optimized conditions.The hydrolyzed peptides were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS)and analyzed by molecular modeling,which indicated that C.tyrobutyricum Z816 could effectively degrade the antigenic epitopes ofβ-LG.Finally,the concentration and digestibility ofβ-LG in actual samples was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and gastrointestinal digestion simulation experiments.The results showed more than 92%ofβ-LG in actual samples was hydrolyzed,and the gastric and total digestibility of whey protein isolate(WPI)was improved by 85.96%and 64.51%,respectively.Therefore,C.tyrobutyricum Z816 offers an effective method to degradeβ-LG and reduce the occurrence of milk allergies,which has great significance for the development of hypoallergenic dairy products.

从WPC中分离β-lactoglobulin的方法

β-Lactoglobulin是乳清中的主要蛋白,已经有很多方法应用于分离提取β-Lg,但是这些方法或技术大多数比较贵或有时候比较复杂,不能够达到足够的产量或纯度。介绍一种简便易行,重复性强,低成本的方法从浓缩乳清蛋白(WPC)中分离β-Lg,并且利用BCA法测定蛋白的质量浓度表明提取β-Lg的质量浓度很高,而SDS-PAGE表明提取的β-Lg有较高的纯度。

Study on the Simultaneously Quantitative Detection for β-Lactoglobulin and Lactoferrin of Cow Milk by Using Protein Chip Technique

Objective To research a protein chip method which can simultaneously quantitative detect β-Lactoglobulin （β-L） and Lactoferrin （Lf） at one time. Methods Protein chip printer was used to print both anti-β-L antibodies and anti-Lf antibodies on each block of protein chip. And then an improved sandwich detection method was applied while the other two detecting antibodies for the two antigens were added in the block after they were mixed. The detection conditions of the quantitative detection for simultaneous measurement of β-L and Lf with protein chip were optimized and evaluated. Based on these detected conditions, two standard curves of the two proteins were simultaneously established on one protein chip. Finally, the new detection method was evaluated by using the analysis of precision and accuracy. Results By comparison experiment, mouse monoclonal antibodies of the two antigens were chosen as the printing probe. The concentrations of β-L and Lf probes were 0.5 mg/mL and 0.5 mg/mL, respectively, while the titers of detection antibodies both of β-L and Lf were 1：2,000. Intra- and inter-assay variability was between 4.88% and 38.33% for all tests. The regression coefficients of protein chip comparing with ELISA for β-L and Lf were better than 0.734, and both of the two regression coefficients were statistically significant （r = 0.734, t = 2.644, P = 0.038; and r = 0.774, t = 2.998, P = 0.024）. Conclusion A protein chip method of simultaneously quantitative detection for β-L and Lf has been established and this method is worthy in further application.

In Vitro Refolding Process of Bovine Allergen β-lactoglobulin by Multispectroscopic Method

Objective To characterize the relationship between the refolding process of recombinant bovine β-1actoglobulin and its immunoreactivity for clinical purposes. To establish a spectral method which examine the extent of recombinant allergen renaturation. Methods The refolding process of recombinant bovine β-1actoglobulin was investigated by using circular dichroism, fluorescence and synchronous fluorescence spectra. IgE-binding capacity of recombinant protein was analyzed by ELISA. In addition, bioinformatic methods were used to explain the spectral characteristics and analyze the relationship between the conformational changes and the immunoreactivity of the protein during renaturation in vitro. Results Renaturation of recombinant bovine β-1actoglobulin resulted in a more compact structure resembling the natural counterpart with stronger IgE-binding capacity. Conclusion The degree of protein renaturation Results from this study may be of help for food future. correlated with the IgE-binding capacity of the protein. allergy therapy and development of vaccination in the

HPLC Analysis of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin in Bovine Milk with C_4 and C_(18) Column

Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography （RP-HPLC） method with C4 column and C18 column for analyzing β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin in bovine milk was developed and the performance and characteristic of two columns were compared. Shiseido Proteonavi C4 column （250 mm×4.6 mm×5μm） and Shiseido CAPCELL PAK SG 300 C18 column （250 mm× 4.6 mm×5 μm） were used in the experiment. Phase A was composed of 0.1% （V/V） trifluoroacetic acid （TFA） in ultrapure water and Phase B （organic phase） was composed of 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. Gradient elution was taken. Flow rate was 1 mL min-1. The detection wavelength was 215 nm. The injection volume was 20 μL and the column temperature was 30℃. The results showed that linear relationship was good and recovery of α-lactalbumin and β-lactoglobulin was 86.12%-104.38%, C18 column had stronger ability to resist acid and more stable, and the method with C4 column had excellent sensitivities and good separation.

