Conventional Geothermal Systems and Unconventional Geothermal Developments: An Overview

This paper provides an overview of conventional geothermal systems and unconventional geothermal developments as a common reference is needed for discussions between energy professionals. Conventional geothermal systems have the heat, permeability and fluid, requiring only drilling down to °C, normal heat flow or decaying radiogenic granite as heat sources, and used in district heating. Medium-temperature (MT) 100°C - 190°C, and high-temperature (HT) 190°C - 374°C resources are mostly at plate boundaries, with volcanic intrusive heat source, used mostly for electricity generation. Single well capacities are °C - 500°C) and a range of depths (1 m to 20 Km), but lack permeability or fluid, thus requiring stimulations for heat extraction by conduction. HVAC is 1 - 2 m deep and shallow geothermal down to 500 m in wells, both capturing °C, with °C are either advanced by geothermal developers at <7 Km depth (Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS), drilling below brittle-ductile transition zones and under geothermal fields), or by the Oil & Gas industry (Advanced Geothermal Systems, heat recovery from hydrocarbon wells or reservoirs, Superhot Rock Geothermal, and millimeter-wave drilling down to 20 Km). Their primary aim is electricity generation, relying on closed-loops, but EGS uses fractures for heat exchange with earthquake risks during fracking. Unconventional approaches could be everywhere, with shallow geothermal already functional. The deeper and hotter unconventional alternatives are still experimental, overcoming costs and technological challenges to become fully commercial. Meanwhile, the conventional geothermal resources remain the most proven opportunities for investments and development.

Large Conventional Osteosarcoma of the Proximal Humerus in a 13-Year-Old Child: Case Report

Introduction: Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children. It is highly aggressive and has a poor prognosis. A late presentation modifies and makes difficult the management affecting the survival of children. We report the case of a large conventional osteosarcoma in a 13-year-old girl. Case Presentation: Adolescent girl admitted for painful swelling of the left shoulder with absolute functional impotence of the thoracic limb and severe anemia. The painful swelling was thought to have been caused by a minor trauma that had occurred six months previously. The patient’s general condition was poor, and she presented with a large, shiny, painful mass over the shoulder and upper 2/3 of the left arm, measuring 28 cm long by 28 cm wide and 57 cm in circumference, and a large fistulous axillary adenopathy. CT scan showed a tumour lesion of the left humerus with liver and lung metastases, raising suspicion of osteogenic osteosarcoma. The tumor was classified according to TNM staging: T2N1M1(a + b). Management was modified when uncontrolled bleeding developed. It consisted of an extended amputation of the left thoracic limb. Pathological analysis showed a high-grade conventional osteosarcoma. Quality improvement was obtained for thirty days, followed by the onset of dyspnea. The evolution was towards death at forty days post-operatively. Conclusion: Osteosarcoma is a highly aggressive cancer. Delayed treatment leads to a fatal outcome. Early diagnosis is one of the challenges to be met in order to improve survival.

Spinal Analgesia with Intrathecal Morphine versus Conventional Analgesia after Laparoscopic Colectomy: A Retrospective Cohort Study

Objective: Postoperative pain (POP) following abdominal surgery can vary from a few hours to several days. This acute, unrelieved pain can become chronic, requiring patients to take analgesics on an almost daily basis for comfort. Analgesia using general opioids has many side effects and intrathecal morphine is a good alternative. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of intrathecal morphine (ITM) versus conventional analgesia in the management of postoperative pain in colectomy performed by laparoscopic surgery. Methods: Cohort study conducted at the Hôpital Nord in Marseille, from 01 January to 31 July 2021 in patients aged at least 18 years undergoing anaesthesia for scheduled colectomy by laparoscopic surgery. The primary endpoint was postoperative pain intensity and the secondary endpoints were morphine consumption, treatment side effects and length of hospital stay. Statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT software. Results: We included 193 patients: 131 in the control group (conventional analgesia) and 62 in the ITM group. We observed: a significant decrease in pain (assessed by numerical scale) in favour of the ITM group in the post-anaesthetic care room, i.e. 3 (±4) vs 1 (±2), p 0 and H2: 2 (±2) vs. 1 (±2);p Conclusion: These results suggest that intrathecal morphine (ITM) in laparoscopic colectomy provides effective postoperative analgesia with low morphine consumption, and a reduction in morphine side-effects compared with conventional analgesia.

