“转译”与“逃逸”:中国媒体融合实践聚簇中的行动者网络

运用行动者网络理论(ANT),分析中国媒体融合实践中隐含的知识生产逻辑及其“实验”特性,并从知识生产与新闻生产的角度对中国媒体融合这一混杂的现象进行阐释,引出ANT分析的必要性。通过对媒体融合过程中人类行动者的追随及其“转译”行为的分析,揭示了中国媒体融合行动者网络的复杂性和虚弱性。同时,以技术等因素为例,对媒体融合聚簇形成过程中的非人行动者及其如何被人类行动者“转译”和如何“转译”人类行动者进行分析,指出技术与社会在媒体融合实践中是互嵌的,部分行动者的存在有着不同意义。分析发现,在中国的媒体融合行动者网络中,由于主要行动者无法形成“强制通过点”,未来的媒体融合探索还将持续很长一段时间。

“转译”实践中的“卡脖子”技术人才培育机制研究

从行动者网络理论的角度来看,高校“卡脖子”技术人才培育模式本质上是一种以高校为中心,包括国家或地方政府、产业企业、行业协会、其他国际国内合作院校等主体在内的“转译”实践过程。这种“转译”实践由当前各种人的因素和“非人类”因素共同参与克服高校“卡脖子”技术人才培育的困境,在协同合作的现实要求下,亟须从制度赋能、情境创设、主体整合等层面入手,探索出一种切实可行的优化高校“卡脖子”技术人才培育的模式。

高校创新创业教育体系的重构逻辑与路径——基于行动者网络理论视角

高校创新创业教育自身的复杂性、系统性等特征决定了其任务实施的艰巨性。本文运用行动者网络理论,将高校创新创业教育视为一个行动网络,将所涉及的所有利益相关者、物质实体和意识形态等视为行动者,指出高校创新创业教育体系的重构所面临的多重“转译”困境,即关键行动者困境、各个行动者的行为不一致、征召和动员困境。建议构建一个完善的行动者网络,即关键行动者要有担当能作为,设置强制通行点促进总体目标的实现,构建一体化的制度体系规范行动者的行为,成立运营共同体来提升行动者利益的转译强度。

从现代主义建筑在中国的移植评中国当代建筑师实践的现代性

文章首先通过对比现代主义建筑在美国和日本分别被"转移"和"异化"的现象,分析其在中国被"转译"的现象及背后的现代社会构建层面的本质和必然性,再从"译"和对"现代性"理解的层面对出生于上世纪五六十年代的中国建筑师的实践进行讨论。

Textual informativity and its translation strategies

Textual informativity is one of the seven standards of textuality. This paper focuses on the shift among three orders of textual informativity. And also probe into some strategies to compensate for the different level of informativity.

Efficient video downscaling transcoder from MPEG-2 to H.264

The new H.264 video coding standard achieves significantly higher compression performance than MPEG-2. As the MPEG-2 is popular in digital TV, DVD, etc., bandwidth or memory space can be saved by transcoding those streams into H.264 in these applications. Unfortunately, the huge complexity keeps transcoding from being widely used in practical applications. This paper proposes an efficient transcoding architecture with a smart downscaling decoder and a fast mode decision algorithm. Using the proposed architecture, huge buffering memory space is saved and the transcoding complexity is reduced. Performance of the proposed fast mode decision algorithm is validated by experiments.

DESIGN OF MODULATION AND COMPRESSION CODING IN UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC IMAGE TRANSMISSION

This paper describes the design of modulation, compression coding and transmission control in underwater acoustic color image transmission system. This design adapts a special system of modulation and transmission control based on a DSP(Digital Signal Processing) chip, to cope with the complex underwater acoustic channel. The hardware block diagram and software flow chart are presented.

The Transformation of Thought Patterns in English-Chinese Translation

Translation involves not only formal transformation of two languages concerned, but also conversion of thought patterns. The oriental thought pattern is considered ＂concrete＂, ＂man-centered＂, and ＂ordinal＂; while the western one is believed to be ＂abstract＂, ＂object-centered＂, and ＂conversed＂. These are the decisive factors for the existence of the differences in language expressing. It is of great importance to study these differences and make some adjustments in terms of syntactic structure, semantic focus, and time order so as to achieve a natural rending.

