钢纤维混凝土轴压应力-应变曲线试验研究

作为钢纤维混凝土配合比直接设计方法的研究工作的重要内容,采用4个平行于棱柱体试件对称放置的弹簧作为刚性辅助架,在普通压力试验机上成功地测得了纤维体积率0~2.0%、裹浆厚度0.8~1.2 mm、强度等级为CF40的钢纤维混凝土轴压应力-应变全曲线。根据试验结果,分析了纤维体积率和纤维裹浆厚度对钢纤维混凝土轴压强度、应力-应变曲线以及轴压韧性比的影响。表明钢纤维混凝土的轴压强度和韧性比随着纤维体积率的增加而提高,存在合理的纤维裹浆厚度使得钢纤维混凝土获得优良的轴压韧性。提出了与试验结果符合良好的钢纤维混凝土轴压应力-应变曲线计算理论模型。

微矿粉高性能混凝土的拉、压、弯关系

本文采用美国产MTS试验机 ,研究了掺 5 0 %微矿粉混凝土的轴拉应力—应变关系、轴压应力—应变关系和抗弯强度。试验结果表明 ,随着微矿粉的掺入 ,混凝土的轴拉和轴压强度均提高 2 0 %左右 ,峰值应变相应提高 ,而变形模量基本不变。抗弯强度的增长率大于轴拉和轴压强度增长率。混凝土的拉压强度比和弯压强度比基本不变。说明微矿粉混凝土具有良好的变形力学性能。此外 ,混凝土的和易性得到明显改善 ,流动性和粘聚性增加 ,泌水率下降。

钢纤维高强混凝土在单调和重复荷载作用下轴压应力-应变曲线试验研究

将钢纤维掺入高强混凝土中,可以改善高强混凝土的脆性,进而可提高结构构件的延性。为研究钢纤维高强混凝土抗压性能,分别对强度等级为C60和C80,钢纤维体积率为0%、1.0%、1.5%和2.0%的钢纤维高强混凝土进行立方体抗压强度试验以及单调和重复荷载作用下的轴心抗压全过程试验。试验结果表明:随着钢纤维体积率的增大,混凝土强度基本没有改变,但相应于峰值应力的应变略有增加,而弹性模量稍有下降。在已有研究的基础上,提出了适用的钢纤维高强混凝土轴压应力-应变曲线数学表达式和受重复荷载作用的钢纤维高强混凝土的卸载曲线和再加载曲线表达式。所提出计算式得到的结果与试验结果吻合较好,可为钢纤维高强混凝土结构的设计和非线性分析提供理论基础。

Characteristics of present-day active strain field of Chinese mainland

On the basis of the GPS data obtained from repeated measurements carried out in 2004 and 2007,the horizontal principal strain of the Chinese mainland is calculated,which shows that the direction of principal compressive strain axis of each subplate is basically consistent with the P-axis of focal mechanism solution and the principal compressive stress axis acquired by geological method.It indicates that the crustal tectonic stress field is relatively stable in regions in a long time.The principal compressive stress axes of Qinghai-Tibet and Xinjiang subplates in the western part of Chinese mainland direct to NS and NNE-SSW,which are controlled by the force from the col-lision of the Eurasia Plate and India Plate.The principal compressive strain axes of Heilongjiang and North China subplates in the eastern part direct to ENE-WSW,which shows that they are subject to the force from the collision and underthrust of the Eurasia Plate to the North America and Pacific plates.At the same time,they are also af-fected by the lateral force from Qinghai-Tibet and Xinjiang subplates.The principal compressive strain axis of South China plate is WNW-ESE,which reflects that it is affected by the force from the collision of Philippine Sea Plate and Eurasia Plate and it is also subject to the lateral force from Qinghai-Tibet subplate.It is apparent from the comparison between the principal compressive strain axes in the periods of 2004～2007 and 2001～2004 that the acting directions of principal compressive stress of subplates in both periods are basically consistent.However,there is certain difference between their directional concentrations of principal compressive stress axes.The sur-face strain rates of different tectonic units in both periods indicate that the events predominating by compressive variation decrease,while the events predominating by tensile change increase.

弹性板块运动模型研究进展

传统板块构造理论认为板块是一个刚体,实际上板块是可变形的.板块内部几年到几十年时间尺度的变形主要是弹性变形,因此应当用弹性模型描述板块运动.推导了板块的弹性运动方程,由空间大地测量新的观测成果建立了菲律宾海、太平洋和澳大利亚板块的弹性运动模型.发现三个板块内部都存在明显的水平形变.板内应变场的空间变化有明显的规律:板块边界附近的应变率最大,从边界向内部逐渐减小;在板块扩散边界附近,主张应变率大于主压应变率,主张应变轴基本上与边界的扩张方向一致;在俯冲边界附近,主压应变率大于主张应变率,主压应变轴基本上与板块的俯冲方向一致;在走滑兼有俯冲性质的边界附近,最大剪应变的方向与边界断裂的走向基本一致.由GPS观测得到的主压应变轴与由震源机制解得到的主压应力轴方向具有很好的一致性.板内的应力-应变场基本上遵循广义胡克定律.

