应变式压杆压力传感器在冲击波载荷测试中的应用

在近区爆炸冲击波载荷测量中,压电式压力传感器因上升时间短且强度高的高频压力脉冲作用而可能产生疲劳和过载失效。本文根据应力波在细长圆柱弹性杆中的传播特性,设计了一种应变式压杆压力传感器,当圆柱杆的一端受到压力波作用时,产生的弹性应力波沿杆轴向传播,通过测量杆的轴向应变可计算出杆中传播的应力波,从而得到作用在杆端的压力波。为了检验压杆压力传感器的性能,采用一个厚壁圆柱形爆炸容器,并将传感器安装在容器壁面不同位置上,测量中心装药产生的爆炸冲击波载荷,经反复试验,结果表明这种传感器性能是稳定可靠的。

压杆应变式压力传感器在爆炸冲击波载荷测试中的应用

在容器内实施化学爆炸时,容器内壁上冲击波载荷的确定是进行爆炸容器结构动力响应分析、安全评估和工程设计的基础。获得比较准确、可靠的爆炸容器内壁上作用载荷的时间历程及分布情况,对研究结构动力响应意义重大。文章采用压杆应变式压力传感器来测量爆炸冲击波载荷,这种传感器解决了普通传感器在高频压力脉冲下频响低且容易损坏等问题。压杆应变式压力传感器为一细长弹性杆,爆炸冲击波作用在杆的一端,在杆中激发一维弹性应力波,通过测量杆上适当位置处的应变,利用一维弹性应力波理论可以计算出作用在杆端的爆炸冲击载荷。文章根据一维弹性波理论,设计了满足所需频响、上升时间、持续作用时间等参数要求的压杆应变式压力传感器,其材料为高强度钢,采用动态应变放大器和数据采集仪组成测量系统。通过实验,获得了比较完整的容器内壁上冲击波载荷曲线,测量结果的重复性和一致性很好。经分析表明,压杆应变式压力传感器能准确地测得容器内壁上冲击波荷载的幅值和比较完整的曲线,对爆炸冲击波载荷测试来说,是一种比较准确可靠的传感器。

冲击波载荷对平面阵列天线电性能的影响

从机电学科交叉的角度,研究冲击波载荷作用下平面阵列天线结构塑性变形对天线电性能的影响。首先,根据爆炸冲击波的超压时程模型,采用弹塑性结构的瞬态有限元方法,获得冲击波载荷作用下平面阵列天线结构的塑性变形。然后,将结构塑性变形引入到平面阵列天线远场方向图表达式中,得到冲击波载荷作用下天线电性能的数学分析模型。最后,针对某X频段工作的平面阵列天线,分析了冲击波载荷对其增益损失、副瓣电平及波束指向的影响关系。数值分析结果可用来预测冲击波载荷作用后平面阵列天线可否正常工作。另外,文中的分析方法也可用于其他类型天线的冲击波载荷影响分析。

水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下冰层破碎特性及其影响因素

水下爆炸破冰是复杂的爆破工程,为了研究冰层在水下爆炸冲击波载荷作用下的破碎特性及规律,利用几何动力分析软件LS-DYNA对水下爆炸破冰的过程进行数值模拟,并将计算结果与实验结果进行对比,误差在8%以内,验证了数值模型的有效性。根据本文中的建模方法及建立的模型,计算不同的实验工况:实验场地环境不变,调整爆距分析不同爆距下冰层破碎特性;调整药量、爆距和冰厚,通过正交设计方法设计9组实验方案,应用灰色系统理论对3种因素进行分析,建立了各个因素与破冰半径之间的灰色关联度系数及灰色关联度。分析结果表明:药量为100 g,冰厚为29 cm,水深为2.9 m,爆距范围为0.3~1.5 m破冰的半径范围为0~1.1 m,最佳爆距范围在0.3~0.45 m之间;根据以上9种工况的分析可知,药量(100、200、300 g)、爆距(0.3、0.6、0.9 m)和冰厚(24、28、32 cm)对破冰半径的影响的主次关系依次为爆距、药量、冰厚。

基于PBM算法的冲击波载荷数值模拟研究

为了寻找能够准确模拟爆炸产生的冲击波载荷的算法进一步提高爆炸模拟的准确性和高效性,进行了固支钢板在TNT空爆条件下的试验研究,同时利用PBM算法对固支钢板的爆炸工况进行了数值模拟,并与ALE算法、SPH算法进行了对比分析。探究了PBM算法模型中炸药粒子数、空气粒子数对计算结果的准确性以及计算效率的影响。结果表明:与ALE算法、SPH算法相比,PBM算法具有良好的稳定性和计算经济性,炸药粒子数对数值模拟结果的影响较大,空气粒子数对数值模拟结果的影响较小。

