基于叶片角变化规律的液力变矩器改型设计法

研究了三维设计环境下液力变矩器叶栅系统改型设计方法,提出以叶片角变化规律为基础对原型叶片进行改型设计.首先,通过初始化图形交换规范(IGES)与三维软件交换叶栅系统的三维信息;然后,利用De Boor算法的开花计算叶片上各点处的叶片角,将反映叶片角沿叶片内外环设计基线变化的曲线拟合成非均匀有理B样条(NURBS),通过调整NURBS曲线的控制点以及各控制点权重值,实现叶片角变化规律的调整;确定了新的叶片角变化规律后,叶片的空间形状即可确定,从而可以生成新的叶栅系统模型;最后,对新生成的叶栅系统进行性能预测,得到满意的结果后即可进入后续详细设计阶段.利用该方法构建了液力变矩器改型平台,使用该平台分别以提高变矩性能和提高效率为目标对某款液力变矩器进行改型研究,结果表明所提出的方法行之有效,有助于提高改型设计的效率.

植物叶片厚度日变化规律数学模型的研究

为了实现对植物生长状态的精确控制,本文对植物的可观测性进行了研究．首先, 运用工业计量的先进方法研制了适合植物叶片精密测量的仪器,用该仪器对二种花卉植物进行了 6个月以上的监测,获得了所监测植物的短周期变化规律,从而证实了植物叶片厚度的“可测量性”．该变化规律的峰值发生在中午,成为研究的重点．对峰值期建立了具有微分形式的数学模型,该模型可为后续的控制研究提供重要的理论依据．

木豆杂交品种与纯系品种叶片的光合日变化特征研究

对木豆6个杂交早熟品种、6个杂交中熟品种以及3个纯系中熟品种叶片的光合日变化特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)15个木豆品种叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化曲线均呈"单峰"型,没有"午休"现象,其叶片Pn达到峰值后下降,为非气孔因素所造成;木豆叶片的Pn日平均值在品种间无显著性差异,但在木豆杂交早熟品种与木豆杂交中熟品种间有显著差异;(2)木豆杂交中熟品种和木豆纯系品种日平均蒸腾速率(Tr)均高于木豆杂交早熟品种,而在木豆杂交中熟品种和木豆纯系品种间的Tr差异并不显著;(3)木豆杂交早熟品种叶片的日平均瞬时水分利用率(WUE)要高于木豆纯系品种,且耐旱能力强于木豆纯系品种,而在木豆杂交中熟品种与木豆杂交早熟品种和木豆纯系品种间的差异不显著;(4)相关分析结果表明,对各木豆品种叶片Pn影响最显著的是光合有效辐射(PAR)因子。

长春市三个树种秋季叶片颜色变化影响因子的研究

选取中国物候观测网中的白桦、黄花落叶松、五叶地锦三个树种2007—2013年秋季叶片变色的原始数据,与气温、降水量、日照时数气候因子进行了对比分析。结果表明:不同树种对气候因子变化的反应有所不同,气温和日照时数对树木秋季叶片变色的影响更为显著一些,且日照时数对阔叶树的影响要大于针叶树。

针对不停机风力发电机改进的自动调焦系统

风能是一种重要的可再生资源,因此对风力发电机组进行损伤检测具有重要意义。由于叶片图像的清晰度对损伤检测有很大影响,因此需要通过自动调焦步骤获得清晰的图像。不停机风力发电机叶片追踪图像中叶片的位置和尺寸改变,无法准确评估图像清晰度。因此,通过聚焦搜索策略无法实现自动聚焦步骤。文中提出一种基于改进的清晰度评价方法的自动调焦系统。通过基于面积补偿系数的方法补偿清晰度评价,并进行仿真实验和风力发电机模型实验。叶片目标变化对清晰度评价的影响从0.218降至0.030,叶片目标变化对清晰度的影响大大降低。在改进的清晰度评价方法的基础上,采用爬山法的搜索策略实现自动调焦步骤,同时,由于需要考虑算法程序对于不停机风力发电机的实时性,计算了自动调焦步骤的消耗时间,通过降低图像分辨率和调用NumPy库,将耗时从13.79 s减小到0.1 s以下。最后,实现了不停机风力发电机叶片追踪图像的自动调焦步骤,为提高自动调焦技术的性能提供了借鉴。

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Artificial Wetland Plant under Electric Field

By measuring wetland plants chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme activity,the changes of wetland plant physiological characeristics under different power strength were studied,and the mechanism of electric field on plant physiological characteristics was analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the pollutant removal ability strengthening of artificial wetland under electricfield.The results showed that compared with the control plants,low-intensity-voltage(1 V and 3 V) had no significant effect on the normal physiological and biochemical indexes of the plants,and the growth trend was better than the control group;with the voltage increasing,plant chlorophyll content,MDA content and SOD activity were greatly affected,indicating that plants were under strong oxidative stress,and the growth was damaged.Therefore,a suitable electric field could enhance the sewage treatment effect of constructed wetland.