Paradigm Shifts in Translation Studies： Focus on Linguistic, Cultural, Social and Psychological Turns

Translation has been the subject of a variety of research and conflicts among theorists. This fact that gives Thomas Samuel Kuhn＇s paradigm theory is pertinent to the present study. Kuhn is an American philosopher of Science. In his book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, he proposes his paradigm theory which plays a great role in the development of sociology and philosophy of Science. According to Kuhn （1970）, paradigm originates from one or some famous people＇s achievements, and for these achievements to be considered as paradigms, two major characteristics must be met as will be clarified in this paper. This study is an attempt to outline the scope of the disciplines of Translation Studies （TS）, to give some indication of the kind of work that has been done so far. It is an attempt to demonstrate that TS is a discipline in its own right. It is a vastly complex field with many far-reaching ramifications. This study discusses the relationships between the changing definitions of translation and the turns of translation studies.

Chemical Physics in Living Cells-using Light to Visualize and Control Intracellular Signal Transduction

Cells are crowded microenvironments filled with macromolecules undergoing constant phys- ical and chemical interactions. The physicochemical makeup of the cells aff）cts various cellular responses, determines cell-cell interactions and influences cell decisions. Chemical and physical properties diff）r between cells and within cells. Moreover, these properties are subject to dynamic changes in response to environmental signals, which often demand adjustments in the chemical or physical states of intracellular molecules. Indeed, cellular responses such as gene expression rely on the faithful relay of information from the outside to the inside of the cell, a process terrned signal transduction. The signal often traverses a complex path across subcellular spaces with variable physical chemistry, sometimes even influencing it. Understanding the molecular states of such signaling molecules and their intracellular environments is vital to our understanding of the cell. Exploring such intricate spaces is possible today largely because of experimental and theoretical tools. Here, we focus on one tool that is commonly used in chemical physics studies light. We summarize recent work which uses light to both visualize the cellular environment and also control intracel- lular processes along the axis of signal transduction. We highlight recent accomplishments in optical microscopy and optogenetics, an emerging experimental strategy which utilizes light to control the molecular processes in live cells. We believe that optogenetics lends un- precedented spatiotemporal precision to the manipulation of physicochemical properties in biological contexts. We hope to use this work to demonstrate new opportunities for chemical physicists who are interested in pursuing biological and biomedical questions.

Dynamic Equivalence Theory and Advertisement Translation

With the fast globalization of the whole world and the intimate international cooperation of enterprises, translation is playing a more and more essential role, espeically in advertisemnts where enterprises want to establish a positive and healthy image in the competitive world market to promote their products and make more profits. Since Nida proposed his famous theory of dynamic equivalence, the English-Chinese advertisemnts translation has no longer been so mechanic and achieved more beauties. The translation of advertisement and trademark tends towards simplicity and visualization in association with the theory of dynamic equivalence, the objective criterion of translation proposed by Nida, emphasizing the inside connotation. Information is transformed during the process by analyzing carefully, distinguishing accurately, and processing flexibly in different situations so that translators can keep the information in high fidelity and gain dynamic equivalence.

Notes on the Semantic Clash Caused by Individual Background, a Survey on Translation Materials in Qing Dynasty

Influenced by translator＇s individual background, semantic clash is inevitable during the process of code-switching from source language to target language. This re-correspondence in semantic level has been well-shown not only in the translation of literature works, but in those of dictionary and glossary translations as well. Semantic clash, generally, is based on two main factors, one is the inherent difference between languages lying in typology features, the other is the social and culture diversity factors lying in the translator＇s personal background. According to actual translation works, social and culture factors of individual background take the dominant position unconsciously over other features in the process of code-switching. The present paper, branches the latter factor into certain categories, by analyzing bilingual dictionaries and glossaries cases in the 18th century, Qing Dynasty, and indicates that the conceptual lagging, religion beliefs, living environment and political stand embedded in individual background will somehow result in semantic clash, which will lead the relevant research to pay more attention on cross-cultural literature translation.

SF^2HDL： A Computational Tool of State Transition Diagram Translation

The lack of standard to electronic circuits modeling made possible the development of many tools and modeling languages for electronic circuits. In this way, several tools to be used on different descriptions stage of the designs are necessary. This paper presents a tool called SF^2HDL （Stateflow to Hardware Description Language or State Transition Table） that translates a finite state machine on state transition diagram representation, described by Stateflow tool, into an input file standard for TABELA program or into a file behavioral VHDL （Very High Speed Integrated Circuits Hardware Description Language） directly. The TABELA program was used to optimization this finite state machine. After that, the TAB2VHDL program was used to generate the VHDL code on register transfer level, what permits comparisons with results obtained by synthesis. The finite state machine must be described by Mealy model and the user can describe the machine on high level abstraction using all Simulink supports. The tool was very efficient on computational cost and it made translation of several cases, for the two VHDL description models. Every state machine translated was simulated and implemented on device EP2C20F484C7 using Quartus II environment.