Fabrication and evaluation of a portable and reproducible quartz crystal microbalance immunochip for label-free detection ofβ-lactoglobulin allergen in milk products

In this study,a label-free,portable and reproducible immunochip based on quartz crystal microbalance(QCM)was developed for the qualitative detection ofβ-lactoglobulin(β-LG),an allergen,in milk products.Experimental parameters in the fabrication and regeneration procedure such as pH of the coupling microenvironment,amount of anti-β-LG antibody and regeneration reagent were optimized in detail.Under optimal conditions,the proposed QCM immunochip exhibited good recognition of β-LG,with a calibration curve of ΔF=12.877 C_(β-LG)^(0.4809)(R^(2)=0.9982)and limit of detection of 0.04μg/mL.Additionally,this portable QCM immunochip had good stability,high specificity,and no obvious cross-reaction to three other milk proteins(α-casein,α-lactalbumin,and lactoferrin).It could compete a qualitative measurement within5 min,and could be reused at least ten times.In the β-LG analysis of actual milk samples,the developed QCM immunochip yielded reliable and accurate results,which correlated strongly with those from the standard HPLC method(R^(2)=0.9969).Thus,the portable,stable,and reproducible QCM immunochip developed in this study allowed the rapid,cost-effectively and sensitively measure theβ-LG in milk products.

β-Lactoglobulin stabilized lipid nanoparticles enhance oral absorption of insulin by slowing down lipolysis

Lipid-based nanocarriers have staged a remarkable comeback in the oral delivery of proteins and peptides, but delivery efficiency is compromised by lipolysis. β-Lactoglobulin(β-lg) stabilized lipid nanoparticles, including nanoemulsions(NE@β-lg) and nanocapsules(NC@β-lg), were developed to enhance the oral absorption of insulin by slowing down lipolysis due to the protection from β-lg. Cremophor EL stabilized nanoemulsions(NE@Cre-EL) were prepared and set as a control. The lipid nanoparticles produced mild and sustained hypoglycemic effects, amounting to oral bioavailability of 3.0% ± 0.3%, 7.0% ± 1.1%, and7.7% ± 0.8% for NE@Cre-EL, NE@β-lg, and NC@β-lg, respectively. Aggregation-caused quenching(ACQ)probes enabled the identification of intact nanoparticles, which were used to investigate the in vivo and intracellular fates of the lipid nanoparticles. In vitro digestion/lipolysis and ex vivo imaging confirmed delayed lipolysis from β-lg stabilized lipid nanoparticles. NC@β-lg was more resistant to intestinal lipolysis than NE@β-lg due to the Ca^(2+)-induced crosslinking. Live imaging revealed the transepithelial transport of intact nanoparticles and their accumulation in the liver. Cellular studies confirmed the uptake of intact nanoparticles. Slowing down lipolysis via food proteins represents a good strategy to enhance the oral absorption of lipid nanoparticles and thus co-formulated biomacromolecules.

膜分离耦合离子交换层析制备高纯度α-乳白蛋白

以生牛乳为原料,经膜分离及喷雾干燥制得鲜乳乳清蛋白粉,结合离子交换层析制备高纯度α-乳白蛋白。结果表明:在浓缩3倍、微滤1次、洗滤2次的膜分离条件下,50 nm陶瓷膜渗透液中α-乳白蛋白占真蛋白的21.04%,高于100 nm陶瓷膜渗透液(15.84%);对50 nm陶瓷膜渗透液进行喷雾干燥,并进行离子交换层析,层析时,在10倍柱体积内,Na Cl溶液浓度由0 mol/L增至0.5 mol/L,α-乳白蛋白与β-乳球蛋白能较好地分离,得到的α-乳白蛋白和β-乳球蛋白纯度分别为98.18%和97.82%。本研究结果可为工业化制备高纯度α-乳白蛋白乳基料提供技术支持。

