热带对流和环流季内振荡强度与海表温度关系对比研究

利用外逸长波辐射(OLR)、风场和海表温度(SST)资料,研究了热带大气季节内振荡(ISO)强度的季节变化特征,发现热带印度洋和热带西太平洋区域是OLR和风场季内振荡最主要的共同活跃区。对比分析了OLR和风场季内振荡强度与海表温度异常之间的年际异常关系,发现OLR季内振荡强度异常与海表温度异常之间存在显著局地正相关关系,即在热带中东太平洋区域、热带西北太平洋区域和热带西南太平洋区域,当海表温度正(负)异常时,OLR季内振荡增强(减弱),特别在冬春季节这一关系更清楚。除个别区域外,风场季内振荡强度异常与海表温度异常不存在类似OLR的局地关系。OLR和风场季内振荡强度异常与海表温度异常之间局地和非局地关系的差异,体现了两种要素特性的本质差异。但两种要素季内振荡强度在ElNin～o事件发展过程中的变化基本一致,即在气候场中季内振荡活跃的区域,事件发生之前季内振荡会增强,并逐渐向东传播,事件发生之后这些区域振荡减弱。

热带对流季内振荡强度异常特征及其与海表温度的关系

利用外逸长波辐射(outgoing longwave radiation,OLR)资料分析了热带对流季内振荡(ISO)强度的季节变化及年际异常特征,重点研究其与海表温度的关系。结果表明:最强的OLR季内振荡主要位于高海表温度(SST)区,即热带印度洋和热带西太平洋区域,终年存在,冬、春季最强,振荡中心偏于夏半球。OLR季内振荡强度年际异常显著区域是热带中东太平洋区域、西北太平洋区域和西南太平洋区域,它与SST年际异常存在局地正相关关系,伴随环流的辐合辐散,并与ENSO事件关系密切。另外,El Ni^no事件发生之前,热带印度洋和热带西太平区域OLR季内振荡增强,其中心随事件的发展逐渐东移,事件发生后这两个区域ISO减弱,这与OLR季内振荡强度年际异常显著的区域具有内在连贯性。海表温度是决定OLR季内振荡强度季节变化、年际异常的一个关键因子。

太平洋区域季内振荡的一种负反馈过程

利用1981—2002年美国国家气象中心(National Meteorological Center,NMC)逐日海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、10 m高处风场(V)及逐月混合层厚度(mixed layer depth,mld)资料,研究了太平洋区域海表温度季内振荡的气候及异常特征,重点探讨了北太平洋区域海表温度季内振荡的维持机制。研究发现,太平洋区域海表温度存在3个季内振荡强度气候高值区,即热带东太平洋(终年存在)、西北太平洋(北半球春、夏、秋存在)、西南太平洋(南半球夏季前后存在),它们出现在气候混合层厚度最小的区域和季节。海表温度季内振荡强度年际异常与混合层厚度年际异常存在显著负相关,在物理上,这种关系比它与海表温度异常的关系更直接。北太平洋区域5—9月地面风场与海表温度季节内振荡的基本耦合模态揭示出以漂流和感热输送为动力的一个负反馈过程,它存在于薄混合层海区,这是该海区强海表温度季内振荡的维持机制。

热带西太平洋季内震荡相关的赤道开尔文波对厄尔尼诺事件影响的初步探索

从海洋Kelvin波的角度研究了热带西太平洋季节内振荡(Madden-Julian Oscillation,MJO)对厄尔尼诺(El Nino)事件的影响。通过资料处理确定了热带西太平洋MJO相关的风应力强迫产生的海洋Kelvin波指数K,该指数代表了Kelvin波的强度。通过对比指数K与温跃层深度的变化,分析指出当El Nino事件发展过程中出现强MJO相关的海洋Kelvin波,并且该东传波动传递的是温跃层异常下沉信号时,会增大El Nino事件的振幅,对El Nino事件的发展起到重要的促进作用(1997/1998年El Nino事件);当MJO相关的海洋Kelvin波较弱时对El Nino事件影响不大,而且当传递的是温跃层异常上升信号时反而会对El Nino事件的发生与发展起到阻碍作用。总之,热带西太平洋MJO事件对El Nino事件在特定的情况下有重要影响,但并不能决定El Nino事件的发生或终结。

2008年南海夏季风活动概述

由NCEP再分析资料、向外长波辐射(OLR)和GPCP卫星导出(IR)GPI的日降水分析得到:2008年南海夏季风于5月2候在南海爆发,时间较常年(5月4候)偏早,10月第2候结束,时间较常年(9月6候)偏晚。南海夏季风爆发后,由于受强冷空气影响,南海夏季风北推影响到华南地区的时间较常年偏晚。尽管2008年南海夏季风强度较常年偏弱,其仍存在明显的季节内振荡过程,主要周期为30～60天。由于南海地区和我国华南地区的水汽辐合增强以及南海夏季风活动北界在35°N附近维持时间较长(大约7候),华南、长江中下游和淮河流域的夏季降水异常增多。