Comparative Analysis of Lactuca sativa Growth Using Compost Versus Conventional Soil

Conventional agricultural techniques have been degrading American soils nationwide since the beginnings of modern-day agriculture through practices such as soil tilling, using nitrogen synthetic fertilizers, and monocultural systems. These techniques contribute to degrading soil health, mass emissions of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, and decreased biodiversity. Regenerative agriculture techniques include the utilization of cover crops, compost, no-tillage, the integration of livestock, and crop rotation. The APS Laboratory for Sustainable Agriculture focused on the effectiveness of compost by comparing the growth of lettuce in four different treatments: 100% Compost (100%C), 75% Compost 25% Miracle-Gro (75%C - 25%MG), 50% Compost 50% Miracle-Gro (50%C - 50%MG), and finally, 100% Miracle-Gro (100%MG). The lettuce seeds were kept in a growth tent for fifteen days during their period of germination before being transferred to four 1 × 1 × 0.15 m plots in the Food Forest at Florida Gulf Coast University (FGCU) for the 60-day growth period. The lettuce crops grew to full bloom and were ready for harvest. Sampling events took place every six days in which crop growth data including wet weight (g), dry weight (g), nitrogen (mg/g), chlorophyll concentration (mg/cm2), and leaf area (LA) (cm2) were collected. Statistical analysis was then conducted from the data. Based on the statistical tests conducted at the 5% significance level using R statistical software, soil treatment type was found to be significant (p = 0.0002). Soil treatment type was shown to have significantly impacted wet weight (p χ2 [3] = 3.91, p = 0.2717). 100%C and 100%MG of soil treatments produced the most successful lettuce crops. The 100%C soil treatment yielded lettuce crops with the heaviest wet weights and the largest LAs, and the 100% MG soil treatment yielded the heaviest dry weights and the highest nitrogen readings. Results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of using compost as a technique for regenerative agriculture.

Numerical Investigation of Combined Production of Natural Gas Hydrate and Conventional Gas

Natural gas hydrate(NGH)is generally produced and accumulated together with the underlying conventional gas.Therefore,optimizing the production technology of these two gases should be seen as a relevant way to effectively reduce the exploitation cost of the gas hydrate.In this study,three types of models accounting for the coexistence of these gases are considered.Type A considers the upper hydrate-bearing layer(HBL)adjacent to the lower conventional gas layer(CGL);with the Type B a permeable interlayer exists between the upper HBL and the lower CGL;with the type C there is an impermeable interlayer between the upper HBL and the lower CGL.The production performances associated with the above three models are calculated under different conditions,including only a depressurized HBL(only HBL DP);only a depressurized CGL(only CGL DP);and both the HBL and the CGL being depressurized(HBL+CGL DP).The results show that for Type A and Type B coexistence accumulation models,when only HBL or CGL is depressurized,the gas from the other layer will flow into the production layer due to the pressure difference between the two layers.In the coexistence accumulation model of type C,the cumulative gas production is much lower than that of Type A and Type B,regardless of whether only HBL DP,only CGL DP,or HBL+CGL DP are considered.This indicates that the impermeable interlayer restricts the cross-flow of gas between HBL and CGL.For three different coexistence accumulation models,CGL DP has the largest gas-to-water ratio.

