地下矿山开采地压分析与应用

随着我国地下矿山开采量和开采度的不断加大,在地下矿山开采中地压的控制显得越来越重要,在实际的地下矿山开采过程中,只有根据地压活动的特点,去进行分析与研究,才能保证地下矿山开采的安全性和高效性,这就需要工作人员运用专业的技术,对地压进行有效的监测,以提高地下矿山开采的经济效益和社会效益。

实时地压分析可降低钻井成本

实时地压分析提高了对地压的了解，使Ｓａｎｔｅ Ｆｅ能源公司节约定向钻井成本超过￥１８０００００。对综合运用随钻测量（ＭＷＤ），地震和邻井数据进行了３次实例研究。

基于Three.js的地压监测可视化分析云服务平台构建与应用

随着云服务及可视化信息技术的飞速发展以及国家和矿山企业对于矿山安全问题的日益关注,对作为矿山的数字化智能化载体的云服务平台提出了更高的要求,传统信息化平台应用的二维GIS技术已无法满足复杂的可视化分析需求。基于Three.js三维引擎,聚焦于矿山地压监测的可视化分析业务设计并开发了云服务平台,实现了倾斜摄影测量模型、矿山井巷模型、手动设计建模等多种三维数据的渲染展示,并具备地压监测数据的查询统计与云图分析功能,有效提升了矿山地压分析服务平台的易用性与分析深度。

凡口矿的地压活动分析及防治建议

凡口铅锌矿深部开拓后 ,部分工程发生变形、垮塌 ,给生产和安全带来威胁。认为矿区地压活动是与矿区构造、岩石力学性质、水文条件、开采深度等密切相关的 ;并建议选择合理的工程设计、施工方案、支护措施 。

对一起巷道施工中冲击地压的分析及防治措施

本文阐述了巷道施工中一起冲击地压的发生机理，提出了工作面设计修改的依据和防治冲击地压的有效措施。

河东金矿矿井地压灾害分析及预防措施

通过"绘制事故树"的方法分析了矿井地压灾害事故的几个主要途径,并提出了相应的预防措施,特别是预防采空区冒顶对减少矿井地压灾害有着重要意义。

水平下向分层充填采矿法开采缓倾斜矿体的地压应力分析

应用岩石力学理论 ,分析缓倾斜矿体用水平下向分层充填采矿法开采地压应力 ,及时采取措施 ,提高采矿作业的安全性 ,同时也取得良好的经济效益。

水平管棚超前支护施工技术的研究与应用

通过对管棚的几何分析和承受地压的分析与计算 ,为隧道工程管棚超前支护工艺参数设计和施工提供了理论依据。选用合理的管棚材料和施工设备 ,延长管棚的支护长度 ,减少支护与掘砌工序转换次数 ,提高了隧道掘进的工效 ,在工程应用中取得良好的技术经济效益。

"Nonlinear" characteristics of the static earth pressure coefficient in thick alluvium

Exact calculations of the static earth pressure from a thick alluvium require accurate/Co values. These calculations influence the sinking cost and the safety of the freezing method. The static earth pressure coefficient （K0） of thick and deep soil was analyzed using laboratory tests. The results show that the static earth pressure coefficient of thick and deep soils is nonlinear and different from that of superficial soils. The constant of superficial soils is usually invariant and the total stress or incremental stress definitions used in traditional geo-meehanics give the same value. The influence of load increments when calculating for superficial soil is ignored. The difference in values of K0 for thick alluvium defimed by the total stress or the incremental stress methods is over 10%. The effects of the thick alluvium on K0 should be considered during the design of frozen shaft projects. Such things as the frozen shaft thickness and the excavated section height should be chosen to assure the rationality of the design and to avoid potential faults and accidents.

Effective stress analysis method of seismic response for high tailings dam

Based on the analysis method for tailings dam in upstream raising method presently used in metallurgy and nonferrous metals tailings depository in the world, an effective stress analysis method of seismic response for high tailings dam was developed according to the results of engineering geological exploration, static and dynamic test and stability analysis on Baizhishan tailing dam 113.5 m high. The law of generation, diffusion and dissipation of seismic pore water pressure during and after earthquake was investigated, and the results of tailings dam’s acceleration, seismic dynamic stress and pore water pressure were obtained. The results show that the seismic stability and liquefaction resistance of high tailings dam are strengthened remarkably, and the scope and depth of liquefaction area at the top of dam are reduced greatly. The interior stress is compressive stress, the stress level of every element is less than 1.0 and the safety coefficient of every element is greater than 1.0. The safety coefficient against liquefaction of every element of tailing dam is greater than 1.5 according to the effective stress analysis of seismic response by finite element method. The calculated results prove that liquefaction is the main reason of seismic failure of high tailing dams, and the effect of seismic inertia forces on high tailing dams’ stability during earthquake is secondary reason.

