北京大学藏秦简《制衣》“襲”字考

北京大学藏秦代简牍《制衣》记载了秦代“襲”衣的尺寸和制法,其“襲”字的含义在古代服饰与“三礼”研究中具备特殊性,厘清“襲”字释义并对“襲”的使用价值作出判断具备必要性。梳理历代典籍文献及学者对“襲”的注释训解,并与同时期汉墓遣策记载相比较,得出以下结论:秦汉时期,“襲”在服饰名称、穿戴动作及礼仪方面有规范的用法;《制衣》中“襲”为无下裙拼接的短款上衣,结合遣策、文献典籍记载,证明其为真实存在的;“襲”衣的形制、用途、使用人群在秦代、西汉初期至西汉中晚期经历了快速变化;“襲”字在“裼襲礼”中的使用有吉丧之分,结合遣策推测,在丧礼中“襲”衣为地方官府所赠裞衣,用以抚恤已故之人。

北京大学藏秦简《制衣》“襲”衣研究

“襲”衣在近两千年的“裼襲”礼辩中一直未被准确定论,致使部分学者质疑“襲”衣的存在。随着北京大学藏秦代简牍《制衣》的出世与解译工作的开展,其中有关“襲”衣的记载证实其真实性。结合《制衣》所记载的“前襲”尺寸与制法,以及对相关文物、遣策及典籍文献展开研究,将“襲”衣的形制分为“前襲”“反襲”,色彩分为了“素襲”“彩襲”,特征分为了“襌襲”“复襲”,并对“襲”衣的“反襲”形制进行推测与讨论,认为可能为“外削服”“内削服”、“正缝”“反缝”或“正图腾”“反图腾”3种类型之一。

北大藏秦简《制衣》简介

北大藏秦简《制衣》记载了多种服装的尺寸和裁法,是一篇关于工艺、技艺的书,此类材料无论在传世文献还是出土文献中都极为罕见。《制衣》一书为我们理解和更正礼书以及与出土实物进行对比研究提供了最为直接,也最真实可靠的材料。不仅对上古服饰研究有重要的参考价值,而且也是秦代工艺技术书的一个珍贵样本,为我们研究和复原秦代服装提供了可能性,必将极大的推动服饰史的研究。

北大藏秦简《制衣》释文注释

本文对北大藏秦简《制衣》作了简单注释。可以看出,《制衣》是一篇关于服装裁制技艺的文献,介绍了多种服装的尺寸和裁法,极大地丰富了我们对于秦代服装的认识。但必须认识到,《制衣》更多强调的是对关键部位裁剪工艺的记载,特别是斜裁法在裁制服装中的应用。因此,完全按照《制衣》复原服装,可能会出现一些问题。此外,《制衣》的一些记载与传世文献和出土实物对比也还有一定差异,如何认识这种差异,并最大可能地发掘《制衣》的价值,是以后的研究重点所在。

北大藏秦简《制衣》所见上衣服类相关问题探讨

北大藏秦简《制衣》是关于秦始皇时期记录传抄的秦国工匠制衣之术的文献,内容包括多种服装的裁制技艺。通过对简文的深入释读,并结合出土实物比较分析,厘清了其上衣包括衣、襦和袭三大服类,共14种,与中国传统服制的上衣下裳制、上衣下裳分裁连属制和通裁制一脉相承;据此可复原各种上衣的大致样貌。《制衣》反映着秦人服饰真实的历史面貌,对秦俑服饰和古代服饰研究都具有重要意义。

Construction and Identification of siRNA Expression Vector Targeting Nucleocapsid Protein N gene of PRRSV

[ Objective] The aim of this study was to investigate the construction and identification of siRNA expression vector targeting nucleocapsid protein N gone of PRRSV. [Method] Three siRNA oligonucleotides targeting nucleocapsid protein N gone sequence of PRRSV were designed or synthesized, and then inserted into CMV promoter downstream to clone into pSilencer 4,1 -CMV eukaryotic expression vector. The recombinant expression vector was identified by enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. [ Result] The results showed that the siRNA interference recombinant plasmid vector pSilencer-N targeting nucleocapsid protein gone expression had been successfully constructed. [ Conclusion] This study lays a foundation for studies on the controlling PRRSV by RNA interference technique .

Observational Study on the Supercooled Fog Droplet Spectrum Distribution and Icing Accumulation Mechanism in Lushan, Southeast China

A fog monitor, hotplate total precipitation sensor, weather identifier and visibility sensor, ultrasonic wind speed meter,an icing gradient observation frame, and an automated weather station were involved in the observations at the Lushan Meteorological Bureau of Jiangxi Province, China. In this study, for the icing process under a cold surge from 20–25 January2016, the duration, frequency, and spectrum distribution of agglomerate fog were analyzed. The effects of rain, snow, and supercooled fog on icing growth were studied and the icing and meteorological conditions at two heights(10 m and 1.5 m)were compared. There were 218 agglomerate fogs in this icing process, of which agglomerate fogs with durations less than and greater than 10 min accounted for 91.3% and 8.7%, respectively. The average time interval was 10.3 min. The fog droplet number concentration for sizes 2–15 μm and 30–50 μm increased during rainfall, and that for 2–27 μm decreased during snowfall. Icing grew rapidly(1.3 mm h-1) in the freezing rain phase but slowly(0.1 mm h-1) during the dry snow phase. Intensive supercooled fog, lower temperatures and increased wind speed all favored icing growth during dry snow(0.5 mm h-1). There were significant differences in the thickness, duration, density, and growth mechanism of icing at the heights of 10 m and 1.5 m. Differences in temperature and wind speed between the two heights were the main reasons for the differences in icing conditions, which indicated that icing was strongly affected by height.