Analysis of Maximum Liquid Carrying Capacity Based on Conventional Tubing Plunger Gas Lift

China’s unconventional gas fields have a large number of low-productivity and low-efficiency wells, many of whichare located in remote and environmentally harsh mountainous areas. To address the long-term stable productionof these gas wells, plunger-lift technology plays an important role. In order to fully understand and accurately graspthe drainage and gas production mechanisms of plunger-lift, a mechanical model of plunger-liquid column uplift inthe plunger-lift process was established, focusing on conventional plunger-lift systems and representative wellboreconfigurations in the Linxing region. The operating casing pressure of the plunger-lift process and the calculationmethod for the maximum daily fluid production rate based on the work regime with the highest fluid recovery ratewere determined. For the first time, the critical flow rate method was proposed as a constraint for the maximumliquid-carrying capacity of the plunger-lift, and liquid-carrying capacity charts for conventional plunger-lift withdifferent casing sizes were developed. The results showed that for 23/8 casing plunger-lift, with a well depth ofshallower than 808 m, the maximum drainage rate was 33 m3/d;for 27/8 casing plunger-lift, with a well depth ofshallower than 742 m, the maximum drainage rate was 50.15 m3/d;for 31/2 casing plunger-lift, with a well depthof shallower than 560 m, the maximum drainage rate was 75.14 m3/d. This research provides a foundation for thescientific selection of plunger-lift technology and serves as a decision-making reference for developing reasonableplunger-lift work regimes.

Comparative analysis of conventional laparoscopic surgery and single-incision laparoscopic surgery in gastric cancer treatment:Outcomes and prognosis

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer surgery has advanced with minimally invasive techniques.This study compares outcomes between single-incision laparoscopic surgery plus one port(SILS+1)and conventional laparoscopic surgery(CLS)in treating gastric cancer.AIM To explore the curative effect of SILS+1 and CLS on gastric cancer and their influences on prognosis.METHODS A total of 93 patients with gastric cancer undergoing radical gastrectomy in the hospital were retrospectively analyzed between September 2019 and September 2022.According to different surgical methods,they were divided into SILS+1 group(n=56)and CLS group(n=37).The perioperative indexes,pain degree[visual analogue scale(VAS)]and stress response[C-reactive protein(CRP),white blood cell count(WBC)]in the two groups were compared.The postoperative complications,recurrence rate and mortality at 1 year after surgery were recorded.RESULTS Intraoperative blood loss was significantly lower in the SILS+1 group(76.53±8.12 mL)compared to the CLS group(108.67±12.34 mL,P<0.001),and the total incision length was also significantly shorter in the SILS+1 group(5.29±1.01 cm vs 9.45±2.34 cm,P<0.001).SILS+1 patients experienced faster recovery,with shorter times to first flatus(1.94±0.43 days vs 3.23±0.88 days,P<0.001)and ambulation(2.76±0.58 days vs 4.10±0.97 days,P<0.001).Postoperative pain,as measured by VAS scores,was significantly lower in the SILS+1 group on postoperative days 1,2,and 3(P<0.001).Additionally,stress markers(CRP and WBC)were significantly lower in the SILS+1 group on the first postoperative day(CRP:6.41±1.63 mg/L vs 7.82±1.88 mg/L,P<0.001;WBC:6.34±1.50×109/L vs 7.09±1.61×109/L,P=0.024).The complication rate in the SILS+1 group was also significantly lower than in the CLS group(8.93%vs 27.03%,P=0.020).However,there was no significant difference in recurrence rates between the two groups after one year(3.57%vs 8.11%,P>0.05).CONCLUSION SILS+1 and CLS have the comparable lymph node clearance effect in patients with gastric cancer.However,SILS+1 is more beneficial to reduce intraoperative blood loss,relieve pain,alleviate stress response,reduce the incidence of complications and promote rapid postoperative recovery.

A Study of the Use and Translation of Archaic Functional Vocabulary in the Berne Convention

The archaic functional vocabulary is highly with the legal features of formality and conservativeness and still holding a place in legal English.The Berne Convention is a good example to study the use and translation of the archaic functional vocabulary.By studying what archaic functional words or phrases are used in the Berne Convention,their meanings and the different use frequencies of them between the Berne Convention and the Copy Right Law of PRC,it has been found that arhcaic adverbs are used of low frequency,while some adjectives or adjectival groups as well as some prepositions or prepositional phrases are used of high frequencies.The use frequencies of the archaic functional vocabulary is higher in the Berne Convention than those in the Copy Right law of PRC.Some suggestions can be put forward to help improve translating Chinese legal documents into English or writing English legal documents.

