Treatment with β-sitosterol ameliorates the effects of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by suppressing cholesterol overload, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and apoptosis

β-Sitosterol is a type of phytosterol that occurs naturally in plants.Previous studies have shown that it has anti-oxidant,anti-hyperlipidemic,anti-inflammatory,immunomodulatory,and anti-tumor effects,but it is unknown whetherβ-sitosterol treatment reduces the effects of ischemic stroke.Here we found that,in a mouse model of ischemic stroke induced by middle cerebral artery occlusion,β-sitosterol reduced the volume of cerebral infarction and brain edema,reduced neuronal apoptosis in brain tissue,and alleviated neurological dysfunction;moreover,β-sitosterol increased the activity of oxygen-and glucose-deprived cerebral cortex neurons and reduced apoptosis.Further investigation showed that the neuroprotective effects ofβ-sitosterol may be related to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by intracellular cholesterol accumulation after ischemic stroke.In addition,β-sitosterol showed high affinity for NPC1L1,a key transporter of cholesterol,and antagonized its activity.In conclusion,β-sitosterol may help treat ischemic stroke by inhibiting neuronal intracellular cholesterol overload/endoplasmic reticulum stress/apoptosis signaling pathways.

Determination of β-sitosterol Content in Ethnodrug Guoshangye

[Objective] The contents of β-sitosteml in Guoshangye from different habi- tats were determined. [Metlmd] UPLC-ELSD was adopted to determine the contents of β-sitosteml in Guoshangye from different habitats, in which BEH C18 column （2.1 mmx50 ram, 1,7 urn） was used with a mobile phase of methanol-water at a flow rate was of 0.3 ml/min, and the column temperature was of 30 ℃; and an evaporative light-scattering detector was used, the temperature in drift tube was of 90 ℃ and the pressure of N2 was of 20 psi. [Concludoa] This research provided theoretical foundation for the determination of β-sitosterol in Ethnodrug Guoshangye.

In-vitro cytotoxic activity of β-Sitosterol triacontenate isolated from Capparis decidua(Forsk.) Edgew

Objective:To study the isolation and characterization of the constituent responsible for the cytotoxic activity of the ethanolic extract of stem of Capparis decidua（C.decidua）.Methods:The preliminary cytotoxic effect of isolated compound（β-Sitosterol triacontenate） was investigated by MTT assay on A549 solid tumor cells.Results:IC50 value of theβ-Sitosterol triacontenate was found to be 1μM.The cytotoxic activity increased in a dose dependent manner in case ofβ-Sitosterol triacontenate.Conclusions:The data therefore provide direct evidence for the role ofβ-Sitosterol triacontenate as a potent antimetastatic agent,which can markedly inhibit the metastatic and invasive capacity of malignant cells.

DCC/DMAP mediated esterification of hydroxy and non-hydroxy olefinic fatty acids with β-sitosterol:In vitro antimicrobial activity

A new series of fatty alkenoates were synthesized using an appropriate synthetic route involving DCC and DMAP as catalysts. Compounds were characterized by their spectral data.All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity.The minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC),minimum bacterial concentration(MBC) and minimum fungicidal concentration(MFC) were determined for test compounds as well as for reference standards.Among the compounds tested, compounds having hydroxy group at the fatty acid chain showed the most potent antibacterial as well as antifungal activities.

Response surface methodology-based optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of β-sitosterol and lupeol from Astragalus atropilosus(roots) and validation by HPTLC method

