Future changes of heating degree days （HDD） and cooling degree days （CDD） in the 21st century with and without considering populationfactor are investigated based on four sets of climate change simulations over Ea...Future changes of heating degree days （HDD） and cooling degree days （CDD） in the 21st century with and without considering populationfactor are investigated based on four sets of climate change simulations over East Asia using the regional climate model version 4.4 （RegCM4.4）driven by the global models of CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, EC-EARTH, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR. Under global warming of 1.5℃, 2℃, 3℃,and 4℃, significant decrease of HDD can be found over China without considering population factor, with greater decrease over high elevationand high latitude regions, including the Tibetan Plateau, the northern part of Northeast China, and Northwest China; while population-weightedHDD increased in areas where population will increase in the future, such as Beijing, Tianjin, parts of southern Hebei, northern Shandong andHenan provinces. Similarly, the CDD projections with and without considering population factor are largely different. Specifically, withoutconsidering population, increase of CDD were observed over most parts of China except the Tibetan Plateau where the CDD remained zerobecause of the cold climate even under global warming; while considering population factor, the future CDD decreases in South China andincreases in North China, the Sichuan Basin, and the southeastern coastal areas, which is directly related to the population changes. The differentfuture changes of HDD and CDD when considering and disregarding the effects of population show that population distribution plays animportant role in energy consumption, which should be considered in future research.展开更多
基于耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(CMIP6)中的全球气候模式的模拟结果,采用考虑模式性能和独立性结合(Climate model Weighting by Independence and Performance,ClimWIP)的加权方案进行中国区域气候的多模式集合预估及不确定性研究。结果...基于耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(CMIP6)中的全球气候模式的模拟结果,采用考虑模式性能和独立性结合(Climate model Weighting by Independence and Performance,ClimWIP)的加权方案进行中国区域气候的多模式集合预估及不确定性研究。结果表明,ClimWIP方案在历史阶段的模拟优于等权重方案,降低了多模式模拟的气候态偏差。温度指数的未来预估不确定性较大的区域主要集中在中国北方和青藏高原,而降水指数主要集中在华北和西北地区。ClimWIP方案的预估不确定性与等权重方案相比有所降低。ClimWIP方案预估的温度指数的增温大值区主要集中在中国北方和青藏高原;降水指数在西北和青藏高原增加最为显著。全球额外0.5℃增暖时,中国区域平均的温度指数变化更强,平均高于全球0.2℃,最低温在东北部分地区的额外增温甚至是全球平均的3倍;总降水额外增加5.2%;强降水额外增加10.5%。全球增暖2℃下,中国大部分区域温度指数较当前气候态增加可能超过1.5℃(概率>50%),在中国北方和青藏高原的部分地区增温超过1.5℃的可能性更大(概率>90%);总降水,强降水和连续干日在西北和华北增加幅度有可能超过10%、25%和-5 d(概率>50%)。展开更多
Lithium metal batteries(LMBs) promise energy density over 400 Wh kg^(-1).However,they suffer severe electrochemical performance deterioration at sub-zero temperatures.Such failure behavior highly correlates to inferio...Lithium metal batteries(LMBs) promise energy density over 400 Wh kg^(-1).However,they suffer severe electrochemical performance deterioration at sub-zero temperatures.Such failure behavior highly correlates to inferior lithium metal anode(LMA) compatibility and sluggish Li^(+) desolvation.Here,we demonstrate that cyclopentylmethyl ether(CPME) based diluted high-concentration electrolyte(DHCE)enables-60℃ LMBs operation.By leveraging the loose coordination between Li^(+) and CPME,such developed electrolyte boosts the formation of ion clusters to derive anion-dominant interfacial chemistry for enhancing LMA compatibility and greatly accelerates Li^(+) desolvation kinetics.The resulting electrolyte demonstrates high Coulombic efficiencies(CE),providing over 99.5%,99.1%,98.5% and 95% at 25,-20,-40,and-60℃respectively.The assembled Li-S battery exhibits remarkable cyclic stability in-20,and-40℃ at 0.2 C charging and 0.5 C discharging.Even at-60℃,Li-S cell with this designed electrolyte retains> 70% of the initial capacity over 170 cycles.Besides,lithium metal coin cell and pouch cell with10 mg cm^(-2) high S cathode loading exhibit cycling stability at-20℃.This work offers an opportunity for rational designing electrolytes toward low temperature LMBs.展开更多