β-乳球蛋白-多酚纳米颗粒稳定的百香果籽油Pickering乳液及其性质

本研究以β-乳球蛋白负载3种多酚(阿魏酸、槲皮素、香草酸)制备的β-乳球蛋白三配体复合物纳米颗粒(β-lactoglobulin triple ligand complex nanoparticles,β-LGCNPs)作为乳化剂,采用超声波破碎法制备百香果籽油Pickering乳液,考察Pickering乳液在不同粒子质量分数和油相比例条件下的粒径、稳定性、微观结构、抗氧化性、消化性、流变特性及脂质氧化产物。结果表明,百香果籽油Pickering乳液是由β-LGCNPs吸附在油水界面稳定的水包油型(O/W)乳液,其粒径与颗粒含量呈正比,与油相比例呈反比,当颗粒质量分数为1.5%、油相比例为30%(体积分数)时,乳液平均粒径达到(5.78±0.10)μm。在不同离子强度和pH值条件下乳液稳定性好,展现出比百香果籽油更强的抗氧化性,且自由基的清除作用与颗粒含量呈剂量依赖关系。肠道消化2 h后,乳液中游离脂肪酸释放率达到(65.17±1.52)%,较百香果籽油提高了26.65%。流变学分析展现剪切变稀现象,表明该乳液属于非牛顿流体,随着剪切频率的提高,弹性模量和黏性模量都增大。在15 d储藏期内,Pickering乳液中脂质氧化产物(氢过氧化物和丙二醛)的生成量和脂质氧化速率降低。综上所述,由β-LGCNPs稳定的Pickering乳液改善了百香果籽油的稳定性、抗氧化活性、消化性及脂质氧化,有利于拓宽百香果籽油在食品领域的应用。

牛乳β-乳球蛋白变异体检测方法研究进展

β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)是牛乳中重要的天然活性营养物质,也是牛乳中主要的过敏原之一。β-乳球蛋白约为乳清蛋白总量的50%,是牛乳中主要的乳清蛋白,具有较强的热敏感性和致敏性,在优质乳品工业中起关键作用。其不仅作为牛奶热处理强度的评估指标,还作为食品中牛乳过敏原的标志蛋白,有效识别和检测牛乳β-乳球蛋白非常重要。已报道的牛乳β-乳球蛋白有13种变异体,其中A和B是牛乳β-LG的常见变异体,且含量最高。根据不同的检测原理,文章简述近年来牛乳β-乳球蛋白变异体的三大类检测方法,总结电泳法、色谱法和免疫法的原理、优缺点及部分应用实例,重点介绍液相色谱法和毛细管电泳法两种定量方法,并展望牛乳β-乳球蛋白未来的发展方向。

重组牛乳过敏原β-乳球蛋白的可溶性表达及其特性分析

目的实现β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,BLG)的可溶性表达,并比较重组BLG和天然BLG在结构和免疫原性两个方面的差异性。方法将pET-30a-BLG重组质粒转入大肠杆菌BL21(DE3)感受态细胞中,用异丙基-β-D-硫代半乳糖苷(isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside,IPTG)进行体外诱导表达,并对表达条件进行优化,采用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺电泳方法分析重组蛋白的可溶性。利用荧光光谱和圆二色谱比较重组BLG空间结构变化,同时采用竞争抑制酶联免疫吸附实验评价重组BLG致敏性能力。结果在Tris-HCl溶液体系中重组BLG的可溶性表达可达到50%以上,可溶性表达的最优条件为:在Tris-HCl溶液体系中,诱导温度为37℃,IPTG终浓度1.0 mmol/L,诱导4 h。重组BLG表面疏水性下降,可溶性重组BLG的α-螺旋结构减少,经除盐处理后致敏性下降,包涵体重组BLG无规则卷曲结构减少、致敏性上升。结论本研究成功从上清液中纯化得到可溶性重组BLG,且可溶性表达获得的BLG空间结构更接近天然蛋白。

β-乳球蛋白与红曲色素非共价相互作用及其对色素稳定性的影响

为探究在不同pH值(2.6、6.2、7.1、8.2)条件下,β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-LG)与红曲色素(monascus pigments,Mps)提取物之间的结合特性,构建了4种复合体系,并利用荧光光谱、圆二色谱以及分子对接方法对β-LG与Mps之间的互作行为进行研究,同时评价了复合物(β-LG&Mps)的抗氧化活性、热稳定性以及光稳定性。结果表明,在实验pH值范围内,Mps与β-LG的结合导致β-LG内源荧光发生猝灭,二者主要借助范德华力、疏水相互作用以及氢键等非共价作用力结合,但β-LG的二级结构变化不显著;β-LG&Mps的DPPH自由基清除能力高于单独任一组分,但低于两组分之和,即β-LG与Mps在DPPH自由基清除方面表现出拮抗作用。与β-LG形成复合物后,在pH值为6.2、7.1、8.2,温度为50℃时,与未复合的Mps相比,Mps的保留率分别提高了58%、30%和24%;在pH值为6.2、7.1、8.2,温度为25℃,光照强度为600 Lux,光照时间为36 h时,与未复合的Mps相比,Mps的保留率分别提高了65%、43%和43%。在pH值为2.6时Mps热稳定性和光稳定性仍然较差,即β-LG提高了Mps在pH值为6.2、7.1、8.2时的热稳定性与光稳定性。通过食品组分相互作用对改善Mps稳定性的探讨,旨在为Mps相关产品的开发提供有益参考。