Observation on the Effect of Non-Invasive Ventilator Combined with Conventional Therapy in the Treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Complicated with Respiratory Failure

Objective:To explore the clinical effect of a non-invasive ventilator combined with conventional therapy in the treatment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)combined with respiratory failure.Methods:68 patients with COPD combined with respiratory failure treated in our hospital from September 2021 to October 2023 were selected as the research subjects.Using the random number table method,they were divided into a control group and an experimental group of 34 cases each.The control group received conventional symptomatic treatment,and the experimental group received non-invasive ventilator treatment based on the control group.The clinical effects,blood gas indicators(partial pressure of carbon dioxide(PaCO_(2)),partial pressure of oxygen(PaO_(2)),arterial oxygen saturation(SaO_(2))),lung function(forced expiratory volume in 1 second(FEV1),forced vital capacity(FVC),6 min walking distance),complications,and inflammatory factor levels(c-reactive protein(CRP),interleukin-6(IL-6),neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio(NLR))of the two groups of patients were observed.Results:(1)The clinical efficacy of the patients in the experimental group(33/97.06%)was more significant as compared with the control group(25/73.53%)(P<0.05);(2)After treatment,the clinical efficacy of the two groups of patients in terms of FEV1,FEV1/FVC,6-minute walking distance,PaO_(2)and SaO_(2)all increased in the experimental group as compared to that of the control group(P<0.05);(3)After treatment,the PaCO_(2),CRP,IL-6,and NLR of the two groups of patients decreased,and the decrease in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group(P<0.05);(4)The patients’complication rate in the experimental group(2/5.88%)was lower as compared to that of the control group(9/26.46%)(P<0.05).Conclusion:Non-invasive ventilators combined with conventional therapy achieved good clinical results in treating patients with COPD and respiratory failure.

Study on the Effect of Repetitive Peripheral Magnetic Stimulation Combined with Conventional Rehabilitation Measures on Shoulder Dysfunction in Early Stroke

Objective:To study the effect of repetitive peripheral magnetic stimulation(rPMS)combined with conventional rehabilitation measures on shoulder dysfunction in early stroke.Methods:60 patients with shoulder dysfunction in early stroke were selected,and all of them were admitted to our hospital from August 2021 to August 2023.The patients were randomly grouped into a control group(conventional rehabilitation measures intervention,30 cases)and an intervention group(rPMS and conventional rehabilitation measures intervention,30 cases)according to the lottery method.The pain scores,shoulder mobility,and motor function scores of the two groups were compared.Results:The pain score was lower in the intervention group,and the shoulder mobility and motor function scores were higher in the intervention group(P<0.05)as compared to that of the control group.Conclusion:The effect of combining rPMS and conventional rehabilitation measures in treating shoulder dysfunction in early stroke was remarkable and should be popularized.

论ICSID仲裁中临时措施的约束力

相较于国内诉讼中的临时措施,ICSID仲裁临时措施涉及仲裁公正性与国家主权之间的冲突,具体表现为中止国内刑事程序的临时措施与国家刑事管辖权的矛盾。考虑到这一特殊性,在ICSID仲裁临时措施的约束力问题上,应然的路径是赋予临时措施以约束力,同时对中止国内刑事程序的临时措施设定严格的发布条件,以实现两股利益的平衡。ICSID仲裁临时措施约束力的实然基础无法通过条约解释在ICSID规则框架内直接获取,但可以通过争端当事方在框架外承担的不得加剧争端的义务以间接建立。对于中止国内刑事程序的临时措施,ICSID仲裁庭在实践中已经采取谨慎态度,其限缩发布情形以及强调证据要求等做法,可以一般化为该类措施的限制性要件。

Difference of Nitrogen Uptake and Use Efficiency in Conventional Indica Rice Cultivars with Different Nitrogen Use Efficiency for Grain Output