A new failure mechanism for deep cavity and upper bound solution of supporting pressure

The investigation of supporting pressure is of great significance to the design of underground structures.Based on the kinematical approach of limit analysis,an improved failure mechanism is proposed,and the supporting pressure is investigated for deep buried cavity.Three failure mechanisms are first introduced according to the existing failure mechanisms of geotechnical structures of limit analysis.A comparison with respect to the optimal failure mechanisms and the upper bound solutions provided among these three mechanisms are then conducted in an attempt to obtain the improved failure mechanism.The results provided by the improved failure mechanism are in good agreement with those by the existing method,the numerical solution and field monitoring,which demonstrates that the proposed failure mechanism is effective for the upper bound analysis of supporting pressure.

Stress and Displacement Distribution of Soft Clay Slope with 2D and 3D Elastoplastic Finite Element Method

Based on elastoplastic model, 2D and 3D finite element method （FEM） are used to calculate the stress and displacement distribution in the soft clay slope under gravity and uniform load at the slope top. Stability analyses indicate that 3D boundary effect varies with the stress level of the slope. When the slope is stable, end effect of 3D space is not remarkable. When the stability decreases, end effect occurs; when the slope is at limit state, end effect reaches maximum. The energy causing slope failure spreads preferentially along y-z section, and when the failure resistance capability reaches the limit state, the energy can extend along x-axis direction. The 3D effect of the slope under uniform load on the top is related to the ratio of load influence width to slope height, and the effect is remarkable with the decrease of the ratio.

SURFACE SUBSIDENCE ANALYSES BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF EXPANSION AND RECONSOLIDATION OF THE BROKEN ROCK STRATA

The results of experimentaI studies about the characteristics of broken rock expansion and reconsolidation were briefly introduced in this paper, and the surface subsidence coefficient under critical mining conditions was also analysed based on the principle of expansion and reconsolidation of the broken rock strata, a equation to calculate the corresponding surface subsidence was finally produced. This calculation method can be used to calculate more accurately the convergence quantity of consolidated rocks in the broken zone of the working face. In addition, case analyses by using the introduced calculation method were conducted and satisfactory results were obtained.

Finite layer and triangular prism element method to subsidence prediction and stress analysis in underground mining

The application of the finite layer & triangular prism element method to the 3D ground subsidence and stress analysis caused by mining is presented. The layer elements and the triangular prism elements have been alternatively used in the numerical simulation system, the displacement pattern, strain matrix, elastic matrix, stiffness matrix, load matrix and the stress matrix of the layer element and triangular prism element have been presented. By means of the Fortran90 programming language, a numerical simulation system based on finite layer & triangular prism element have been built up, and this system is suitable for subsidence prediction and stress analysis of all mining condition and mining methods. Comparing with the infinite element method, this approach dramatically reduces the size of the set of equations that need to be solved, and greatly reduces the amount of data preparation required. It not only saves the internal storage, and the computation time, but also decreases the cost.

Numerical simulation of deep-level rockburst in Fuxin coalfield

On the basis of ANSYS finite element model(FEM) software, the deep-level rockburst in Fuxin coalfield was simulated numerically. Based on Haizhou Mine and Wulong Mine as two typical deep-level rockburst examples in Fuxin coalfield, the rules and characteristics of the deep-level rockburst were analyzed. And the models were es- tablished. For Haizhou mine, the relationship between mining distance and rockburst was presented when 100, 300, 600 m were mined in 3313 working face. When 300 m were mined, the rockburst began to emerge. When 600 m were mined, the rockburst was the most possible to happen and the compression stress of the working face reached to the maximum value. The effect of tectonic stress on synclinal axis is also a key factor to rockburst occurrence. This was verified by the rockburst happened when 496 m were mined. For Wulong mine, based on the 311 working face as an example, the contours of Y stress in the roof and floor were obtained when the mining distance were 100, 200, 300 and 400 m. When 100 and 400 m were mined, the high stress con- centration regions occurred in the front of working face. This shows the rockburst is easy to happen. It is confirmed by the rockburst when 91m were mined in 311 working plane. The above indicates that the numerical simulation has instructive rule to study the deep-level rockburst in Fuxin coalfield.