Changes of Gas Exchanges in Leaves of Different Cultivars of Winter Wheat Released in Different Years

Three winter wheat cultivars ( Triticum aestivum L.), representatives of those widely cultivated in Beijing over the past six decades, were grown in the same environmental condition, and their physiological features were investigated. Daily changes of net photosynthetic rate (P-n), transpiration (T-r) in different growth stages were measured in order to find the relationship between leaf photosynthesis and yield. Instantaneous water use efficiency (WUE) of leaf was calculated from P-n/T-r. It is suggested that relationship between photosynthetic rate and yield changed with the developing stages of wheat. High yield wheat cultivar Jingdong 8 (released in the 1990s) had a higher photosynthetic rate ( the maximal P-n increased by 77%) and transpiration rate (the maximal T-r increased by 69%), but a lower WUE than the low yield cultivar Yanda 1817 (released in the 1940s) during the day time at stem elongation stage. However; difference of P-n among the three cultivars changed with wheat growth process. Before 10 o'clock P-n in leaves of Jingdong 8 usually was the highest of the three cultivars, but P-n of Yanda 1817 was the highest after 10 o'clock. At dough ripe stage, P-n in leaves of Yanda. 1817 was the highest among the three cultivars during the whole day. The difference of changing trend of transpiration in three wheat cultivars was similar to P,, but WUE of Yanda 1817 was the highest in those three cultivars, indicating that the higher yield of Jingdong 8 was achieved via a greater consumption of water. Contrary to the cultivars released in the later period, midday depression of photosynthesis was small in Yanda 1817, which might suggest that Yanda 1817 was resistant to photoinhibition. It is possible that photosynthetic potential in leaves of wheat increased as wheat cultivars was improved over the past six decades. However, it became less resistant to photoinhibition.

Responses of Leaf Functional Traits of Torreya fargesii to the Altitudinal Variation

[Objective] To reveal the leaf functional traits and adaptive strategy of Torreya fargesii at different altitude gradients.[Method] Leaves of T. fargesii were selected from the altitudes of 1 570, 1 700, 1 900, 2 125 and 2 360 m in Jiajinshan forest area of Sichuan Baoxing County, and the altitudes of 1 000, 1 200, 1 450, and 1 700 m in Hua'eshan Mountain Nature Reserve of Sichuan Wanyuan County as the research materials. Leaf blade traits such as leaf length, leaf width, leaf girth, leaf area and leaf dry weight were determined, and the influence of altitude on each index and correlation between characters were analyzed. [Result] For the leaves from both Baoxing County and Wanyuan County, leaf length, leaf width, leaf girth, leaf aspect ratio and leaf area decreased with the increase of altitude. There was no significant difference in the changes of leaf width, leaf girth and leaf aspect ratio among different altitudes(P>0.05), while the difference was significant in leaf length between high altitude and low attitude(P<0.05), and the difference was also significant in leaf area for the leaves from Baoxing County between high altitude and low altitude. However, there was no obvious correlation between leaf width and altitude, which could be considered as a relatively stable parameter. Leaf thickness and leaf dry weight increased first and then decreased with altitude,while the specific leaf area decreased first and then increased. In leaf length, leaf girth, leaf width and leaf area parameters, except for leaf width and leaf area for the T. fargesii from Wanyuan County, any two parameters reached significant or very significant positive correlation level(P<0.01). Leaf dry weight and leaf thickness had significant or very significant positive correlation, leaf dry weight and leaf area had a certain positive correlation but not significant. There existed no significant positive correlation between specific leaf area and leaf area, while specific leaf area was in negative correlation with leaf dry weight, and the negative correlation of specific leaf area with leaf area of T. fargesii from Wanyuan County reached the significant level.[Conclusion] T. fargesii adapted to different altitudes by changing leaf dry weight, leaf area and leaf area ratio, and the most suitable altitudes for the growth of T. fargesii were 1 900 and 1 450 m in Baoxing and Wanyuan area respectively.

Effects of stator bending on pressure field and loss of transonic turbine stage

To study effects of the upstream flow field changing on the downstream flow field of transonic turbine, different three-dimensional bowed blades, which are the stator blades of transonic turbine stage, were designed in this paper. And then numerical calculations were carried out. The effects on downstream flow field were studied and analyzed in detail. Results show that, at the middle of stator blades, although the increasing Maeh number causes the increase of shock-wave strength and friction, the middle flow field of downstream rotors is improved obviously. It is an important change in transonic condition. This causes the loss of the rotor＇ s middle part decreased greatly. Correspondingly, efficiency of the whole transonic stage can be increased.