Objective:To optimize the ultrasonication method for efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol from the roots of Astragalus atropilosus using Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology(RSM),and its validation by high performance thin layer chromatography(HPTLC)method.Methods:Ultrasonication method was used to extractβ-sitosterol and lupeol from Astragalus atropilosus(roots).RSM was used to optimize the different extraction parameters viz.liquid to solid ratio(10–14 m L/g),temperature(60-80℃)and time(40–60 min)to maximize the yield ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol.The quantitative estimation ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol was done in chloroform extract of Astragalus atropilosus by validated HPTLC method on 10 cm×20 cm glass-backed silica gel 60 F254 plate using hexane and ethyl acetate(8:2,v/v)as mobile phase.Results:A quadratic polynomial model was found to be most appropriate with regard to R1(yield of total extraction;R2/%CV=0.9948/0.28),R2(β-sitosterol yield;R2/%CV=0.9923/0.39)and R3(lupeol yield;R2/%CV=0.9942/0.97).The values of adjusted R2/predicted R2/signal to noise ratio for R1,R2,and R3 were 0.9782/0.9551/48.77,0.9904/0.9110/31.33,and 0.9927/0.9401/36.08,respectively,indicating a high degree of correlation and adequate signal.The linear correlation plot between the predicted and experimental values for R1,R2,and R3 showed high values of R2 ranging from 0.9905-0.9973.β-sitosterol and lupeol in chloroform extract of Astragalus atropilosus were detected at Rf values of 0.22 and 0.34,respectively,atλmax=518 nm.The optimized ultrasonic extraction produced 8.462%w/w of R1,0.451%w/w of R2 and 0.172%w/w of R3 at 13.5 m L/g liquid to solid ratio,78℃of temperature and 60 min of time.Conclusions:The experimental findings of RSM optimized extraction and HPTLC analysis can be further applied for the efficient extraction ofβ-sitosterol and lupeol in other species of Astragalus.

Extraction and Crystal Structure of β-Sitosterol

The title compound β-sitosterol（C29H50O）, an active phytosterol in many medicinal and edible plants, was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis and extensive nuclear magnetic resonance（NMR） data. It crystallizes in monoclinic system, space group P21 with C29H50O·1/2H2O, a = 9.4226（7）, b = 7.4824（9）, c = 36.889（3） , V = 2597.0（4） 3, Z = 4, Dx = 1.084 g/cm3, Mr = 423.70, F（000） = 948, and μ = 0.064 mm-1. The final R = 0.0886 and wR = 0.2234 for 10157 observed reflections（I 〉 2σ（I））. The molecular crystal structure of β-sitosterol shows relative stereochemistry of 24R-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol. The molecule is composed of one steroid nucleus（3 six-membered rings and 1 five-membered ring） and one sidechain of 10 carbons. There are two C29H50O molecules and one H2O molecule in a symmetrical unit, and the title compound is stacked into a special laminated structure through hydrogen bonds and van der Waal forces. The special laminated structure was first reported.

Production of Submicroparticles of β-Sitosterol Using an Aerosol Solvent Extraction System

The submicroparticles of β-sitosterol were produced by using an aerosol solvent extraction system （ASES） and characterized by scanning electronic microscope （SEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and Fourier transform infrared （FT-IR） analysis. The effects of operational parameters including pressure, temperature, solution concentration, and ratio of flow rate （CO2/solution, r） on particle size （PS）, yield, and morphology were investigated. The results showed that microparticles of β-sitosterol （less than 1000 nm size and larger than 70% yield） could be obtained at 10-15 MPa, 35 50℃, 15 mg·ml^-1, 10/1（r）; β-sitosterol particles were found to occur as three mophologies： flakes, rods, and spheres by varying ratio of flow rate or solution concentration. In contrast, the crystallinity of β-sitosterol decreased, whereas its molecular structure remained almost unchanged after being ASES-treated. Therefore, ASES was an effective method to produce submicroparticles of β-sitosterol.

Isolation and identification of an isomer of β-sitosterol by HPLC and GC-MS

Phytosterols are a group of steroids alcohols which had been regarded as a functional factor. An unknown compound in phytosterol samples and phytosterol standard samples was detected by HPLC using symmetry C18 column. The quan- tity of the compound was increased with the enrichment of β-sitosterol. After being collected and analyzed by GC-MS and compared with standard diagram from Wiley and Nist standard chart library, it proved to be γ-sitosterol, a 24β epimer of β-sitosterol.

Development of a novel electrospun nanofibrous delivery system for poorly water-soluble β-sitosterol

Electrospinning was used as a novel technique for fabricating polymeric nanofibers of a serum cholesterol lowering and poorly water-soluble plant sterol, β-sitosterol. Chitosan was used as a stabilizer/carrier polymer. The mean diameters of nanofibers ranged from 150 nm to218 nm. β-sitosterol was in an amorphous form and homogeneously dispersed in the nanofibers. The β-sitosterol-loaded nanofibers were freely water-soluble and exhibited very short lag-time in releasing the plant sterol. The dissolution was associated with an immediate recrystallization of β-sitosterol in submicron level. In conclusion, electrospinning is a promising future technology for the formulation of poorly water-soluble plant sterols.