Crustal Stress Measurement for Significant Project Construction and Its Application in Design

The hydrofracturing technique has developed into a reliable and practical method for determining the original three-dimensional crustal stress state of underground caverns,the load-bearing capacity of a high pressure cavern itself,and the high pressure hydraulic permeability of rock masses,and has also been extensively used in disposal of nuclear waste,long and deeply-buried traffic channels and high-pressure cavern engineering for hydraulic power plants.The practice shows that the comprehensive measurement of the physical parameters of the rock mass and taking full use of the wall rock load-bearing capacity to optimize the engineering design hold are very useful in ensuring the engineering safety and improving the design level.

Analysis on conducted coupling of electrical fast transient burst in mines

Under the inflammable or explosive environment, the direct measurement methods by opening up the explo- sion-proof shell of electrical installations were not adopted. So, it＇s impossible to have a quantitative analysis on the limit of conducted disturbance for electrical fast transient burst （EFT/B） in such dangerous environments. Transient conducted coupling model, which using EFT/B as its excitation source, can be built based on circuit and electromagnetic field theory. Furthermore, numerical analysis was performed. The results indicate that the capacitive coupling voltage is the same polarity as EFT/B, and is the main disturbance form of conducted coupling in mines. The inductive coupling voltage is reversed polarity with the ca- pacitive coupling voltage, and both peaks appear only in the rising time of EFT/B, which increase with the rising of load resistance. Moreover, the cable coupling voltage on the side of disturbance source is higher than the one on the other side in tunnel. To reduce the common resistance can suppress the resistive coupling disturbance.

Crack tip higher order stress fields for functionally graded materials with generalized form of gradation

A generalized form of material gradation applicable to a more broad range of functionally graded materials(FGMs) was presented.With the material model,analytical expressions of crack tip higher order stress fields in a series form for opening mode and shear mode cracks under quasi-static loading were developed through the approach of asymptotic analysis.Then,a numerical experiment was conducted to verify the accuracy of the developed expressions for representing crack tip stress fields and their validity in full field data analysis by using them to extract the stress intensity factors from the results of a finite element analysis by local collocation and then comparing the estimations with the existing solution.The expressions show that nonhomogeneity parameters are embedded in the angular functions associated with higher terms in a recursive manner and at least the first three terms in the expansions must be considered to explicitly account for material nonhomogeneity effects on crack tip stress fields in the case of FGMs.The numerical experiment further confirms that the addition of the nonhomogeneity specific terms in the expressions not only improves estimates of stress intensity factor,but also gives consistent estimates as the distance away from the crack tip increases.Hence,the analytical expressions are suitable for the representation of crack tip stress fields and the analysis of full field data.

Computation model of proppant embedment depth based on dimensional analysis

Hydraulic fracturing is designed to form a high-conductivity fracture. The proppant will embed into the formation rock, especially in soft rock, owing to the interaction between proppant and fracture surface after fracture closure. Proppant embedment would reduce the fracture width and then lower the fracture conductivity. According to dimensional analysis, the rock is assumed to be an elastic material. Using the theory of elasticity to describe the stage of elastic deformation and analysis of the corresponding simplified embedding process, the study establish the static computation model of the two-dimensional infinite half plane and three-dimensional infinite half space model of the proppant embedment. According to laboratory results, the calculation model was modified, got an effective correction factor and analyzed the causes of errors, then discussed the factors which have impact on proppant embedment. The result calculated by the model in this paper can be reference of prop- pant optimization in on-site fracturing for a certainty degree.

An analysis on the effect of mining height and floor lithology on pressure relief of upper protective layers

In order to understand the effect of mining height and floor lithology at the upper protective layer face on the pressure relief of protected coal seams, this paper uses a numerical simulation method to model the pressure changes at protected coal seam during mining upper protective layer. The results show that the taller the mining height at the upper protective layer face, the greater the protection on protected coal seam due to the higher level of pressure release; the upper protective layer face with hard rock floor impedes the pressure release at the protected coal seam, which affects the overall effect of the pressure release at protected coal seam using the protective layer mining method.