[Objective] The study aimed to confirm difference of nitrogen uptake and used efficiency with different nitrogen use efficiency for grain output (NUEg) types of indica rice.[Method] 88 and 122 conventional indica rice cultivars were solution-cultured in 2001 and 2002, respectively. Dry matter weight (including root system, culm and sheath, leaves, panicle), nitrogen content of different organs, yield and its components were measured. The tested rice cultivars were classified into 6 types (i.e. A, B, C, D, E and F, A was the lowest, and F was the highest) based on their NUEg level by the MinSSw method.[Result](1)Difference of NUEg of the cultivars used in this study were very large; (2) No significant difference of N content at heading stage was observed among different NUEg types of indica rice. In the cultivars with higher NUEg, however, N content in leaf, stem-sheath and entire rice plant were lower at mature stage. (3)Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with lower N uptake before heading and at mature stage; (4) Cultivars with higher NUEg were characterized with higher N use efficiency in biomass production and harvest index. [Conclusion] The cultivars with higher NUEg showed lower N uptake and N content, while nitrogen use efficiency was higher.

地震工程中的Conventional Pushover和Adaptive Pushover分析法

阐述了ConventionalPushover分析法的基本原理和方法,指出固定侧向力加载模式的缺陷;由于AdaptivePushover分析法考虑了结构刚度退化、高阶振型的影响、地震反应谱理论以及SRSS或CQC振型组合的综合作用,同固定侧向力加载模式相比,对结构受力状态的模拟更加准确。指出Pushover分析法尚存在的问题。

Analysis of Yield Traits in Conventional Rice Varieties

From the breeding of conventional dwarf rice varieties in the 1960 s to rice heterosis utilization in the 1970 s, the improvement of yield traits has been a primary goal of rice breeding. However, the yield potential of multiple hybrid rice varieties bred successfully in recent twenty years is not significantly higher than that of early bred rice varieties. Due to continuous development and application of new germplasm resources, the yield of conventional rice varieties has been improved constantly. Currently, the yield of some conventional rice varieties is higher than that of hybrid rice. In order to clarify differences between the yield of conventional rice and hybrid rice, and reevaluate conventional rice varieties, in this study, conventional rice and hybrid rice combinations with the same genetic background were compared to analyze the yield and related traits of these 12 combinations. In the comparative experiments of 12 combinations of conventional rice and hybrid rice, the combinations in which yield of hybrid rice was significantly higher than that of conventional rice accounted for 41.7%; the combinations in which yield of conventional rice was higher than that of hybrid rice accounted for 16.6%; the combinations in which no significant differences were found between the yield of conventional rice and hybrid rice accounted for 41.7%. The yield of several conventional rice varieties was equal to or even higher than that of hybrid rice with the same genetic background. This study could provide theoretical reference for the genetic breeding, popularization and application of conventional rice.

Epigenetic Effects of Special Plant Nutritional Elements(SPNE) on Four Generations of Conventional Rice

[Objective] The epigenetic effects of special plant nutritional elements （SP-NE） on 4 generations of conventional rice were investigated. [Method] The 4 gener-ations of a conventional rice cultivar were al treated with the SPNE. The effects of SPNE on the yield of the 4 generations were investigated. From the 1st generation to the 4th generations, some seeds were treated with the SPNE and water alterna-tively, and some seeds were treated with the SPNE persistently. Under these condi-tions, the effects of SPNE on the yield of rice were studied. In addition, the epige-netic effects of spraying times of SPNE on the yield of rice within the same gener-ation were studied. According to the national standard for pol utant content in food （GB 2762-2012）, the heavy metal content, particularly the Cd content, and the pro-tein content in rice grains were determined. [Result] The increase and the epigenetic increase of yield of rice treated with SPNE were al enlarged generation by genera-tion. The yield differed among different plots even under the same SPNE treatment. But the yield increase was similar within the same plot. The epigenetic effects of spraying times of SPNE on the yield were also similar. The pol utant content in rice grains was al less than the limited content required by the national standard. The Cd content was lower and the protein content was higher in the rice treated with SPNE compared to that in the rice treated with water, indicating the rice treated with SPNE was more safe and nutritional. [Conclusion] We hope to provide a theo-retical basis for the production of conventional rice.

