马尔尼菲青霉菌对树突状细胞分化成熟及树突状细胞诱导CD4^+ T淋巴细胞向Th17/Treg分化平衡的影响

目的:探讨马尔尼菲青霉菌(TM)对树突状细胞(DCs)分化成熟及对DCs诱导CD4^+ T淋巴细胞向Th17/Treg分化平衡的影响。方法:诱导小鼠骨髓来源的单个核细胞增殖分化为DCs,观察TM刺激后的DCs的形态,流式细胞仪检测DCs表面共刺激分子,酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)法检测培养上清液中的白介素(IL)-6及转化生长因子(TGF)-β浓度。从小鼠脾脏分离出CD4^+ T细胞,将TM与DCs及CD4^+ T细胞共培养24h后,流式细胞术观察各组细胞Th17及Treg的阳性表达率,实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测各组RORγt mRNA和Foxp3mRNA表达,ELISA法检测各组培养细胞上清液IL-17A、IL-10及TGF-β的水平变化。结果:DCs在与TM共培养24h后可见大量DCs中含TM。TM可上调共刺激分子CD40、CD80、CD86和细胞因子IL-6、TGF-β表达(P<0.05)。CD4^+ T细胞联合经TM刺激成熟后的DCs时,可使Th17阳性表达率降低而Treg阳性表达率升高(均P<0.05),Th17/Treg平衡倾向于Treg,且Treg可分泌大量的IL-10及TGF-β发挥免疫抑制作用。结论:TM可诱导DCs的成熟,经TM刺激成熟的DCs可诱导CD4^+ T淋巴细胞向Th17/Treg分化平衡,从而发挥免疫抑制效应,这可能是TM逃避宿主免疫,在体内存活致病及复发的机制。

植物防卫的碳-养分平衡假说

碳-养分平衡假说(carbon-nutrient balance hypothesis,CNBH)认为,植物组织中次生代谢物浓度受环境碳-资源有效性控制;植物体内次生代谢物按照化学计量的要求进行分配;资源分配给防卫物的必要条件是资源供应量满足植物生长需求后仍过剩。CNBH自提出以来,其适用范围不断受到限制,解释与预测研究结果的能力逐渐显现不足。期间,对CNBH进行过优化和修改,设置了多种限制条件,以期能使CNBH得到补救,继续成为指导植物-草食动物间相互作用和植物体内资源分配的相关理论。然而,随着研究的逐渐深入,CNBH被证实缺乏逻辑性和内在一致性;CNBH不能满足假说本身的发展要求,缺乏明确可行的量化指标体系,也没有明确地标识出理论预测范围与可测试范围之间的界限。研究表明,CNBH的基本假设本身是错误的;随着人们对植物-草食动物间相互作用的认知能力加强,更深刻地认识到资源在植物体内的分配模式,意识到CNBH假说的严重缺陷。在现有的植物防卫理论中,生长-分化平衡假说(growth-differentiation balance hypothesis)较为成熟,不但具有CNBH的优点,而且更具有植物生理学和进化基础,可以成为CNBH的替代假说。

烤烟降碱措施对上部叶生长和能量利用策略的影响

为进一步探讨降碱措施对烤烟上部叶生长和能量储存策略的影响,测定了上部叶生理生化指标,比较了不同处理(延迟打顶和切根)对烤烟生长和能量利用策略的影响差异,推测了其可能的影响途径.结果表明,与正常管理烟株相比,延迟打顶显著降低了上部叶资源投入,表现为较低的比叶重和非结构性碳水化合物积累,叶片性状与烟碱含量变化线性相关.切根后,上部叶变厚,非结构性碳水化合物含量增加,淀粉含量增加明显.这说明降碱措施可能通过改变烟株原有生长和能量利用策略,进而影响上部叶的烟碱积累.延迟打顶降低了烟株用于生长和合成次级代谢产物的资源投入,可能是上部叶烟碱含量降低的重要原因.切根后,上部叶单个性状与烟碱含量变化的相关性并不显著.