RP-HPLC method for the quantitation of β-Sitosterol in Elaeagnus Gonyanthes Benth

Objective To establish an RP-HPLC method for the determination of β-Sitosterol in Elaeagnus Gonyanthes Benth.Methods The separation was performed on a luna C8(2)(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)column with the mobile phase of methanol-water(88∶12,v/v)at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min,the detection wavelength was set at 210 nm,and the temperature of the column was maintained at 35 ℃.Results The calibration curve of β-Sitosterol was linear over the concentration range of 0.075-0.375 mg/mL(r=0.9999)and the average recovery of β-Sitosterol was 96.30% with RSD of 3.60%(n=3).Conclusion The method is simple,rapid,and accurate,and can be used for the quality control of Elaeagnus Gonyanthes Benth.

Determination ofβ-sitosterol in Plumbago zeylanica L.by HPLC-ELSD

[Objectives]A method for the determination ofβ-sitosterol in Plumbago zeylanica L.was established and the content ofβ-sitosterol in different medicinal parts,different producing areas and different harvest periods were compared.[Methods]High performance liquid chromatography(HPLC)-evaporative light scattering detector assay was used.The chromatographic column was Kromasil C_(18) column(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);the mobile phase was pure methanol;the flow rate was 1.0 mL/min;the column temperature was 30℃.The detection parameters of evaporative light scattering detector were as follows:drift tube temperature was 40℃,carrier gas(N_(2))pressure was 3.5 bar.[Results]There was a good linear relationship betweenβ-sitosterol(1.080-4.860μg)and the natural logarithm of peak area(r=0.9995).The average recovery rate was 99.80%.The content ofβ-sitosterol in root and stem was 0.2074 and 0.4064 mg/g,respectively,but it was not found in leaves;the content ofβ-sitosterol in P.zeylanica L.in Guangxi was generally lower than that in Yunnan,and the content ofβ-sitosterol in P.zeylanica L.in Xishuangbanna was the highest;the content ofβ-sitosterol in the stem of P.zeylanica L.was stable at a relatively high level in different harvest periods.[Conclusions]The method is simple,accurate and reproducible,and can be used as one of the methods to control the quality of P.zeylanica L.

Qualitative and quantitative analysis ofβ-sitosterol marker in virgin camellia oil and virgin olive oil

Camellia oil and olive oil with superior economic value are easily adulterated with other,cheaper oils.It is difficult to identify both oils by traditional methods because of their similar fatty acid profiles.In the present study,a novel method for qualitative and quantitative analysis ofβ-sitosterol using GC/MS and GC/FID was developed to identify camellia oil and olive oil.The method validation ofβ-sitosterol analysis showed good linearity and satisfactory values for recovery,accuracy,precision,and repeatability.The linear regression coefficient(R^(2))of the calibration curve was 0.9985.An acceptable limit of detection(0.36 mg/100 g)and limit of quantification(1.20 mg/100 g)were achieved.The spiked recoveries were 95.0%to 100.3%.The relative standard deviation(RSD)of within-day precision was less than 3.26%,and the RSD of retention times and peak areas for repeatability were within 0.03%and 1.08%,respectively.The contents ofβ-sitosterol in virgin camellia oil and virgin olive oil were in the range of 14.1–30.2 mg/100 g and 94.3–173.2 mg/100 g,respectively,indicating that theβ-sitosterol content in the former is seven times that in the latter,andβ-sitosterol could be a potential marker for the authentication and adulteration detection of both oils.