The Differences Between Conventional Poetry & Imagist Poetry

As a literary movement,Imagism,a strand of modernism,is a reaction to conventional poets.It was initiated in London at the dawn of the 20th century,but short-lived,and its effects reached British and American poetry.This thesis aims to find out the difference between imagist poetry and conventional poetry.

Effects of backward path parameters on formability in conventional spinning of aluminum hemispherical parts

During multi-pass conventional spinning, roller paths combined with the forward and the backward pass are usually used to improve the material formability. In order to understand the backward spinning process properly, the backward roller paths of hemispherical parts with aluminum alloy 2024-O are analyzed. Finite element model with parameterized conventional spinning roller paths, which are based on quadratic Bezier curves, is developed to explore the evolution of the stress, strain and thinning during the backward processes. Analysis of the simulation results reveals stress and strain features of backward pass spinning. According to the findings, the application of the backward pass can obviously improve the uniformity of wall thickness. Furthermore, references of the parameters in future backward path design are provided.

An Exploration of Human Nature and a Challenge Against Conventional Morality of American South——On the Theme ofThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

文章通过对马克.吐温名著《哈克贝利.芬历险记》主题的分析,深刻探讨了马克.吐温对人的本性的探索和对美国南方传统道德的挑战,并进而提出了与现今社会紧密联系的人文关怀问题。

ICSID框架下的我国国有企业申请人资格问题论析

国有企业在《ICSID公约》下的适格投资者身份问题直接关系到国有企业在遭遇与东道国的投资纠纷时能否提起ICSID仲裁程序,而中国作为一个国有企业海外投资占比接近50%的海外投资大国,这一问题将直接影响到我国国有企业的海外利益。目前我国国有企业在ICSID仲裁中的投资者资格认定困境主要在于我国国内法和我国对外签订的BIT对于“国有企业”概念的界定不明,并且我国国有企业在历史发展进程中形成的过于依赖优惠政策及政府补贴的惯性对公平市场竞争机制的形成有较为不利的影响。解决我国国有企业投资者资格认定困境的制度路径包括在国内层面以“竞争中性要求”为参照进一步推动国有企业的市场化改革;在国际层面上未雨绸缪,在未来的BIT签署中明确国有企业的ICSID仲裁申请资格问题,同时通过国家实践推动完善Broches标准的解释和适用,参照《国家对国际不法行为的责任条款草案》的有关规定推进ICSID公约的修订进程,以国内层面和国际层面双管齐下的方式塑造更加良好的国际投资环境共同体。

Optimal management for alcoholic liver disease: Conventional medications, natural therapy or combination?

Alcohol consumption is the principal factor in thepathogenesis of chronic liver diseases.Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is defined by histological lesions on the liver that can range from simple hepatic steatosis to more advanced stages such as alcoholic steatohepatitis,cirrhosis,hepatocellular carcinoma and liver failure.As one of the oldest forms of liver injury known to humans,ALD is still a leading cause of liver-related morbidity and mortality and the burden is exerting on medical systems with hospitalization and management costs rising constantly worldwide.Although the biological mechanisms,including increasing of acetaldehyde,oxidative stress with induction of cytochrome p4502E1,inflammatory cytokine release,abnormal lipid metabolism and induction of hepatocyte apoptosis,by which chronic alcohol consumption triggers serious complex progression of ALD is well established,there is no universally accepted therapy to prevent or reverse.In this article,we have briefly reviewed the pathogenesis of ALD and the molecular targets for development of novel therapies.This review is focused on current therapeutic strategies for ALD,including lifestyle modification with nutrition supplements,available pharmacological drugs and new agents that are under development,liver transplantation,application of complementary medicines,and their combination.The relevant molecular mechanisms of each conventional medication and natural agent have been reviewed according to current available knowledge in the literature.We also summarized efficacy vs safety on conventional and herbal medicines which are specifically used for the prevention and treatment of ALD.Through a system review,this article highlighted that the combination of pharmaceutical drugs with naturally occurring agents may offer an optimal management for ALD and its complications.It is worthwhile to conduct large-scale,multiple centre clinical trials to further prove the safety and benefits for the integrative therapy on ALD.