全球变暖具有明显的昼夜不对称性,温度升高影响冬小麦的生长发育,也改变了其冠层的光谱反射特性。为了研究昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦冠层反射光谱特性的影响,在南京采用开放式田间增温系统,开展昼夜不对称增温的人工控制试验,利用FieldSpe...全球变暖具有明显的昼夜不对称性,温度升高影响冬小麦的生长发育,也改变了其冠层的光谱反射特性。为了研究昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦冠层反射光谱特性的影响,在南京采用开放式田间增温系统,开展昼夜不对称增温的人工控制试验,利用FieldSpec Pro FR光谱仪测定了2个冬小麦品种扬麦15和徐麦31的冠层反射光谱,分析了冬小麦开花后冠层光谱反射率和一阶导数光谱,比较了2种增温方式对冠层反射光谱特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,昼夜不对称增温处理(白天增温1℃,夜间增温3℃,T2)的冬小麦冠层反射率,在近红外波段的下降最为显著,且以开花期的冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率降低幅度最大。昼夜对称增温处理(白天增温2℃,夜间增温2℃,T1)下的冬小麦冠层反射率变化与T2处理后的变化相似,但其反射率降低幅度小于T2处理。在开花期,扬麦15在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.70、0.61、0.55,而徐麦31在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.65、0.60、0.52。由一阶导数光谱可以发现,T1、T2处理下,扬麦15红边位置由738 nm变为花后20 d的731和730 nm,俆麦31表现相同的规律。T1和T2处理也使得红边峰值下降,在开花期红边峰值下降幅度最大,且T2处理下降幅度较T1处理更大。与光谱反射率变化相对应,T1和T2均使2品种的叶绿素质量分数和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)显著降低,以T2处理降低幅度最大。因此,昼夜不对称增温影响了冬小麦LAI、叶绿素质量分数、细胞结构和衰老程度,进而表现出冬小麦冠层反射光谱反射率的下降。展开更多
选取1981—2020年海拉尔河流域及周边地区气象站点观测资料,结合水文数据,利用适用于植被稀疏下垫面的BTOP(Block-wise use of TOPMODEL)分布式水文模型估算区域蒸散发量,进而在不对称增温现象影响下,分析其对蒸散发的影响特征。结果表...选取1981—2020年海拉尔河流域及周边地区气象站点观测资料,结合水文数据,利用适用于植被稀疏下垫面的BTOP(Block-wise use of TOPMODEL)分布式水文模型估算区域蒸散发量,进而在不对称增温现象影响下,分析其对蒸散发的影响特征。结果表明:①流域内1981—2020年不对称增温现象显著,主要表现为因夜间温度升幅较大为主的昼夜不对称增温及地表温度升幅较大为主的地气不对称增温;②影响蒸散发的主要气象因子依次为相对湿度、风速、地气温差、地表温度和昼夜温差,且相对湿度、昼夜温差及地气温差与蒸散发量变化趋势相反,其中相对湿度及风速影响强度年际变化平稳,温度因子影响强度则逐年增强;③不对称增温对于流域蒸散发量的影响逐年增强,地表增温速率的增强是造成地气不对称增温的主要原因,在此影响下,区域蒸散发呈现减小趋势,故在探究蒸散发量变化原因时,温差变化不可忽视。展开更多
青稞是藏族人民的主要食粮,青藏高原昼夜不对称增温明显,为了降低这种不对称增温对藏区未来粮食安全预测存在的不确定性,本研究在拉萨农业生态试验站以冬青一号为试验材料,采用FATI(Free Air Temperature Increase)田间开放式增温系统...青稞是藏族人民的主要食粮,青藏高原昼夜不对称增温明显,为了降低这种不对称增温对藏区未来粮食安全预测存在的不确定性,本研究在拉萨农业生态试验站以冬青一号为试验材料,采用FATI(Free Air Temperature Increase)田间开放式增温系统进行了为期两个生长季节(即2018–2019和2019–2020年)的昼夜不对称增温试验(即全天增温AW、白天增温DW、夜间增温NW和对照CK),以期探讨不对称增温对西藏冬青稞生长特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,三种不同增温处理对冬青稞的物候期的影响显著,均导致各物候期提前,全生育期缩短,影响程度表现为AW>NW>DW,并且不同增温处理均使得冬青稞从播种到抽穗期的间隔缩短,抽穗期到完熟期间隔增加,AW效果最为明显,且达到统计显著水平(P<0.05);在生长前中期,冬青稞地上生物量和株高在不同增温影响下均有提高的趋势,生长后期,NW处理明显高于其他处理。此外,增温使得完熟期叶和茎鞘的分配比重下降,根和穗的分配比上升;AW、NW和DW增温处理产量两年平均提高了16.4%、24.6%和9.5%,其中2019–2020年NW处理较对照达到显著水平(t=–2.541,P=0.026);产量构成方面,有效穗数和千粒重有提高的趋势,每穗粒数除AW处理外有提高的趋势,穗长和结实率除NW处理外有降低的趋势。因此,昼夜不对称增温对西藏冬青稞的影响不同。展开更多
Warming and grazing,and ltter quality jointly determine liter decomposition and nutrient releases in grazing ecosystems.However,their effects have previously been studied in isolation.We conducted a two factorial expe...Warming and grazing,and ltter quality jointly determine liter decomposition and nutrient releases in grazing ecosystems.However,their effects have previously been studied in isolation.We conducted a two factorial experiment with asymmetric warming using