β-谷甾醇通过诱导ROS累积造成氧化应激抑制K562/ADR细胞增殖并促进凋亡和分化

目的:探讨β-谷甾醇抑制耐阿霉素人类髓性白血病细胞K562/ADR增殖、促进细胞凋亡与分化的效果及其可能机制。方法:使用细胞毒性试验计算β-谷甾醇对K562/ADR细胞的半数抑制率(IC50),采用CCK-8法检测细胞增殖率,采用流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率与线粒体膜电位下降率,使用分光光度法检测细胞上清中SOD活力与MDA含量,使用荧光试剂盒检测细胞ROS强度,使用联苯胺染色检测红细胞分化程度,使用蛋白质印迹(Western blot)检测珠蛋白转录因子1(GATA-1)、β-珠蛋白(β-globin)和核因子e2相关因子2(NF-E2)蛋白表达水平。结果:β-谷甾醇对K562/ADR细胞的半数抑制浓度的IC50为163.64μmol/L。与空白组相比,3个浓度的β-谷甾醇均能抑制细胞增殖、促进细胞凋亡与红细胞分化,降低SOD活力、线粒体膜电位,增加MDA与ROS含量,升高GATA-1、β-globin和NF-E2蛋白表达水平(P<0.01)。结论:β-谷甾醇能抑制K562/ADR细胞增殖,促进细胞凋亡,并且诱导红细胞分化,其机制可能是通过促进ROS积累引起氧化应激失衡。

人参皂苷Rb_(1)脂质体的制备及对脂肪细胞中脂滴积聚的抑制作用

[目的]制备β-谷甾醇修饰的人参皂苷Rb_(1)脂质体(β-Rb_(1)-Lip),减少Rb_(1)降解并增强人参皂苷Rb_(1)降脂效果。[方法]采用薄膜水和法制备了β-谷甾醇修饰的人参皂苷Rb_(1)脂质体,利用MTT法评估脂质体的生物安全性,借助油红O染色试验和酶标仪测量TG含量,考察了脂质体β-Rb_(1)-Lip对脂肪细胞3T3-L1的脂滴积聚抑制作用。[结果]制备的β-Rb_(1)-Lip脂质体的包封率为83.74%,平均粒径为198 nm,β-Rb_(1)-Lip在12 h内Rb_(1)释放率约为80%,表现出良好的缓释效果。对于降脂活性,50μmol/L的β-Rb_(1)-Lip表现出显著的细胞内脂滴抑制率,与同浓度Rb_(1)单体相比,β-Rb_(1)-Lip对3T3-L1细胞内脂滴的抑制效果更为显著,且对细胞没有毒副作用。[结论]β-Rb_(1)-Lip具有包封率高、粒径小和缓释效果明显的特征,能够持续释放活性成分人参皂苷Rb_(1),增强其降脂功效并减少用量。

β-谷甾醇改善绝经后骨质疏松的实验研究

[目的]探究杜仲有效单体成分β-谷甾醇对小鼠绝经后骨质疏松的疗效及其潜在作用机制。[方法]将24只12周龄雌性C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组及β-谷甾醇干预组,每组8只,采用双侧卵巢切除术建立绝经后骨质疏松模型,术后假手术组及模型组给予0.9%氯化钠溶液灌胃,β-谷甾醇干预组给予β-谷甾醇灌胃,术后8周将各组小鼠处死取材,借助显微计算机断层扫描(micro-computed tomography,Micro-CT)观察β-谷甾醇干预对绝经后骨量丢失及骨小梁破坏的保护作用,并采用苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色对小鼠股骨远端区域进行组织形态学分析,同时通过抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase,TRAP)染色及碱性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase,ALP)染色评估小鼠骨吸收与骨形成情况,并通过免疫组化检测各组样本的β-catenin表达水平。[结果]Micro-CT扫描结果显示,β-谷甾醇干预可减少绝经后骨量丢失及骨微结构破坏,HE染色证实β-谷甾醇可有效维持骨小梁数目及组织形态,并在一定程度上抑制雌激素缺乏引起的异常脂肪堆积现象。TRAP染色结果表明,β-谷甾醇并不影响破骨细胞形成,而免疫组化结果表明β-谷甾醇可显著促进成骨标志物ALP的表达。与此同时,β-谷甾醇可增加β-catenin在股骨远端区域的表达,提示β-谷甾醇促进骨形成,可能与其上调β-catenin信号通路有关。[结论]β-谷甾醇体内干预可上调β-catenin信号通路,增强成骨分化,促进机体骨形成,从而改善绝经后骨质疏松。