文摘Future changes of heating degree days （HDD） and cooling degree days （CDD） in the 21st century with and without considering populationfactor are investigated based on four sets of climate change simulations over East Asia using the regional climate model version 4.4 （RegCM4.4）driven by the global models of CSIRO-Mk3-6-0, EC-EARTH, HadGEM2-ES, and MPI-ESM-MR. Under global warming of 1.5℃, 2℃, 3℃,and 4℃, significant decrease of HDD can be found over China without considering population factor, with greater decrease over high elevationand high latitude regions, including the Tibetan Plateau, the northern part of Northeast China, and Northwest China; while population-weightedHDD increased in areas where population will increase in the future, such as Beijing, Tianjin, parts of southern Hebei, northern Shandong andHenan provinces. Similarly, the CDD projections with and without considering population factor are largely different. Specifically, withoutconsidering population, increase of CDD were observed over most parts of China except the Tibetan Plateau where the CDD remained zerobecause of the cold climate even under global warming; while considering population factor, the future CDD decreases in South China andincreases in North China, the Sichuan Basin, and the southeastern coastal areas, which is directly related to the population changes. The differentfuture changes of HDD and CDD when considering and disregarding the effects of population show that population distribution plays animportant role in energy consumption, which should be considered in future research.
文摘基于耦合模式比较计划第6阶段(CMIP6)中的全球气候模式的模拟结果,采用考虑模式性能和独立性结合(Climate model Weighting by Independence and Performance,ClimWIP)的加权方案进行中国区域气候的多模式集合预估及不确定性研究。结果表明,ClimWIP方案在历史阶段的模拟优于等权重方案,降低了多模式模拟的气候态偏差。温度指数的未来预估不确定性较大的区域主要集中在中国北方和青藏高原,而降水指数主要集中在华北和西北地区。ClimWIP方案的预估不确定性与等权重方案相比有所降低。ClimWIP方案预估的温度指数的增温大值区主要集中在中国北方和青藏高原;降水指数在西北和青藏高原增加最为显著。全球额外0.5℃增暖时,中国区域平均的温度指数变化更强,平均高于全球0.2℃,最低温在东北部分地区的额外增温甚至是全球平均的3倍;总降水额外增加5.2%;强降水额外增加10.5%。全球增暖2℃下,中国大部分区域温度指数较当前气候态增加可能超过1.5℃(概率>50%),在中国北方和青藏高原的部分地区增温超过1.5℃的可能性更大(概率>90%);总降水,强降水和连续干日在西北和华北增加幅度有可能超过10%、25%和-5 d(概率>50%)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21975087,22008082)。
文摘Lithium metal batteries(LMBs) promise energy density over 400 Wh kg^(-1).However,they suffer severe electrochemical performance deterioration at sub-zero temperatures.Such failure behavior highly correlates to inferior lithium metal anode(LMA) compatibility and sluggish Li^(+) desolvation.Here,we demonstrate that cyclopentylmethyl ether(CPME) based diluted high-concentration electrolyte(DHCE)enables-60℃ LMBs operation.By leveraging the loose coordination between Li^(+) and CPME,such developed electrolyte boosts the formation of ion clusters to derive anion-dominant interfacial chemistry for enhancing LMA compatibility and greatly accelerates Li^(+) desolvation kinetics.The resulting electrolyte demonstrates high Coulombic efficiencies(CE),providing over 99.5%,99.1%,98.5% and 95% at 25,-20,-40,and-60℃respectively.The assembled Li-S battery exhibits remarkable cyclic stability in-20,and-40℃ at 0.2 C charging and 0.5 C discharging.Even at-60℃,Li-S cell with this designed electrolyte retains> 70% of the initial capacity over 170 cycles.Besides,lithium metal coin cell and pouch cell with10 mg cm^(-2) high S cathode loading exhibit cycling stability at-20℃.This work offers an opportunity for rational designing electrolytes toward low temperature LMBs.