Energy conversion of rocks in process of unloading confining pressure under different unloading paths

Based on energy theory and tests of rocks with initial confining pressures of 10, 20 and 30 MPa under different unloading paths, the processes of strain energy conversion were investigated. The absorbing strain energy for axial compression, the dissipating strain energy for plastic deformation and cracks propagation, the expending strain energy for circumferential deformation, and the storing and releasing elastic strain energy were considered. Unloading paths included the condition of fixing axial pressure and unloading axial pressure, increasing axial pressure and unloading confining pressure, as well as unloading axial pressure and confining pressure simultaneously. Results show that expending strain energy for circumferential deformation has mainly evolved from absorbing strain energy for axial compression in three unloading paths during unloading processes. Dissipating strain energy is significantly increased only near the peak point. The effect of initial confining pressure on strain energy is significantly higher than that of unloading path. The strain energy is linearly increased with increasing initial confining pressure. The unloading path and initial confining pressure also have great influence on the energy dissipation. The conversion rate of strain energy in three paths is increased with increasing initial confining pressure, and the effect of initial confining pressure on conversion rate of strain energy is related with the unloading paths.

HDPE管混凝土延性和韧性的试验研究

通过对素混凝土和高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)管混凝土的轴压应力应变曲线的计算,得到了延性和韧性的表征参数——延性系数和应变能;研究了管壁厚度、核心混凝土强度对HDPE管混凝土延性和韧性的影响.结果表明,HDPE管混凝土的延性和韧性均远大于素混凝土,并随管壁厚度的增加显著提高;核心混凝土强度的增大只能有限提高HDPE管混凝土的韧性,并且会大大降低HDPE管混凝土的延性.

钢管混凝土组合柱轴心受压承载力计算方法

简要介绍了钢管混凝土组合柱轴心受压承载力已有的主要计算方法。在提出组合柱轴压承载力极限状态及组合柱轴压峰值应变的基础上,建立了组合柱轴压承载力计算公式。采用该文公式计算了34个组合柱试件的轴压承载力,计算值与试验值符合良好。为使轴心受压组合柱的峰值应变大于管外箍筋约束混凝土的轴压峰值应变、小于钢管混凝土的轴压峰值应变,提出了钢管混凝土截面面积在组合柱总面积中所占比例的上限值建议。

Sheet metal hardening curve determined by laminated sample and its adaptability to sheet forming processes

The hardening curve for sheet metal can be determined from the load-displacement curve of tensile specimen with rectangular cross-section. Therefore,uniaxial compression test on cylinder specimen made from laminated sample is put forward. Considering the influence of anisotropy on hardening properties and the stress state in popular forming process,plane strain compression test on cubic specimen made from laminated sample was advanced. Results show that the deformation range of hardening curves obtained from the presented methods is wide,which meets the need for the application in sheet metal forming processes. In view of the characteristics of methods presented in the paper and the stress strain state of various forming processes,the adaptability of the two methods presented in this paper is given.

Effect of strain rate and water-to-cement ratio on compressive mechanical behavior of cement mortar

Effects of strain rate and water-to-cement ratio on the dynamic compressive mechanical behavior of cement mortar are investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) tests. 124 specimens are subjected to dynamic uniaxial compressive loadings.Strain rate sensitivity of the materials is measured in terms of failure modes, stress-strain curves, compressive strength, dynamic increase factor(DIF) and critical strain at peak stress. A significant change in the stress-strain response of the materials with each order of magnitude increase in strain rate is clearly seen from test results. The slope of the stress-strain curve after peak value for low water-to-cement ratio is steeper than that of high water-to-cement ratio mortar. The compressive strength increases with increasing strain rate. With increase in strain rate, the dynamic increase factor(DIF) increases. However, this increase in DIF with increase in strain rate does not appear to be a function of the water-to-cement ratio. The critical compressive strain increases with the strain rate.