β-谷甾醇对肿瘤的防治作用及其机制研究进展

β-谷甾醇是一种天然的甾体类化合物,因其特有的生物学活性和理化特性广泛应用于医药和食品行业。β-谷甾醇作为真核生物细胞膜的重要组成成分,不仅具有良好的自由基清除作用,还具有化学预防高血脂、动脉硬化和炎症等疾病的作用。近年来,β-谷甾醇对肝癌、胃癌、结直肠癌、肺癌和乳腺癌等癌症均表现出极佳的抑制作用,在癌症的预防与治疗方面具有很好的应用前景。该文对β-谷甾醇的抗癌作用及分子机制进行总结,以期为深入了解β-谷甾醇的抗癌作用以及未来在临床癌症的应用提供参考。

β-谷甾醇对增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞作用机制的网络药理学分析

背景:目前针对增生性瘢痕有效的预防和治疗措施仍然有限。而大多数植物中草药不良反应小且来源丰富,为预防和治疗增生性瘢痕提供了新的思路和方法。目的:通过网络药理学和分子对接技术探讨植物来源β-谷甾醇作用于增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞的潜在分子机制,并通过细胞学实验进行初步验证。方法:通过网络药理学方法,利用相关数据库及软件筛选β-谷甾醇的药物靶点,获取增生性瘢痕相关疾病靶点,取交集得到β-谷甾醇作用于增生性瘢痕的潜在作用(交集)靶点,使用Cytoscape软件和STRING数据库构建“药物-靶点-疾病”网络和蛋白质互作网络(PPI),同时筛选出PPI中核心作用靶点。通过DAVID数据库对交集靶点进行GO生物学功能和KEGG通路富集分析,结合文献分析进一步确立与交集靶点关系密切的信号通路及核心靶点基因,应用AutoDock软件对β-谷甾醇和核心靶点蛋白进行分子对接。采用体外细胞实验验证β-谷甾醇对人增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞增殖、凋亡、细胞周期分布和核心靶点基因mRNA表达的影响。结果与结论:①β-谷甾醇和增生性瘢痕的交集靶点共56个,PPI网络中筛选出10个核心靶点:酪氨酸激酶(SRC)、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶3(MAPK3)、半胱氨酸蛋白酶3(CASP3)、载脂蛋白E(APOE)、雌激素受体1(ESR1)、固醇调节元件结合转录因子1(SREBF1)、过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体α(PPARα)、C-反应蛋白(CRP)、细胞间黏附分子1(ICAM1)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)。②结合文献报道和KEGG通路、GO功能分析结果,进一步认定MAPK信号通路与交集靶点关系密切,确定MAPK3(即为ERK1-MAPK)、CASP3、P53和肿瘤坏死因子为其核心靶点。③分子对接结果提示β-谷甾醇与核心靶点蛋白结合良好。④细胞实验结果表明,100μmol/L的β-谷甾醇能抑制增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞增殖,降低线粒体膜电位、诱导细胞凋亡(P<0.01),使G1期细胞占比增加,S期细胞占比减少(P<0.05),同时上调CASP3、P53和肿瘤坏死因子mRNA表达(P<0.05),并下调MAPK3 mRNA表达(P<0.001)。⑤上述数据证实,β-谷甾醇可能通过激活肿瘤坏死因子通路,上调CASP3和P53的表达,诱导增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞凋亡,同时抑制ERK-MAPK通路使细胞周期阻滞从而降低增生性瘢痕成纤维细胞增殖活性。