中药调控CD^(+)_(4)T细胞干预湿疹炎症应答的研究进展

湿疹是一种变态反应性炎症性皮肤病,近期研究表明以CD^(+)_(4)T细胞亚群如Th1/Th2、Th17/调节性T细胞(regulatory T cells,Treg)细胞分化失衡导致湿疹发病中出现过度炎症应答,而中药以改善CD^(+)_(4)T细胞亚群分化平衡干预湿疹免疫微环境具有较好的调节作用。以湿疹炎症应答前沿研究动态,探讨中药在改善调控CD^(+)_(4)T细胞亚群分化干预湿疹致病的作用优势,为中药在改善湿疹临床症状及机制研究提供一定的理论指导。

自身免疫性甲状腺炎患者血浆中Th1/Th2细胞及甲状腺自身抗体水平变化及临床意义

目的探讨辅助性T淋巴细胞分化平衡比(Th1/Th2)及血浆抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TGAb)、抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)、促甲状腺激素受体抗体(TRAb)检测应用于自身免疫性甲状腺炎(AIT)诊断及病情评估的临床价值。方法回顾性分析96例AIT患者临床资料,根据其血浆免疫球蛋白G4(IgG4)检测情况分为阳性组(IgG4>1.35 g/L,n=34)与阴性组(IgG4≤1.35 g/L,n=62),并将同期确诊的47例非炎症性甲亢患者纳入对照。比较AIT患者与非炎症性甲亢患者、阳性组与阴性组患者Th1/Th2及血浆TGAb、TPOAb、TRAb水平差异,以受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线,评估上述指标分别或联合诊断AIT效能,分析上述指标与IgG4的相关性。结果AIT患者Th1/Th2及血浆TGAb、TPOAb水平高于非炎症性甲亢患者,血浆TRAb水平低于非炎症性甲亢患者(P<0.05)。Th1/Th2、TGAb、TPOAb、TRAb诊断AIT的cut-off值分别为12.83、228.13 U/ml、503.63 U/ml、33.45 U/L,ROC曲线下面积(AUC)均小于联合诊断(P<0.05),联合诊断灵敏度90.62%,特异度97.87%。两组Th1/Th2、TRAb水平比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),阳性组TGAb、TPOAb水平高于阴性组(P<0.05)。AIT患者Th1/Th2、TRAb水平与IgG4水平未见相关性(P>0.05),TGAb、TPOAb水平与IgG4水平呈正相关(P<0.05)。结论Th1/Th2及血浆TGAb、TPOAb、TRAb水平应用于诊断AIT效能较为理想,其中TGAb、TPOAb水平与患者病情进展密切相关,具有较高临床检测价值。

特发性少弱精子症Th1/Th2细胞因子与自身抗体表达水平及临床意义

目的探讨特发性少弱精子症辅助性T淋巴细胞分化平衡比(Th1/Th2)细胞因子与自身抗体表达水平及临床意义。方法选取于我院就诊的特发性少弱精子症患者150例为观察组,根据精子浓度分为,轻、中度组(n=95):精子浓度(5~15)×10^(6)/mL;重度组(n=55):精子浓度(1~5)×10^(6)/mL。另选取同期于我院就诊的精液常规检查结果正常、确定为女方不孕因素的男性80名为健康对照组。比较三组精液中IL-2、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10、TNF-ɑ和IFN-γ水平,观察三组AhCGAb、aAsAb阳性表达率。结果重度组IL-2、TNF-ɑ、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10水平明显高于轻中度组,轻中度IL-2、TNF-ɑ、IFN-γ、IL-4、IL-6、IL-10水平明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。重度组AhCGAb、AsAb抗体阳性表达率明显高于轻中度组,轻中度组AhCGAb、AsAb抗体阳性表达率明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论Th1/Th2细胞因子与自身抗体表达水平与特发性少弱精子症的发生发展具有相关性,是影响男性不育的重要因素。

Ternary compounds and solid-state phase equilibria in Mg-rich side of Mg-Zn-Ca system at 300 ℃