爆炸冲击波载荷下预制孔铝板的动态响应

为研究爆炸冲击波对破片穿孔后板结构的毁伤效应,使用激波管为冲击波加载设备,对不同孔形的预制孔铝板进行冲击波加载。利用三维数字图像相关(3D-DIC)技术,分析固支预制孔方形铝板在冲击波加载条件下的动态响应,得到预制孔铝板的动态响应和变形失效过程。结合3D-DIC结果分析孔形对靶板刚度、破坏形式、承载能力的影响。结果表明:圆形孔靶板刚度最大,圆形孔靶板的极限承载能力最大,菱形孔靶板极限承载能力最差;孔形对撕裂破坏的影响主要体现在孔的角点在靶板分布上。该实验结果对固支板结构的抗爆设计具有一定参考价值。

基于压电式压力传感器的冲击波载荷测试系统设计

为了满足对爆炸冲击波载荷精确测量的技术要求,设计了以压电式压力传感器为测试元件的爆炸冲击波载荷测试系统,并对所选压电式压力传感器的固有频率ωn与采样频率ω的关系进行了研究。试验表明,所选压电式压力传感器及设计的测试系统性能稳定、可靠,测试结果符合设计要求。

边界尺寸对爆炸冲击载荷作用下薄板响应影响仿真研究

舰船舱室在遭遇反舰武器攻击时会受到高强度冲击波载荷对舷侧板的毁伤作用。对不同边界尺寸下的薄板在爆炸冲击载荷作用下的挠度变化的时间历程响应进行理论分析和数值模拟。根据板的弹塑性变形理论,通过能量法建立修正后的薄板在爆炸冲击载荷作用过程中的动态响应方程,并通过数值模拟建模仿真计算与理论计算值及试验值对比,验证在不同边界尺寸下该理论计算方法有较好的可靠性及精确度。

舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的一种计算方法

为了评估舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤范围,设计了大尺度舱段模型,并开展了舱室内爆毁伤试验,试验后测量了舱室结构的破坏范围及破坏模式,分析了舱室内爆多载荷耦合作用下舰船结构的损伤机理,据此建立了舱室内爆下舰船结构损伤的计算方法。结果表明:(1)舱室内爆下形成的强冲击波载荷和准静态压力载荷可对舰船结构造成大范围的损伤,形成多种破坏模式;(2)舱室内爆下准静态压力载荷是舱室结构损伤破坏的主要毁伤元;(3)建立的舱室内爆载荷下结构损伤变形计算方法可同时考虑强冲击载荷和准静态压力载荷对结构的损伤破坏,理论计算结果与试验结果吻合较好。

等效水下爆炸冲击加载装置的设计研究

为了获取等效水下爆炸冲击波载荷,基于一维弹性波理论与水介质的线性状态方程,对飞片撞击充水锥形靶舱进行了理论分析。采用AUTODYN有限元软件,对撞击过程进行了数值模拟,对比分析了两种活塞厚度对应的冲击波衰减时间。根据理论与数值模拟研究结果,设计组装了等效水下爆炸冲击加载实验装置,测得了水靶舱侧壁中心处的冲击波压力时程曲线。研究结果表明:在实验室范围内通过飞片撞击锥形水靶舱,获取等效水下爆炸冲击波载荷是可行的,而且飞片速度与活塞厚度决定了水靶舱内冲击波的压力峰值与衰减时间;研制的加载装置可用于典型结构与材料的水下爆炸冲击响应分析研究。

半球头柱形导弹战斗部爆炸载荷特性试验研究

设计并制作了半球头柱形导弹战斗部模型,研究其爆炸后的毁伤载荷特性。通过试验,揭示爆炸后冲击波载荷特性,并对侧壁和端部壳体碎裂后的破片载荷特性进行比较,阐明冲击波和破片的作用次序。研究表明,在半球头柱形战斗部爆炸时,相同爆距下,战斗部侧壁处所形成的冲击波强度高于端部处约20%,侧壁壳体破碎形成的破片侵彻能力远大于端部;对于半球头柱形导弹战斗部,侧壁正对目标结构时产生的毁损威力远大于端部对准条件下的毁损威力。

内部爆炸加载条件下圆柱钢壳的动态断裂

在内部爆炸冲击波载荷作用下,爆炸容器的动态断裂是进行爆炸容器安全评估和失效分析的基础。为了研究爆炸容器的动态断裂特征,进行圆柱钢壳在中心装药的爆炸加载实验,采用非线性动力有限元分析程序LS-DYNA分析圆柱钢壳的弹塑性动力响应,研究圆柱钢壳的宏观变形和断口的宏观、细观形貌,分析圆柱钢壳的断裂模式及断裂机理。结果表明,圆柱钢壳纵向断口具有微孔聚集型剪切韧窝断裂特征,呈现出微孔聚集型剪切韧性断裂模式。内部爆炸冲击波加载下圆柱钢壳因径向膨胀发生动态塑性变形,产生剪切带,由于剪切带的软化效应而成为优先断裂通道,剪切带和环向拉应力的共同作用是形成微孔聚集型剪切韧窝断裂这种混合韧性断裂模式的原因。

Mesh Size Effect in Numerical Simulation of Blast Wave Propagation and Interaction with Structures

Numerical method is popular in analysing the blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.However,because of the extremely short duration of blast wave and energy trans-mission between different grids,the numerical results are sensitive to the finite element mesh size.Previous numerical simulations show that a mesh size acceptable to one blast scenario might not be proper for another case,even though the difference between the two scenarios is very small,indicating a simple numerical mesh size convergence test might not be enough to guarantee accu-rate numerical results.Therefore,both coarse mesh and fine mesh were used in different blast scenarios to investigate the mesh size effect on numerical results of blast wave propagation and interaction with structures.Based on the numerical results and their comparison with field test re-sults and the design charts in TM5-1300,a numerical modification method was proposed to correct the influence of the mesh size on the simulated results.It can be easily used to improve the accu-racy of the numerical results of blast wave propagation and blast loads on structures.