infrared heaters and moderate grazing in an alpine meadow.Litter samples were collected from all plots in each treatment,among which some subsamples were placed in their original plots and other samples were translocated to other treatment plots to test the relative effects of each treatment on litter decomposition and nutrient releases.We found that warming rather than grazing alone significantly increased total losses of litter mass,total organic carbon,total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)per unit area due to increases in both mass loss rates and ltter biomass.However,grazing with warming did not affect their total mass losses because increased mass loss was offset by decreased litter biomass compared with the control.Seasonal mean soil temperature better predicted litter decomposition than litter lignin content or carbon to nitrogen ratio.There were interactions between warming and grazing,but there were no interactions between them and litter quality on litter decomposition.The temperature sensitivity of TN loss was higher than that of TP loss per unit area.Our results suggest that increased temperature has a greater effect on litter decomposition and nutrient release than change in litter quality,and that more N release from litter could result in greater P deficiency in the alpine meadow.展开更多
文摘全球变暖具有明显的昼夜不对称性,温度升高影响冬小麦的生长发育,也改变了其冠层的光谱反射特性。为了研究昼夜不对称增温对冬小麦冠层反射光谱特性的影响,在南京采用开放式田间增温系统,开展昼夜不对称增温的人工控制试验,利用FieldSpec Pro FR光谱仪测定了2个冬小麦品种扬麦15和徐麦31的冠层反射光谱,分析了冬小麦开花后冠层光谱反射率和一阶导数光谱,比较了2种增温方式对冠层反射光谱特性的影响。结果表明,与CK相比,昼夜不对称增温处理(白天增温1℃,夜间增温3℃,T2)的冬小麦冠层反射率,在近红外波段的下降最为显著,且以开花期的冬小麦冠层近红外波段反射率降低幅度最大。昼夜对称增温处理(白天增温2℃,夜间增温2℃,T1)下的冬小麦冠层反射率变化与T2处理后的变化相似,但其反射率降低幅度小于T2处理。在开花期,扬麦15在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.70、0.61、0.55,而徐麦31在CK、T1、T2处理下近红外波段反射率分别为0.65、0.60、0.52。由一阶导数光谱可以发现,T1、T2处理下,扬麦15红边位置由738 nm变为花后20 d的731和730 nm,俆麦31表现相同的规律。T1和T2处理也使得红边峰值下降,在开花期红边峰值下降幅度最大,且T2处理下降幅度较T1处理更大。与光谱反射率变化相对应,T1和T2均使2品种的叶绿素质量分数和叶面积指数(leaf area index,LAI)显著降低,以T2处理降低幅度最大。因此,昼夜不对称增温影响了冬小麦LAI、叶绿素质量分数、细胞结构和衰老程度,进而表现出冬小麦冠层反射光谱反射率的下降。
文摘选取1981—2020年海拉尔河流域及周边地区气象站点观测资料,结合水文数据,利用适用于植被稀疏下垫面的BTOP(Block-wise use of TOPMODEL)分布式水文模型估算区域蒸散发量,进而在不对称增温现象影响下,分析其对蒸散发的影响特征。结果表明:①流域内1981—2020年不对称增温现象显著,主要表现为因夜间温度升幅较大为主的昼夜不对称增温及地表温度升幅较大为主的地气不对称增温;②影响蒸散发的主要气象因子依次为相对湿度、风速、地气温差、地表温度和昼夜温差,且相对湿度、昼夜温差及地气温差与蒸散发量变化趋势相反,其中相对湿度及风速影响强度年际变化平稳,温度因子影响强度则逐年增强;③不对称增温对于流域蒸散发量的影响逐年增强,地表增温速率的增强是造成地气不对称增温的主要原因,在此影响下,区域蒸散发呈现减小趋势,故在探究蒸散发量变化原因时,温差变化不可忽视。
基金The Natural Science Foundation of China (31370458)The Science and Technology Service Network Project of Chinese Academy of Sciences (KFJ-STS-QYZD-117)+1 种基金The Local Project Guided by the Central Government (YDZX20195400004717)The Key Project of Dazi District of Tibet Autonomous Region (XZDZKJ-2021-01)。