The phase equilibria and compositions in Mg-rich side at 300 ℃ were investigated in Mg-Zn-Ca ternary system through the equilibrated alloy method by using scanning electron microscopy,electron probe microanalysis,X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy.The results show that two ternary compounds T1 and T2 can be in equilibrium with the Mg-based solid solution in Mg-Zn-Ca system.T1 phase is a linear compound with the composition region（molar fraction） of 15% Ca,20.5%-48.9% Zn and balanced Mg at 300 ℃.Its hexagonal structure parameters decrease with increasing Zn content,i.e.a=0.992-0.945 nm,c=1.034-1.003 nm.T2 phase has hexagonal structure with the composition region of 26.4%-28.4% Mg,63.2%-65.5% Zn and 7.1%-8.4% Ca.At 300 ℃,the solubility of Zn in the Mg-based solid solution increases for the addition of Ca,the maximum solubility of Zn is 3.7%.Three-phase fields consisting of--Mg＋Mg2Ca＋T1,--Mg＋T1＋T2,--Mg＋T2＋MgZn and MgZn＋T2＋Mg2Zn3 exist in the Mg-Zn-Ca system at 300 ℃.

Analysis of Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Seven Stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei Using Microsatellite Markers

Seven microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and differentiation of seven stocks of Litopenaeus vannamei, which were introduced from Central and South America to China. All seven microsatellite loci were polymorphic, with polymorphism information content(PIC) values ranging from 0.593 to 0.952. Totally 92 alleles were identified, and the number of alleles(Na) and effective alleles(Ne) varied between 4 and 21 and 2.7 and 14.6, respectively. Observed heterozygosity(Ho) values were lower than the expected heterozygosity(He) values(0.526–0.754), which indicated that the seven stocks possessed a rich genetic diversity. Thirty-seven tests were detected for reasonable significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Fis values were positive at five loci, suggesting that there was a relatively high degree of inbreeding within stocks. Pairwise Fst values ranged from 0.0225 to 0.151, and most of the stock pairs were moderately differentiated. Genetic distance and cluster analysis using UPGMA revealed a close genetic relationship of L. vannamei between Pop2 and Pop3. AMOVA indicated that the genetic variation among stocks(11.3%) was much lower than that within stocks(88.7%). Although the seven stocks had a certain degree of genetic differentiation and a rich genetic diversity, there is an increasing risk of decreased performance due to inbreeding in subsequent generations.

Modeling and optimization of unbalanced multi-stage logistic system

To decompose an unbalanced multi-stage logistic system to multipleindependent single-stage logistic systems, a new notion of parameterized interface distribution ispresented. For encoding the logistic pattern on each stage, the Pruefer number is used. With theimproved decoding procedure, any Pruefer number produced stochastically can be decoded to a feasiblelogistic pattern, which can match with the capacities of the nodes of the logistic system. Withthese two innovations, a new modeling method based on parameterized interface distribution and thePriifer number coding is put forward. The corresponding genetic algorithm, named as PIP-GA, can findbetter solutions and require less computational time than st-GA. Although requiring a little moreconsumption of memory, PIP-GA is still an efficient and robust method in the modeling andoptimization of unbalanced multi-stage logistic systems.

Synthesis of Toluene-2,4-Bisurea from 2,4-Toluene Diamine and Urea and the Reaction Kinetics

Toluene-2,4-bisurea (TBU) is an important intermediate for urea route to dimethyl toluene-2,4-dicarbamate and the study on TBU synthesis via the reaction of 2,4-toluene diamine (TDA) and urea is of great significance. Firstly, thermodynamic analysis shows that the reaction is exothermic and a high equilibrium conversion of TDA is expected due to its large reaction equilibrium constant. Secondly, under the suitable reaction conditions, 130 °C, 7 h, and molar ratio of TDA/zinc acetate/urea/sulfolane 1/0.05/3.5/10, TDA conversion is 54.3%, and TBU yield and selectivity are 39.8% and 73.3% respectively. Lastly, the synthesis of TBU is a 1st order reaction with respect to TDA and the reaction kinetics model is established. This work will provide useful information for commercializing the urea route to toluene-2,4-dicarbamate (TDC).