Numerical Simulation on Hydroelastic Response of Structure under Impact Load from Water Using Eulerian Scheme with Lagrangian Particles

Hydroelasticity caused by water impact is of concem in many applications of ocean engineering/naval architect and is a complicated physical phenomenon. The authors have developed a coupled Eulerian scheme with Lagrangian particles to combine advantages and to compensate disadvantages in both grid based method and particle based method. In this study, the developed numerical model was applied to hydroelastic problems due to impact pressure such as water entry of an elastic cylinder and elastic tanker motion in wave. The authors showed the numerical results which is overall agreement with experimental results. The proposed numerical scheme can be useful and effectiveness to evaluate hydroelasticity and ship-wave interaction in nonlinear wave motion with breaking.

弹体侵彻作用下液舱舱壁压力载荷的试验研究

弹体打击作用下的瞬态压力波是舰艇防护液舱、飞机燃油舱等液舱面临的重要威胁.本文通过开展不同弹头形状的弹体侵彻液舱的试验,获得了前后壁板的压力曲线,分析了舱壁不同位置的压力分布现象,研究了舱壁不同位置、不同弹头形状、不同弹体入射速度对冲击波峰值和冲量的影响.结果表明,(1)距离弹道中心距离相当位置处,后壁板上的冲击波峰值和冲量明显大于前壁板,且存在明显的二次加载现象,其中角隅处最明显;(2)液舱前后壁板冲击波峰值、冲量均随弹体入射速度增加而线性增大;(3)平头弹形成的冲击波峰值及冲量最大,半球头弹次之,卵形弹最小,且卵形弹较容易发生弹道偏转.

Dynamic response analysis of ship-bridge collisions experiment

Over the past decades, there has been continual construction of sea-crossing bridges as the technology of transportation improves. The probability of bridge pier being subjected to more vehicular impact is also growing. This study performed scale model tests and analyzed a collision mechanism considering the non-navigable span of a sea-crossing bridge in East China Sea as an engineering background. Comparing the test results with the finite element calculations, the dynamic response of the sample bridge and local damages of the fragile components under impact force were evaluated. Subsequently, the time-frequency characteristics of the vibration signal were analyzed based on wavelet packet analysis, and the multi-resolution characteristics as well as energy distribution of the vibration signal were discussed. It was observed that the impact energy transferred from ship to pier during the period of collision distributed different frequency bands with varying characteristics. The main frequency band(0–62.5 Hz) contains more than 75% of the vibration energy. The analysis can provide a basis for structural damage identification after the collision and anti-collision design of bridges.

Study on the propagation of coupling shock waves with phase transition under combined tension-torsion impact loading

Phase transition can strongly change the stress wave propagation features. In this paper, the characteristic wave propagation under combined tension and torsion impact loading was studied with a simplified constitutive model of phase transition considering both pressure and shear stress. The results showed that for loading from the austenitic phase to the mixed phase, the wave propagation was similar to that in the elasto-plastic materials. However, for an instantaneous loading from the austenitic phase or mixed phase directly to the martensitic phase, a coupling shock wave(CSHW) with phase transition was predicted due to the second phase strengthening effect, which has barely been studied before. Through analysis of the constitutive equations with phase transition and the discontinuity conditions of shock waves, the control equations of the generalized Hugoniot curve was obtained and the CSHW problem with phase transition was solved analytically. An independent numerical simulation of step loading along a NiTi thin walled tube suffering a combined tension-torsion impact loading was given to prove the existence of CSHW. The simulation discloses the formation mechanism of CSHW and the adjusting process of the stress state ahead of CSHW, which reflects the intrinsic characteristic of materials with strong nonlinear constitutive behavior.

Failure behavior of cellular titanium under dynamic loading

The dynamic compressive deformation of cellular titanium with regularly distributed cylindrical pores is investigated to evaluate the effect of shock attenuation and obtain the shock Hugoniot relationship of the material. Dynamic compression experiments are conducted at room temperature using a single-stage light gas gun. The Hugoniot relations between shock wave velocity and particle velocity for the cellular titanium samples with porosities 20% and 30% are obtained. The shock response of the regular cellular titanium shows a clear wave attenuation effect. Numerical simulations are also conducted to supplement the experimental study.Inelastic deformation is observed in the samples using optical micrographs, indicating that the deformation of pores contributes significantly to the shock wave attenuation of the cellular titanium material.