连续式微滤膜分离乳清蛋白的研究

文章研究了跨膜压力对连续式微滤膜分离技术工艺参数、分离效果及组分组成的影响。以脱脂乳为原料,使用0.1μm陶瓷微滤膜三级连续在线洗滤工艺分离乳清蛋白和酪蛋白。实验使用0.08、0.11、0.14 MPa 3个梯度,在50℃,3.5倍浓缩的条件下连续生产240 min。计算跨膜压力并且检测截留液和透过液中的α-乳白蛋白(α-La),β-乳球蛋白(β-LG)含量及钾、钙、钠、镁等金属离子的含量。结果表明一级膜通量下降是导致整体膜通量下降的主要因素,经过240 min实验通量下降约17.2%。研究了不同跨膜压力下的膜通量变化情况,膜通量与跨膜压力呈正相关关系,水洗恢复率与跨膜压力呈负相关关系。随着实验时间的延长,膜表面形成不可逆的污堵层,乳清蛋白分离率下降,透过液中乳清蛋白含量下降,150 min后α-乳白蛋白浓度下降37%,β-乳球蛋白浓度下降36.5%。乳清蛋白中2种主要蛋白质比例会随着跨膜压力变化而变化,随着跨膜压力的升高β-乳球蛋白含量会逐渐升高。三级连续膜过滤后,乳清蛋白最高分离率90%左右(α-乳白蛋白为90.4%,β-乳球蛋白为92.7%)。乳中蛋白质的形态和功能受金属离子影响,分离过程中一价阳离子在膜两侧分布较均匀(脱除率大于80%),而二价阳离子则主要集中在截留液一侧(钙离子脱除率为38%)。透过液中的每克蛋白质所对应的金属离子比例远远大于其在截留液中的比例。

不同pH值环境下β-乳球蛋白与咖啡中3种主要多酚之间的相互作用

利用多光谱学和分子对接技术,探究在不同pH值条件下,咖啡中的3种主要多酚(绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸)与牛乳中β-乳球蛋白间的非共价相互作用及对蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,在两种pH值环境下,3种咖啡多酚均通过静态猝灭有效地猝灭β-乳球蛋白的荧光,在pH 7.4、温度298 K时,绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸对β-乳球蛋白的猝灭常数(K_(sv))分别为6.53×10^(4)、3.16×10^(4)L/mol及3.09×10^(4)L/mol,结合位点数分别为1.20、1.02和1.14,能量转移效率分别为34.55%、24.56%和21.35%;pH 3.0、温度298 K时,K_(sv)分别为7.18×10^(4)、5.24×10^(4)L/mol及7.12×10^(4)L/mol,结合位点数为1.28、1.18和1.25,能量转移效率分别提高至34.70%、30.42%和29.65%。在pH 7.4时,β-乳球蛋白α-螺旋含量降低,β-折叠含量增加;pH 3.0时,β-折叠含量增加,无规卷曲含量降低。分子对接结果表明,3种多酚主要通过氢键和范德华力以及疏水相互作用结合在β-乳球蛋白的疏水口袋。本研究初步揭示不同pH值条件下咖啡乳饮料中β-乳球蛋白和绿原酸、咖啡酸及阿魏酸间的相互作用机制。

迷迭香酸共价偶联对β-乳球蛋白结构及性质的影响

以β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-LG)为对象,探究膳食多酚迷迭香酸(rosmarinic acid,RA)共价偶联对蛋白结构和性质的影响。采用自由基法和碱法制得β-LG-RA共价偶联复合物;利用十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、傅里叶变换红外光谱、紫外吸收光谱、荧光光谱、圆二色光谱等技术,分析RA共价偶联后β-LG结构变化规律;通过对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼自由基和2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除率检测及酶联免疫吸附测试,评价β-LG与RA共价偶联前后抗氧化性和与血清特异性免疫球蛋白G(immunoglobulin G,IgG)结合能力的变化。结果表明:RA共价偶联后β-LG的二级结构由α-螺旋向β-折叠和无规卷曲转变,蛋白的二、三级结构发生改变。此外,与β-LG相比,β-LG-RA共价偶联复合物的抗氧化性显著增强,与血清特异性Ig G的结合能力显著减弱。综上,RA共价偶联通过引入酚羟基增强了蛋白的抗氧化性,改变了β-LG的结构,降低了其与血清特异性IgG的结合能力。