Genetic diversity and differentiation of masu salmon(Oncorhynchus masou masou) between and within cultured populations inferred from microsatellite DNA analysis

Masu salmon,Oncorhynchus masou masou,is one of the most valuable fishery species that has been introduced to China,though to date no studies on the genetic diversity and genetic relationship among hatchery populations has been performed with molecular markers.We undertook such a study and sampled 120 individuals from three hatchery stocks and analyzed 20 microsatellite loci.All loci were polymorphic and a total of 91 alleles were detected.A relatively low level of genetic diversity was revealed with effective number of allele of 3.1094,3.3299 and 3.1894 and expected heterozygosity of 0.6600,0.6648 and 0.6638 in the three stocks,respectively.Deviations from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium were found due to heterozygote deficit.Accordingly,evidence of genetic bottlenecks were found in the three stocks.An individual assignment test demonstrated that 85% of individuals were correctly assigned into their original stocks.Pairwise Fst revealed that significant differentiation occurred between these three stocks.The results of the study indicated that disequilibrium of genetic structure and differentiation has occurred in all three stocks.This information collectively provides a basis for measures to avoid of loss of genetic diversity and introgression in Chinese aquaculture.

Equilibrium morphology of gas–liquid Janus droplets: A numerical analysis of buoyancy effect

In this article, a theoretical model for predicting the equilibrium morphology of gas–liquid Janus droplets was built. Based on this model, the effects of bubble radius and volume ratio on morphology change was systematically studied. The increase of bubble radius causes the two parts(bubble and oil drop) in Janus droplets tend to merge while the impact of volume ratio is complicated. When volume ratio increases, these two parts firstly tend to merge, then gradually separate. The accuracy of this model was verified by experimental results.

Accurate Calculation of Equilibrium Reduced Density Matrix for the System-Bath Model:a Multilayer Multiconfiguration Time-Dependent Hartree Approach and its Comparison to a Multi-Electronic-State Path Integral Molecular Dynamics Approach

An efficient and accurate method for computing the equilibriurn reduced density matrix is presented for treating open quantum systems characterized by the systern-bath model. The method employs the rnultilayer nmlticonfiguration tirne-dependent Hartree theory for imag- inary time propagation and an importance sampling procedure for calculating the quantum mechanical trace. The method is applied to the spin-boson Harniltonian, which leads to ac- curate results in agreement with those produced by the rnulti-electronic-state path integral molecular dynamics method.

Optimal arrangement for pressure measurement points in working chamber of earth pressure balance shield

In order to exactly provide scientific basis for pressure dynamic balance control of working chamber of earth pressure balance shield (EPBS),study on optimal arrangement of pressure measurement points in working chamber was conducted. Based on mathematical description of optimal arrangement for pressure measurement points,fuzzy clustering analysis and discriminant analysis were used to divide pressure regions of nodes on bulkhead. Finally,the selection method of optimal measurement points was proposed,and by selecting d6.28 m EPBS as study object,the case study was conducted. By contrast,based on optimal arrangement scheme of pressure measurement points,through adopting weighted algorithm,the absolute error mean of equivalent pressure of working chamber is the smallest. In addition,pressure curve of optimal arrangement points presents parabola,and it can show the state of pressure distribution on bulkhead truly. It is concluded that the optimal arrangement method of pressure measurement points in working chamber is effective and feasible,and the method can provide basis for realizing high precision pressure control of EPBS.

A Model-based Phenomenological Investigation of Char Combustion Kinetics through Thermogravimetry

Five coal char samples were burnt in thermobalance with ramp heating rate of 30 K/min. The pore structure of these char samples was studied through mercury intrusion method. Combined with the kinetic theory of gases, the data of surface area was used in fitting the results. As a result, the kinetic triplet was given. The analysis showed that five char samples share almost the same intrinsic activation energy of the overall reaction. The phenomenological implication of the derived combustion rate equation was given.