外源型社会组织如何推动乡村振兴合作网络构建——基于L基金会的案例研究

社会组织参与乡村振兴的潜力已经形成共识,但作为外来力量如何与乡村在地主体建立稳定、有效、可持续的合作关系是现实中面临的重要挑战。通过在行动者网络理论和制度性集体行动理论的基础上构建出一个综合分析框架,并以L社会组织为研究个案,能够细致刻画外源型社会组织构建乡村振兴合作网络的动态过程。研究发现:1)乡村振兴合作网络构建包括动力和控制两种机制,动力机制通过利益赋予提高合作意愿,促使合作行为产生,控制机制通过引入规则削弱合作风险,保障合作关系稳固。2)外源型社会组织在推动乡村振兴发展中采取了“问题识别—利益赋予—招募—风险分析—策略选择—动员”行为逻辑。3)在“动力—控制”双重机制下,外源型社会组织构建的新型乡村振兴合作网络呈现出“卷入—吸纳—团结—激活”的发展路径。这一案例研究不仅从理论角度丰富和发展了新内源发展的理念内涵,还在实践层面为提升社会组织参与乡村振兴效能提供了有益启示。

Atoh1 regulation in the cochlea:more than just transcription

More than 80%of all cases of deafness are related to the death or degeneration of cochlear hair cells and the associated spiral ganglion neurons,and a lack of regeneration of these cells leads to permanent hearing loss.Therefore,the regeneration of lost hair cells is an important goal for the treatment of deafness.Atoh1 is a basic helix-loop-helix(bHLH)transcription factor that is critical in both the development and regeneration of cochlear hair cells.Atoh1 is transcriptionally regulated by several signaling pathways,including Notch and Wnt signalings.At the post-translational level,it is regulated through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that manipulation of these signaling pathways not only controls development,but also leads to the regeneration of cochlear hair cells after damage.Recent progress toward understanding the signaling networks involved in hair cell development and regeneration has led to the development of new strategies to replace lost hair cells.This review focuses on our current understanding of the signaling pathways that regulate Atoh1 in the cochlea.

Word Concreteness and Word Translatability:Relations and Implications for Second Language Acquisition

This study examined the relation between word concreteness and word translatability. Translatability was operationalized in terms of both lexical and semantic cross-transparency. Two separate scales were used to measure the level of concreteness of 123 target English words and their translatability into Chinese. The results of this study showed that word concreteness and translatability are significantly correlated, and that word concreteness determines the extent of semantic closeness between the translation of English and Chinese word pairs. Concreteness might be a variable that influences how translatable a word is between English and Chinese. However, this influence mainly applies to the semantic cross-transparency between the two languages, not the lexical cross-transparency. A link was proposed between the levels of translatability of a translation pair according to concreteness and associated properties. The paper also discusses the implications of the findings for second language learning and teaching, in particular the ＂translation effect＂ and teachers＇ ＂codeswitching＂ behavior.

O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine modification and its biological functions

The covalent attachment of O-linked β-N- acetylglucosamine （O-GIcNAc） to Ser/Thr residues of proteins acts as not only a posttranslational modification but also a nutritional sensor in nucleus and cytoplasm, which directly regulates the expression of genes and multiple crucial signal transduction pathways. Dynamic O- GlcNAcylation at Ser/Thr residues is catalyzed by two key enzymes, O-GIcNAc transferase （OGT） and O-GlcNAcase, which are responsible for addition and removal of the O- GlcNAc modification, respectively. O-GlcNAc modifica- tion plays important roles in cellular signaling in animals, especially in human diseases. Two orthologs of OGT in plants, SECRET AGENT and SPINDLY, have been reported to be involved in diverse plant processes. However, compared with the functional mechanisms revealed in animals, the consequences of protein O-GlcNAc modifi- cation in plants is largely unknown, and the relationship between O-GlcNAcylation and cellular processes needs to be explored. In this review, we summarized the recent advances on O-GlcNAc modification and its biological functions in animals and plants, and prospect of more special functions of O-GlcNAc will be revealed in plants.