基于代谢组学解析抗感水稻差异代谢物β-谷甾醇对褐飞虱的杀虫活性

本研究利用代谢组学筛选抗性水稻中有活性的代谢物质,为开发控制褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的绿色植物源农药开拓思路。基于水稻品种对褐飞虱有抗性的差异,采用生长发育和存活率比较方法,验证了水稻品种Mudgo和TN1对褐飞虱的抗性差异;通过代谢组学分析抗褐飞虱水稻Mudgo和感褐飞虱水稻TN1代谢物的不同,筛选了品种间有显著差异的物质β-谷甾醇和无显著差异的物质豆甾醇作为褐飞虱生测物质,进行存活率和适合度功能验证,明确其对褐飞虱的功能效应。褐飞虱在Mugdo和TN1两种水稻品种上的生命参数间存在显著差异,在Mudgo水稻上发育历期延长,体重、体长和存活率降低。代谢组学分析共检测到69种差异代谢物,主要为脂质(36%)、碳水化合物(23%)、氨基酸(19%)、次生代谢物质(14%)、核酸(6%)及其他物质(1%)等6大类物质。褐飞虱人工饲料添加剂生测数据显示,褐飞虱取食20.0μg/mL和500.0μg/mL浓度β-谷甾醇,雌虫体重显著降低;取食500.0μg/mL浓度β-谷甾醇,雄虫体重显著降低。此外,取食不同浓度豆甾醇对褐飞虱体重均无显著性影响。β-谷甾醇对褐飞虱的存活率有显著降低作用,而豆甾醇只有在4.0μg/mL、100.0μg/mL和500.0μg/mL浓度下有降低作用。确认了水稻品种Mudgo对褐飞虱有显著的抗性,可显著降低存活率,抑制生长。代谢组学筛选到的69种差异代谢物可作为抗褐飞虱绿色植物源农药的备选库;其中,差异显著的代谢物质β-谷甾醇对褐飞虱体重和存活率有显著降低作用,可作为防治褐飞虱的植物源农药。

β-谷甾醇对猪卵母细胞体外成熟和胚胎发育的影响

旨在探索一种自然植物提取的抗氧化分子——β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol,SITO)对猪卵母细胞体外成熟效率和早期胚胎体外发育质量的影响。本研究以在猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养基中添加不同浓度SITO为试验组,不添加SITO(含0.16%DMSO)的培养基为对照组,对屠宰场所得猪卵巢中收集到的卵母细胞进行体外培养,试验组浓度分别为10、20、40μmol·L~(-1),不同浓度各重复3次,每组培养卵母细胞150~200枚。培养46 h后,对卵母细胞成熟率进行统计,并收集成熟卵母细胞进行活性氧、细胞凋亡、线粒体膜电位染色以及相关基因的实时荧光定量PCR;对成熟卵母细胞进行孤雌激活,2 d后统计卵裂率,7 d后统计囊胚率,并统计囊胚细胞总数。结果发现,20μmol·L~(-1)SITO处理显著提高了猪卵母细胞的体外成熟率,且促进了孤雌激活后囊胚的形成并增加了囊胚细胞数,降低了卵母细胞中ROS含量,提高了抗氧化应激基因SOD和CAT的表达;同时,SITO降低卵母细胞的凋亡水平,增加抗凋亡基因BCL-2的表达,降低促凋亡基因Caspase 3和BAX的表达。此外,SITO可增强线粒体膜电位(ΔΨm),增加TFAM基因的表达。综上所述,本研究结果表明,在猪卵母细胞体外成熟培养基中添加20μmol·L^(-1)SITO能够显著促进猪卵母细胞的体外成熟率、提高胚胎的体外发育能力和胚胎质量。

基于网络药理学与分子对接探讨淫羊藿治疗类风湿性关节炎的作用机制

为了深入理解淫羊藿(Epimedium brevicornu Maxim.)治疗类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的作用机制,采用网络药理学与分子对接技术进行分析。通过数据库及相关软件获取淫羊藿和RA的交集靶点蛋白,构建蛋白质-蛋白质相互作用(protein-protein interaction,PPI)网络和“药材-成分-靶点”互作网络,对靶点蛋白进行富集分析,最后进行蛋白分子对接。结果表明,淫羊藿治疗RA的核心靶点蛋白可能为TNF、AKT1、TP53、ALB、SRC等;有效活性成分可能为β-谷甾醇、8-异戊烯基山奈酚、谷甾醇、山奈酚、木樨草素、槲皮素等;信号通路可能为癌症中的信号通路、脂质和动脉粥样硬化等;分子对接结果显示淫羊藿治疗RA的有效活性成分与靶点蛋白具有极好的结合活性。该研究证明淫羊藿治疗RA具有多成分、多靶点、多通路的特点,为实验研究和临床治疗提供了坚实的理论基础。