2004年南海夏季风活动概述

利用NCEP逐日再分析资料、向外长波辐射(OLR)和卫星降水资料,分析了2004年影响南海夏季风活动的一些特征。结果表明,2004年由于西太平洋副热带高压主体位置比正常偏北、偏西,导致南海夏季风爆发日期比正常偏晚(5月19日)、强度偏大,并主要在南海地区活动。南海季风爆发期间存在明显的季节内振荡,有两个显著振荡周期:一个峰值为20～30天,另一个峰值为40～50天。南海夏季风期间,主要的水汽通量输送集中在南海-西太平洋地区,向北到达华南的水汽输送减少,致使华南地区干旱。

亚洲夏季风季节与季节内平均水汽输送的分析

本文运用欧洲中期预报中心的１９８０～１９８６年５～９月的８５０ｈＰａ上的ｕ、ｖ、ｒ、Ｔ逐日资料，对比分析了亚洲夏季风活动区季节平均、准４０天振荡、准双周振荡和准一周振荡在水汽输送中的基本特征。季节平均的水汽输送对亚洲季风区的水汽通量起决定作用，表明了亚洲季风系统的整体性．热带准４０天振荡、准双周振荡和准一周振荡的水汽输送在亚洲夏季风时期具有同等的重要性，表现形式上存在着差异，在南亚季风系统和东亚季风系统中表现出显著的相对独立性。季风内振荡的水汽输送在赤道上表现很微弱，南北半球的相互影响小。

2011年秋季海南强降水过程分析

对2011年9月下旬至10月上旬,发生在海南的强降水过程特征以及不同的季内周期振荡对其影响进行了分析。结果表明,对此次强降水过程有显著影响的振荡周期为2~7 d和45~90 d。2~7 d的振荡以TD型波动为主,表现为从热带西太平洋-海洋性大陆向西北传播的特征。而45~90d的振荡在9—10月初期间表现为东西双向传播并在海南汇合的特征,有利于在南海北部出现持续的对流环流系统。该次海南强降水过程发生在La Nina事件期间,热带印度洋和热带西北太平洋为大范围的暖异常,位于南海北部的季风槽和强劲的西南季风有利于热带气旋的生成和海南强降水过程的发生及维持。

Long-term changes in wintertime persistent heavy rainfall over southern China contributed by the Madden-Julian Oscillation

During the boreal winter,abundant persistent heavy rainfall(PHR)amount and significant rainfall variability at subseasonal timescale are generally observed over the southern sector of East China,where the large-scale circulation and moisture transport are tightly connected with the equatorial Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO).As the MJO convections occur over the equatorial Indian Ocean(MJO phases 1-4),the low-level moisture convergence is enhanced over southern China(SC,108°-120°E,21°-26°N)with the divergence to the north.Thus,a positive anomaly of PHR amount appears in SC but a negative anomaly of PHR amount is seen in the Yangtze River valley(YR,113°-122°E,28°-30°N).In contrast,the divergence(convergence)of moisture flux anomalies in the SC(YR)associated with the western equatorial Pacific MJO convections(phases 5-8)limits(benefits)the occurrence of PHR in the SC(YR).The wintertime PHR over southern China is found to undergo a long-term change over the past three decades(1979-2011)with a decreasing(an increasing)trend of PHR amount in the SC(YR).The change in PHR amount occurs consistently with the decadal change in MJO activity.In the earlier decade(1979-1994,E1),the active Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO events appeared more frequently while they became less frequent in the recent decade(1995-2011,E2).Accordingly,the Indian Ocean(western Pacific)MJO-related moisture convergence(divergence)anomalies in the SC tend to be weakened(enhanced),contributing to the decrease in PHR amount over the SC in the recent decade.

Contribution of intraseasonal oscillation to long-duration summer precipitation events over southern China

Precipitation events spanning multiple days may have consequences different from those limited to a single day.In the present paper,the authors analyze circulation anomalies and precursory signals associated with long-duration（over 14 days） summer precipitation events over southern China.The results show that the over-14-day precipitation events are induced by an anomalous lowertropospheric（850-hPa） cyclone over the South China Sea（SCS） and southern China.The anomalous westerly winds to the south of the anomalous cyclone can be traced to north of New Guinea 30 days before.To the north of anomalous westerly winds,anomalous easterly winds appear later.The anomalous westerly and easterly winds form a cyclonic anomaly,moving northward and slightly westward during the following days and eventually controlling the SCS and southern China.The northward movement of anomalous westerly and easterly winds can also be found in the 30-60-day filtered wind field.This implies that the northward propagating 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillation from the equatorial western Pacific has an important contribution to over-14-day precipitation events over southern China.

