Landscape changes were traced over the 20 years from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, one of the most important forest regions in China, based on satellite image interpretation to provide basic data for...Landscape changes were traced over the 20 years from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, one of the most important forest regions in China, based on satellite image interpretation to provide basic data for local decision-making as well as sustainable landscape use and management. Results revealed that landscape from 1974 to 1995 changed at the regional scale as the area of forestland decreased, while cropland, shrubland, economic forest, grassland, and built-up land increased. Landscape changes mainly occurred in forestland, shrubland, grassland, economic forest, and built-up land. Moreover, the changes among forestland, shrubland, and grassland were the largest, influencing the whole characteristics of the changes in the basin. Analysis of the changes between 1974 and 1995 in the study area indicated that landscape heterogeneity and fragmentation increased, whereas landscape connectivity decreased. There were multiple reasons for landscape changes. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to quantitatively study driving forces of landscape changes. The PCA results showed that economic and population factors were the principal driving forces of landscape changes from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, and that PCA was a suitable method for investigating driving forces of landscape changes.展开更多
In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-pu...In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-public spaces outside the dwelling. Today, the WC has moved well into the dwelling, and in many dwellings, the bathroom has developed as the most private space. Thus, the bathroom can be regarded as the last domain of privacy in today＇s housing, and in a number of new dwellings this quality is exploited in new ways. The development of ＂space for hygiene＂ in the 20th century will be studied by analyzing the spatial organization of dwellings.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Major State Basic Research Development Program of China (973 Program)(No. 2002CB111506).
文摘Landscape changes were traced over the 20 years from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, one of the most important forest regions in China, based on satellite image interpretation to provide basic data for local decision-making as well as sustainable landscape use and management. Results revealed that landscape from 1974 to 1995 changed at the regional scale as the area of forestland decreased, while cropland, shrubland, economic forest, grassland, and built-up land increased. Landscape changes mainly occurred in forestland, shrubland, grassland, economic forest, and built-up land. Moreover, the changes among forestland, shrubland, and grassland were the largest, influencing the whole characteristics of the changes in the basin. Analysis of the changes between 1974 and 1995 in the study area indicated that landscape heterogeneity and fragmentation increased, whereas landscape connectivity decreased. There were multiple reasons for landscape changes. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to quantitatively study driving forces of landscape changes. The PCA results showed that economic and population factors were the principal driving forces of landscape changes from 1974 to 1995 in the upper Minjiang River basin, and that PCA was a suitable method for investigating driving forces of landscape changes.
文摘In this paper, the author focuses on spaces used for personal hygiene--the bathroom. The paper begins with a description of the hygienic movement in the late 19th century. At that time, urinating took place in semi-public spaces outside the dwelling. Today, the WC has moved well into the dwelling, and in many dwellings, the bathroom has developed as the most private space. Thus, the bathroom can be regarded as the last domain of privacy in today＇s housing, and in a number of new dwellings this quality is exploited in new ways. The development of ＂space for hygiene＂ in the 20th century will be studied by analyzing the spatial organization of dwellings.