Static and Dynamic Sensory Comfort of Knit Underwear

In this paper relationships have been investigated between overall comfort estimate and five main factors on nine knit underwear at （29±2）℃ and relative humidity, （85±2）%. The values of thermal and moisture comfort rise obviously, yet the values of roughness, softness and tightness are near the static values after f＇mishing movement. The analysis shows that the overall estimation has the negative correlation with the thermal and moisture comfort and the positive correlation with the roughness and softness under static state. After movement the effects on overall estimate of thermal and moisture increase. Oppositely, the effects of roughness and softness decrease. Overall estimation has positive correlation with tightness at static. But it has no evident effect on overall comfort after movement and 5- minute.rest according to this experiment. The relationships between tightness and thermal, moisture, roughness, softness were also discussed in this paper.

Progress of Study on Chlamydial Pathogenesis

Chlamydia, a human pathogen that mediates chronic, persistent and repeated infection progress, is capable of inflicting permanent scar formation. A typical reticular body is found in persistent infections. Chlamydial Hsp 60, interferon(IFN) -gamma and other cytokines function in the course of repeated infection. Immunopathological factors mediate chronic infection.

Research and Application of Even-Drive Washing Technology

In this paper, the development history and existing shortcomings of washing machines have been briefly described, the operating principle of the current washing machines has been analyzed, user requirements and the direction of industry development have been found out, and the even-drive washing technology has been studied out through adoption of hyperbolic impeller and suspended inner barrel structure, as well as high-efficiency drive and innovated control design. Thereby the problems with existing washing machines such as heavy twist and wear, uneven wash of clothes, long washing time, and high water and power consumption are solved.

Comparative transcriptome analysis of the lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum elucidates its drought adaptation mechanisms

The lichen-forming fungus was isolated from the desert lichen Endocarpon pusillum that is extremely drought resistant.To understand the molecular mechanisms of drought resistance in the fungus,we employed RNA-seq and quantitative real-time PCR to compare and characterize the differentially expressed genes in pure culture at two different water levels and with that in desiccated lichen.The comparative transcriptome analysis indicated that a total of 1781 genes were differentially expressed between samples cultured under normal and PEG-induced drought stress conditions.Similar to those in drought resistance plants and non-lichenized fungi,the common drought-resistant mechanisms were differentially expressed in E.pusillum.However,the expression change of genes involved in osmotic regulation in E.pusillum is different,which might be the evidence for the feature of drought adaptation.Interestingly,different from other organisms,some genes involved in drought adaption mechanisms showed significantly different expression patterns between the presence and absence of drought stress in E.pusillum.The expression of 23 candidate stress responsive genes was further confirmed by quantitative real-time PCR using dehydrated E.pusillum lichen thalli.This study provides a valuable resource for future research on lichen-forming fungi and shall facilitate future functional studies of the specific genes related to drought resistance.

A review of trachoma history in China: research, prevention, and control

Trachoma is one of the most widespread blinding eye diseases, which is harmful to human visual health. The efforts to prevent and control trachoma in China can be divided into three periods, i.e., highly epidemic period, research on pathogenesis and control of trachoma, and blinding trachoma elimination and epidemiological evaluation. In 1956, Prof. Feifan Tang and Xiaolou Zhang first discovered and isolated Chlamydia trachomatis, which clarified the cause of trachoma, and kick-started a fresh chapter in trachoma research, prevention, and control around the world. Although, the prevalence of trachoma differed in different areas, the average prevalence once exceeded 50% and was as high as 90% in some areas before and at early liberation of China. Therefore, the government-led efforts were made to comprehensively prevent and control trachoma, including development of National Plan for the Prevention and Control of Trachoma, nationwide screening and treatment of trachoma, implementation of National Patriotic Health Campaign and improvement of water supply and lavatories. After decades of effort, China reached the goal of eliminating blinding trachoma in 2015. China has gained remarkable achievements in the prevention and treatment of trachoma, making outstanding contributions toward the goal of eliminating trachoma worldwide. The research, prevention, and control of trachoma in China were reviewed in this paper.

A perspective on picornavirus inhibitors and concrete evolution of WIN compounds

The family Picornaviridae is one of the largest families of human viral pathogens,causing an extensive range of clinical manifestations from mild fever,common cold to serious paralytic poliomyelitis,COPD,etc.,some of which can even be life-threatening.Picornaviruses also cause zoonotic epidemics that result in dramatic social and economical losses.Although no efficient antivirus agent for prophylaxis or treatment of picornarivus infections has been officially approved yet,a large number of anti-picornavirus compounds with potent activity have been developed and investigated,through which further information about picornavirus has been revealed as well.Viral mRNA translation,viral mRNA replication and especially the viral capsid are the three main targets of these compounds having been extensively studied.The typical one is the WIN series of compounds that bind to the viral capsid and inhibit rival attachment or uncoating.Herein,a perspective on picornavirus inhibitors and a concrete evolution of WIN compounds will be presented in this paper.

Antiviral drug design based on structural insights into the N-terminal domain and C-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein

Nucleocapsid(N) protein plays crucial roles in the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2), including the formation of ribonucleoprotein(RNP) complex with the viral RNA.Here we reported the crystal structures of the N-terminal domain(NTD) and C-terminal domain(CTD) of the N protein and an NTD-RNA complex. Our structures reveal a unique tetramer organization of NTD and identify a distinct RNA binding mode in the NTD-RNA complex, which could contribute to the formation of the RNP complex. We also screened small molecule inhibitors of N-NTD and N-CTD and discovered that ceftriaxone sodium, an antibiotic, can block the binding of RNA to NTD and inhibit the formation of the RNP complex. These results together could facilitate the further research of antiviral drug design targeting N protein.