Strength and deformation behaviors of cemented tailings backfill under triaxial compression

It is of great significance for safety reason to obtain the triaxial compressive properties of cemented tailings backfill(CTB).The influence of cement content,curing age and confining pressure on strength and deformation properties of CTB was examined and discussed.Results indicate that the triaxial compressive and deformation behavior of CTB is strongly affected by the cement content,curing age and confining pressure.The increase in cement content,curing age and confining pressure leads to a change in stress−strain behavior and an increase in the axial strain at failure and post-peak strength loss.The cohesion of CTB rises as the curing age and cement content increase.However,the enhancement in internal friction angle is trivial and negligible.It should be noted that the failure pattern of CTB samples in triaxial compression is mainly along a shear plane,the confining pressure restrains the lateral expansion and the bulging failure pattern is dominantly detected in CTB samples as curing age length and cement content increase.The results will help to better understand the triaxial mechanical and deformation behavior of CTB.

Strain field investigation of limestone specimen under uniaxial compression loads using particle image velocimetry

The particle image velocimetry (PIV) method was used to investigate the full-field displacements and strains of the limestone specimen under external loads from the video images captured during the laboratory tests.The original colorful video images and experimental data were obtained from the uniaxial compression test of a limestone.To eliminate perspective errors and lens distortion,the camera was placed normal to the rock specimen exposure.After converted into a readable format of frame images,these videos were transformed into the responding grayscale images,and the frame images were then extracted.The full-field displacement field was obtained by using the PIV technique,and interpolated in the sub-pixel locations.The displacement was measured in the plane of the image and inferred from two consecutive images.The local displacement vectors were calculated for small sub-windows of the images by means of cross-correlation.The video images were interrogated in a multi-pass way,starting off with 64×64 images,ending with 16×16 images after 6 iterations,and using 75% overlap of the sub-windows.In order to remove spurious vectors,the displacements were filtered using four filters:signal-to-noise ratio filter,peak height filter,global filter and local filter.The cubic interpolation was utilized if the displacements without a number were encountered.The full-field strain was then obtained using the local least square method from the discrete displacements.The strain change with time at different locations was also investigated.It is found that the normal strains are dependant on the locations and the crack distributions.Between 1.0 and 5.0 s prior to the specimen failure,normal strains increase rapidly at many locations,while a stable status appears at some locations.When the specimen is in a failure status,a large rotation occurs and it increases in the inverse direction.The strain concentration bands do not completely develop into the large cracks,and meso-cracks are not visible in some bands.The techniques presented here may improve the traditional measurement of the strain field,and may provide a lot of valuable information in investigating the deformation/failure mechanism of rock materials.

Stress-strain behavior of plastic concrete using monotonic triaxial compression tests

The mechanical behavior of plastic concrete used in the cut-off walls of earth dams has been studied. Triaxial compression tests on the specimens in various ages and mix designs under different confining pressures have been done and the stress-strain behavior of such materials and their strength parameter changes have been experimentally investigated. It has been observed that increasing the confining pressures applied on the specimens causes the material behavior to be alike the more ductile materials and the compressive strength increases considerably as well. Moreover, a parametric study has been carded out to investigate the influence of essential parameters on the shear strength parameters of these materials. According to the research, increasing the coarse to fine aggregates ratio leads to the increase of compressive strength of the specimens as well as the increase of the cohesion and internal friction angle of the materials. Furthermore, the bentonite content decrease and the cement factor increase result in an increase of the cohesion parameter of plastic concretes and decrease of the internal friction angle of such materials.

Effect of waste concrete with different strength on mechanical properties of recycled fine aggregate mortar

The influence of source concrete (SC) with different compression strengths on the workability and mechanical properties of recycled mortar made with river sand substituted by 100% fine recycled concrete aggregates (FRCA) is experimentally investigated. The basic physical performance test shows that with the increase in SC strength, FRCA exhibit lower water absorption and crushing index, meanwhile keeping higher densities. Mechanical property tests, including compressive strength, flexural strength and uniaxial compressive stress-strain tests, show that compressive strength,flexural strength and elasticity modulus of recycled sand mortars increase roughly with the increase in SC strength. The proposed mixture design method demonstrates that all of the components can be kept as the same as those in natural mortar mixture design and FRCA must be pre-wetted before making mortar mixture. Meanwhile, the reuse of higher strength SC can ensure that recycled mortar mixtures are able to achieve similar mechanical performance when compared to natural mortar designs.

Hot compressive deformation behavior and constitutive relationship of Al-Zn-Mg-Zr alloy with trace amounts of Sc

Abstract： The hot deformation behaviors of AI-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy were investigated in a temperature range of 340-500℃ and a strain rate range of 0.001-10 s 1 using uniaxial compression test on Gleeble-1500 thermal simulation machine. The results show that the flow stress increases with increasing strain and tends to be constant after a peak value. The flow stress increases with increasing strain rate and decreases with increasing deformation temperature. The phenomenon of dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization can be observed by microstructural evolutions. Based on the hyperbolic Arrhenius-type equation, the true stress-true strain data from the tests were employed to establish the constitutive equation considering the effect of the true strain on material constants （α, β, Q, n and A）, which reveals the dependence of the flow stress on strain, strain rate and deformation temperature. The predicted stress-strain curves are in good agreement with experimental results, which confirms that the developed constitutive equations are suitable to research the hot deformation behaviors of Al-Zn-Mg-Sc-Zr alloy.