Analysis of Internal Cooling Geometry Variations in Gas Turbine Blades

The present investigation analyzes the effects of major geometrical modifications to the interior of a convectioncooled gas turbine rotor blade. The main focus lies on the flow of the leading edge channels and the impact on theheat transfer. An experimental approach is performed with flow visualization via paint injection into water. Alsonumerical calculations are carried out in two sets, on the one hand water calculations accompanying the experimentsand on the other hand conjugate heat transfer calculations under realistic engine conditions. The latter calculationsare still ongoing delivering preliminary results.Five geometry configurations are investigated, three of them with differing turbulator arrangements in the leadingedge channels. The operating point of the base configuration is set to Re = 50,000 at the inlet while for the modifiedgeometries the pressure ratio is held constant compared to the base.Among several investigated configurations one could be identified that leads to a heat transfer enhancement inone leading edge channel 7 % larger compared to the base.

Latitudinal variation of leaf morphological traits from species to communities along a forest transect in eastern China

Comprehensive information on geographic patterns of leaf morphological traits in Chinese forests is still scarce.To explore the spatial patterns of leaf traits,we investigated leaf area(LA),leaf thickness(LT),specific leaf area(SLA),and leaf dry matter content(LDMC) across 847 species from nine typical forests along the North-South Transect of Eastern China(NSTEC) between July and August 2013,and also calculated the community weighted means(CWM) of leaf traits by determining the relative dominance of each species.Our results showed that,for all species,the means(± SE) of LA,LT,SLA,and LDMC were 2860.01 ± 135.37 mm2,0.17 ± 0.003 mm,20.15 ± 0.43 m2 kg–1,and 316.73 ± 3.81 mg g–1,respectively.Furthermore,latitudinal variation in leaf traits differed at the species and community levels.Generally,at the species level,SLA increased and LDMC decreased as latitude increased,whereas no clear latitudinal trends among LA or LT were found,which could be the result of shifts in plant functional types.When scaling up to the community level,more significant spatial patterns of leaf traits were observed(R2 = 0.46–0.71),driven by climate and soil N content.These results provided synthetic data compilation and analyses to better parameterize complex ecological models in the future,and emphasized the importance of scaling-up when studying the biogeographic patterns of plant traits.

Effects of axial gap on aerodynamic force and response of shrouded and unshrouded blade

Forced response analysis of a rocket engine turbine blade was conducted by a decoupled fluid-structure interaction procedure.Aerodynamic forces on the rotor blade were obtained using 3D unsteady flow simulations. The resulting aerodynamic forces were interpolated to the finite element(FE) model through surface effect elements prior to conducting forced response calculations.Effects of axial gap on aerodynamic forces were studied. In addition, influence of axial gap on the response of the shrouded blade was compared with that on the response of the unshrouded blade. Results demonstrated that as the axial gap increases,time-averaged pressure on the blade surface changes very little, while the pressure fluctuations decrease significantly. Pressure and aerodynamic forces on the blade surface display periodic variation, and the vane passing frequency component is dominant.Amplitudes of aerodynamic forces decrease with increasing axial gap. Restricted by the shroud, deformation and response of shrouded blade are much lower than those of the unshrouded blade. The response of unshrouded blade shows obvious beat vibration phenomenon, while the response of the shrouded blade does not have this characteristic because the shroud restrains multiple harmonics. Blade response in time domain was converted to frequency domain using fast Fourier transformation(FFT).Results revealed that the axial gap mainly affects the forced harmonic at the vane passing frequency, while the other two harmonics at natural frequency are hardly affected. Amplitudes of the unshrouded blade response decrease as the axial gap increases, while amplitudes of the shrouded blade response change very little in comparison.

Automatic Efficiency Optimization of an Axial Compressor with Adjustable Inlet Guide Vanes

The inlet attack angle of rotor blade reasonably can be adjusted with the change of the stagger angle of inlet guide vane (IGV); so the efficiency of each condition will be affected. For the purpose to improve the efficiency, the DSP (Digital Signal Processor) controller is designed to adjust the stagger angle of IGV automatically in order to optimize the efficiency at any operating condition. The A/D signal collection includes inlet static pressure, outlet static pressure, outlet total pressure, rotor speed and torque signal, the efficiency can be calculated in the DSP, and the angle signal for the stepping motor which control the IGV will be sent out from the D/A. Experimental investigations are performed in a three-stage, low-speed axial compressor with variable inlet guide vanes. It is demonstrated that the DSP designed can well adjust the stagger angle of IGV online, the efficiency under different conditions can be optimized. This establishment of DSP online adjustment scheme may provide a practical solution for improving performance of multi-stage axial flow compressor when its operating condition is varied.