Limit equilibrium method for slope stability based on assumed stress on slip surface

In the limit equilibrium framework, two- and three-dimensional slope stabilities can be solved according to the overall force and moment equilibrium conditions of a sliding body. In this work, based on Mohr-Coulomb(M-C) strength criterion and the initial normal stress without considering the inter-slice(or inter-column) forces, the normal and shear stresses on the slip surface are assumed using some dimensionless variables, and these variables have the same numbers with the force and moment equilibrium equations of a sliding body to establish easily the linear equation groups for solving them. After these variables are determined, the normal stresses, shear stresses, and slope safety factor are also obtained using the stresses assumptions and M-C strength criterion. In the case of a three-dimensional slope stability analysis, three calculation methods, namely, a non-strict method, quasi-strict method, and strict method, can be obtained by satisfying different force and moment equilibrium conditions. Results of the comparison in the classic two- and three-dimensional slope examples show that the slope safety factors calculated using the current method and the other limit equilibrium methods are approximately equal to each other, indicating the feasibility of the current method; further, the following conclusions are obtained: 1) The current method better amends the initial normal and shear stresses acting on the slip surface, and has the identical results with using simplified Bishop method, Spencer method, and Morgenstern-Price(M-P) method; however, the stress curve of the current method is smoother than that obtained using the three abovementioned methods. 2) The current method is suitable for analyzing the two- and three-dimensional slope stability. 3) In the three-dimensional asymmetric sliding body, the non-strict method yields safer solutions, and the results of the quasi-strict method are relatively reasonable and close to those of the strict method, indicating that the quasi-strict method can be used to obtain a reliable slope safety factor.

Impact of Solid / Vapour Equilibria on Conditions of Crystallization of Pharmaceutical Compounds

The influence of solvent (in its gaseous state) on the stability of crystallized organic compounds was investigated. Through two examples of studies on the solid/vapour equilibria made in our lab, several behaviors were highlighted: (i) a new hydrated phase (thermodynamically stable) of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was detected after the recrystallization starting from a deliquescent state, (ii) a spontaneous resolution of a hydrated racemic compound towards an anhydrous conglomerate can occur during the desolvation under the precise conditions of temperature and humidity. This study illustrates that knowledge about solid/vapour equilibrium is a crucial step during the complete characterization of solid organic compounds.

Putting Organizational Culture Into the BSC In China

As a useful tool of performance measurement, the balanced scorecard has been developed and applied in the West for more than 20 years. The balanced scorecard was introduced in China at the turn of the millennium and is widely used in profit and non-profit organizations, but the outcome is not very well. This paper is based on cases analysis and lecture study,. Tsingtao Brewery＇s situations of the application of BSC. The innovation of the paper attempts to make up a comprehensive dinaensions, which emphasizes cultural factors.

Research on Sports Health System from the perspective of Yin-Yang and Balance

Traditional sports health is an integral part of Chinese culture, Chinese civilization is accompanied by a process to produce, to grow up. It has self-cultivation, physical ？ tness and longevity effect. Unfortunately, despite thousands of years of traditional sports health practice, the formation of a rich health ideas, but these traditional sports health mind, like scattered pearls scattered in the literature and practice of traditional sports health, without to pick up a bunch of dressed form traditional sports regimen thought a monograph system. Based on this, the present study the history of ideas as a starting point for a study of traditional sports and health aspects of the history of ideas, aimed at the formation of traditional sports and health history of ideas monographs, traditional sports for the rich theory of health and promote the further development of traditional sports health theoretical system of scientific value. We life philosophy, yin and yang sports concept of yin and yang as the number concept of yin and yang concept of information four angles, analyzes the theory of Yin and Yang.

An Approach to the Development of Resilient City from the City Governance

The climate change brought disaster impact to a city. Cities are complex and interdependent systems, extremely vulnerable to threats from both natural hazards and terrorism. A city resilience is the capacity of a city to function, so that citizens survive and thrive no matter what stresses or shocks they encounter. The cities need to be built for greater resilience and developed strategies for coping with the future shocks and stresses associated with climate change. This study explores that, from the concepts of city governance, the balanced scorecard correlates with city development in the process of city resilience development and constructs city resilience indicators to evaluate and the balanced scorecard raise the management performance. During the process of building the balanced scorecard, each problem can be faced and solved. To run the balanced scorecard is a continuous job and to become a resilient city coping with good city governance must adjust the balanced scorecard to meet its goals and vision to achieve sustainable development of the city.