Mechanical properties of cement mortar in sodium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions

To investigate the mechanical properties of cement mortar in sodium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions, uniaxial compression test and ultrasonic test were performed. Test results show that the relative dynamic elastic modulus, the mass variation,and the compressive strength of cement mortar increase first, and then decrease with increasing erosion time in sodium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions. The relative dynamic elastic moduli and the compressive strengths of cement mortars with water/cement ratios of 0.55 and 0.65 in sodium sulfate solution are lower than those in sodium chloride solution with the same concentration at the420 th day of immersion. The compressive strength of cement mortar with water/cement ratio of 0.65 is more sensitive to strain rate than that with water/cement ratio of 0.55. In addition, the strain-rate sensitivity of compressive strength of cement mortar will increase under attacks of sodium sulfate or sodium chloride solution.

Strain rate effects on sand and its quantitative analysis

Strain rate effects on the stress-strain behavior of sand were investigated by performing special plane strain and triaxial compression tests on saturated and air-dried sand specimens. In these tests, the loading strain rate was changed many times by a factor of up to 1 000 during otherwise monotonous loading at a constant axial strain rate. Test results show that the stress jump upon a stepwise change in the strain rate decays with an increase in the irreversible strain when monotonous loading continues at the changed strain rate and the amount of stress jump is essentially proportional to the instantaneous stress. Based on the amount of these stress jumps, a parameter fl called the rate-sensitivity coefficient is introduced to represent the quantity of the observed viscous properties of sand, which equals 0.021 3 and 0.024 2 respectively for Hostun and Toyoura sands. Further analyses on the results indicate that the effect of the presence of pore water is deemed to be negligible with sand and the fl value is rather independent of loading method, wet condition and confining pressure.

Stress-strain relationship of unsaturated cohesive soil

A moisture-content based constitutive model was proposed based on the hyperbolic model as an attempt to move towards the implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics into routine geotechnical engineering practice. The stress-strain behavior of in-situ soil at a depth of 5 m was investigated by conducting undrained triaxial compression tests using the remolded soil samples. The test results show that the stress-strain relationship of unsaturated cohesive soil is still hyperbolic. The values of parameters a and b given in the model decrease with increasing the confining pressure for soil samples with the same moisture content and increase with increasing the moisture content for soil samples under the same confining pressure. The relationships between parameters a, b and moisture content were studied for confining pressures of 100, 150, 200 and 250 kPa. The comparison between the measured and predicted stress-strain curves for an additional group of soil samples, having a moisture content of 25.4%, shows that the proposed moisture content-dependent hyperbolic model provides a good prediction of stress-strain behavior of unsaturated cohesive soil.

Investigation of Bed Joint Reinforcement Influence on Mechanical Properties of Masonry under Compression

The results of investigations of compressed reinforced masonry walls subjected to axial compression are presented. Tests were carried out using specimens made of clay bricks and cement-lime mortar. As reinforcement, smooth and spiral twisted longitudinal rods, two types of structural wire mesh and truss type reinforcement were used. Two percentages of bed joint reinforcement, about 0.1% and 0.05% were applied. For each type of reinforcement, three masonry walls were tested. Additionally, nine unreinforced models were also tested. The main aim of the investigations presented is to determine the effect of different types of reinforcement on the load capacity and failure. Measurement of the strains of reinforcing bars permitted the recording of the strain level at the moment of crack appearance and also at the moment of failure.

Effects of strain rate and temperature on microstructure and texture for AZ31 during uniaxial compression

In order to investigate the effects of strain rate and temperature on the microstructure and texture evolution during warm deformation of wrought Mg alloy,AZ31 extruded rods were cut into cylinder samples with the dimension of d8 mm×12 mm.The samples were compressed using a Gleeble 1500D thermo-mechanical simulation machine at various strain rates(0.001,0.01,0.1,1 and 5 s- 1)and various temperatures(300,350,400 and 450℃).The microstructure and texture of the compressed samples at the same strain under different deformation conditions were studied and compared by electron backscatter diffraction(EBSD)in scanning electron microscope(SEM).The results show that the size of recrystallized grains in the deformed samples generally increases with the decrease of strain rate and the increase of temperature.After 50%reduction,most basal planes are aligned perpendicular to the compression direction at relatively high strain rate(>0.01 s- 1)or low temperature(<350℃).The optimized strain rate is 0.1 s- 1for uniaxial compression at 300℃,which produces about 80%of small grains(<5μm).