文摘青稞是藏族人民的主要食粮,青藏高原昼夜不对称增温明显,为了降低这种不对称增温对藏区未来粮食安全预测存在的不确定性,本研究在拉萨农业生态试验站以冬青一号为试验材料,采用FATI(Free Air Temperature Increase)田间开放式增温系统进行了为期两个生长季节(即2018–2019和2019–2020年)的昼夜不对称增温试验(即全天增温AW、白天增温DW、夜间增温NW和对照CK),以期探讨不对称增温对西藏冬青稞生长特性和产量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,三种不同增温处理对冬青稞的物候期的影响显著,均导致各物候期提前,全生育期缩短,影响程度表现为AW>NW>DW,并且不同增温处理均使得冬青稞从播种到抽穗期的间隔缩短,抽穗期到完熟期间隔增加,AW效果最为明显,且达到统计显著水平(P<0.05);在生长前中期,冬青稞地上生物量和株高在不同增温影响下均有提高的趋势,生长后期,NW处理明显高于其他处理。此外,增温使得完熟期叶和茎鞘的分配比重下降,根和穗的分配比上升;AW、NW和DW增温处理产量两年平均提高了16.4%、24.6%和9.5%,其中2019–2020年NW处理较对照达到显著水平(t=–2.541,P=0.026);产量构成方面,有效穗数和千粒重有提高的趋势,每穗粒数除AW处理外有提高的趋势,穗长和结实率除NW处理外有降低的趋势。因此,昼夜不对称增温对西藏冬青稞的影响不同。
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(U20A2009,41991234,42077422 and 41725003)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1301801)the Major Science and Technology Projects in Tibet(XZ202101ZD0007G and XZ202101ZD0003N).
基金the Joint Key Research Fund under a cooperative agreement between the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)and Tibet Autonomous Region(TAR)(U20A2005)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41731175,31872994_and 31770524)+1 种基金the Strategic Priority Research Program A of theChineseAcademyof Sciences(XDA20050101)the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research(STEP) program(2019QZKK0608 and 2019QZKK0302)。
文摘Warming and grazing,and ltter quality jointly determine liter decomposition and nutrient releases in grazing ecosystems.However,their effects have previously been studied in isolation.We conducted a two factorial experiment with asymmetric warming using infrared heaters and moderate grazing in an alpine meadow.Litter samples were collected from all plots in each treatment,among which some subsamples were placed in their original plots and other samples were translocated to other treatment plots to test the relative effects of each treatment on litter decomposition and nutrient releases.We found that warming rather than grazing alone significantly increased total losses of litter mass,total organic carbon,total nitrogen(TN)and total phosphorus(TP)per unit area due to increases in both mass loss rates and ltter biomass.However,grazing with warming did not affect their total mass losses because increased mass loss was offset by decreased litter biomass compared with the control.Seasonal mean soil temperature better predicted litter decomposition than litter lignin content or carbon to nitrogen ratio.There were interactions between warming and grazing,but there were no interactions between them and litter quality on litter decomposition.The temperature sensitivity of TN loss was higher than that of TP loss per unit area.Our results suggest that increased temperature has a greater effect on litter decomposition and nutrient release than change in litter quality,and that more N release from litter could result in greater P deficiency in the alpine meadow.