多光谱结合探究变性β-乳球蛋白与牛乳纤溶酶的结合特征

目的基于超高温(ultra-high temperature,UHT)乳的加工过程,探究不同变性程度β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg)与纤溶酶的互作及形成复合体的理化性质。方法β-Lg经过预热和UHT处理后,利用小角X射线散射明确了不同变性程度的β-Lg与纤溶酶的结合状态,通过动态光散射表征了聚集体的粒径。采用傅里叶红外光谱、圆二色谱、内源荧光和紫外光谱分析了β-Lg与纤溶酶的结合基团,以及聚集体的结构性质;原子力显微镜结合透射电镜揭示聚集体的形貌特征。结果β-Lg能与纤溶酶结合形成二聚体,该聚集体粒径为20~220nm。热变性导致β-Lg二级结构无序化,三级结构展开,进而增强了其与纤溶酶之间的氢键作用,最终形成了球状或不规则形貌的聚集体。结论β-Lg与纤溶酶通过非共价作用形成复合体,且变性促进了β-Lg与纤溶酶的结合。该研究为优化低纤溶酶活力UHT乳的加工参数提供了新观点,对延长UHT乳货架期和开发新型纤溶酶抑制剂提供了理论依据。

β-乳球蛋白光热免疫层析试纸条的研制

目的研制β-乳球蛋白(β-lactoglobulin,β-Lg)光热免疫层析试纸条。方法合成了具有高光热转换效率(η=47.5%)的硫化钴-单宁酸(cobalt sulfide-tannic acid,CoS@TA)纳米球,并将其与多克隆抗体偶联制备光热免疫探针,同时优化了抗体标记量、抗体包被浓度以及试纸条的各项工作条件,在此基础上建立了一种基于CoS@TA的β-Lg光热免疫层析试纸条(photothermal immuno-chromatographic test strip,PITS)检测方法。结果该免疫层析法中视觉检出限为250μg/L,光热检出限为26.44μg/L,比视觉检出限高出9.5倍,同时具有良好的特异性,并通过在婴幼儿氨基酸奶粉中的添加回收实验和商用酶联免疫吸附测定(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)试剂盒验证了该方法在实际样品检测中的有效性。结论该方法使用便携仪器即可实现对β-Lg的快速、高灵敏定量检测,可用于奶粉的快速检测。

DSC study of denaturation of β-lactoglobulin B

The denaturation of bovine β-lactoglobulin B (β-Lg B) has been studied in phosphate solutions with various concentrations of GuHCl with differential scanning calorimetry The experiments demonstrated that the presence of GuHCl made the β-Lg B undergo both cold denaturation and heat denaturation under the condition of a high concentration of the protein. The enthalpy changes of both kinds of denaturation exhibit opposite signs. Both the cold denaturation and the renaturation of the protein are reproducible, but its heat denaturation is irreversible. The cooperation among monomer molecules of the protein is involved in its heat denaturation The heat denaturation of the protein can be represented by the thermodynamic model Nc D→F. The activation energy of heat denaturation is 285 kJ/mol, which imples that the depression of temperature and enthalpy of heat denaturation of the P-Lg B does not result from decreasing considerably the activation energy by GuHCl As for the cold denaturation of the protein, especially in the solvent with 3.10 mol/L of GuHCl, it can be described by the two-state model N D.

Biopolymer-stabilized emulsions on the basis of interactions betweenβ-lactoglobulin andι-carrageenan

ι-Carrageenan andβ-lactoglobulin(β-lg)stabilized oil-in-water(O/W)emulsions,which can be used for the oral administration of bioactive but environmentally sensitive ingredients,have been successfully prepared.The effects of protein/polysaccharide ratios,total biopolymer concentration,environmental stress(thermal processing and sonication),and pH on the complex formation betweenι-carrageenan andβ-lactoglobulin have been investigated.We found thatβ-lactoglobulin andι-carrageenan stabilized emulsions can be formed at pH values of 6.0,4.0,and 3.4.However,the microstructures of emulsions stabilized byβ-lactoglobulin andι-carrageenan was identified by optical microscopy,and it indicated that the emulsion prepared at pH 6.0 flocculated more extensively,while its hydrodynamic radius was much bigger than those prepared at pH 4.0 and 3.4.Regarding rheological properties,the emulsion of pH 6.0 showed a more solid-like behavior but with a lower viscosity than those of pH 4.0 and 3.4.The optimum concentration ranges forβ-lg andι-carrageenan to form stable emulsions at pH 4.0 and 3.4 were 0.3 wt-%-0.6 wt-%and 0.4 wt-%-0.7 wt-%,respectively.