Subseasonal mode of cold and wet climate in South China during the cold season: a climatological view

The authors investigate the dominant mode of climatological intraseasonal oscillation(CISO) of surface air temperature(SAT) and rainfall in China, and discuss the linkage of cold and wet climate in South China(SC) with the Arctic circulation regime during the cold season(from November to March). Results show that a positive CISO displays a cold-dry climate in North China,whereas a cold-wet pattern prevails in SC with a quasi-30-day oscillation during the peak winter season. In SC, the intraseasonal variability of SAT plays a leading role, altering the cold-wet climate by the southward shift of a cold front. Evidence shows that the circulation regime related to the cold and wet climate in SC is mainly regulated by a pair of propagating ISO modes at the500-hPa geopotential height in the negative phase of Arctic Oscillation. It is demonstrated that the local cyclonic wave activity enhances the southward movement of the Siberian high, favoring an unstable atmosphere and resulting in the cold-wet climate over SC. Therefore, the cold-air activity acts as a precursor for subseasonal rainfall forecasting in SC.

Intensity of the Trough over the Bay of Bengal and Its Impact on the Southern China Precipitation in Winter

In this study, the intensity of the trough over the Bay of Bengal (BBT) and its association with the southern China precipitation, the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO) and the Rossby wave propagation along the African-Asian subtropical Jet stream (AASJ) are investigated on the intraseasonal time scale. The results show that the intensity of the BBT affects the southern China precipitation more directly and to a greater degree than the MJO. The peak amplitude of the BBT tended to occur in phase-3 of the MJO. The strong BBT was substantially modulated by the Rossby wave propagation along the AASJ, which was triggered by the anomalous upstream circulation similar to the pattern of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Therefore, from the perspective of medium- and extended-range weather forecasts, the NAO- like pattern may be regarded as a precursory signal for the strong BBT and thus the southern China precipitation.

Intraseasonal oscillation of the southwest monsoon over Sri Lanka and evaluation of its subseasonal forecast skill

Sri Lanka,a small island country located near the southernmost end of the Indian subcontinent,is controlled by the southwest monsoon(SWM)during May to September,when it suffers the most accumulated rainfall in a year.Compared with extensive studies on the intraseasonal oscillation(ISO)of the Indian monsoon,less attention has been paid to the ISO of the SWM over Sri Lanka.Based on observational data,this study reveals that the leading mode of SWM rainfall shows a significant variability on a 10-35-day time scale,and it accounts for 66%of the fractional variance.The development of the intraseasonal rainfall anomaly is associated with a westward propagating anomalous cyclonic circulation.Furthermore,the skill of current dynamic models in simulating the SWM on the subseasonal time scale was evaluated by using the ECMWF(European center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts)reforecast data from S2S(the Subseasonal to Seasonal Prediction project).In general,the model is more skillful in predicting the monsoonal wind index than the monsoonal rainfall index,with the skill for the former being beyond 30 days and the latter about two weeks.The forecast skills exhibit prominent interannual differences for both indices.It is suggested that a correct simulation of the large-scale circulation response to tropical convection is crucial for the subseasonal prediction of monsoonal rainfall over Sri Lanka.

Experimental 15-day-lead statistical forecast of intraseasonal summer monsoon rainfall over Eastern China

This study utilizes daily Asian Precipitation–Highly-Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation（APHRODITE）gridded rainfall and the U.S.National Centers for Environmental PredictionDepartment of Energy reanalysis II products to examine the intraseasonal oscillations（ISOs）of rainfall over Eastern China during each summer of 1996,2002,and 2006.These three cases represent three typical spatial patterns of intraseasonal rainfall anomalies over Eastern China,with the strongest intraseasonal rainfall occurring over the middle and lower Yangtze Basin,southern Yangtze Basin,and Southeast China,respectively.The intraseasonal rainfall anomalies over Eastern China are dominated by both 30–60-and 10–20-day ISOs in each summer and are further modulated by the boreal summer ISOs（BSISOs）over the entire Asian summer monsoon region.The objective of this study is thus to apply the Bayesian wavelet-banding（WB）scheme to predicting intraseasonal rainfall over Eastern China.Several key factors associated with BSISOs are selected as predictors to experimentally develop a 15-day-lead statistical forecast.The forecast results show promise for the intraseasonal rainfall anomalies over Eastern China.Correlations generally greater than or equal to 0.6 are noted between the observed and predicted ISOs of rainfall over the major intraseasonal activity centers during each of the three summers.Such a high forecasting skill on intraseasonal timescales over various areas in Eastern China demonstrates the general usefulness of the WB scheme.

Effects of air-sea coupling on the eastward propagating boreal winter intraseasonal oscillation over the tropical Indian Ocean

The effects of air-sea coupling over the tropical Indian Ocean（TIO） on the eastward propagating boreal winter intraseasonal oscillation（MJO） are investigated by comparing a fully coupled and a partially decoupled Indian Ocean experiment using the SINTEX-F coupled model.Air-sea coupling over the TIO significantly enhances the intensity of the eastward propagations of the MJO along the5°-10°S zonal areas.The zonal asymmetry of the SST anomaly（SSTA） is responsible for the enhanced eastward propagation.A positive SSTA appears to the east of the MJO convection,which results in the boundary layer moisture convergence and positively feeds back to the MJO convection.In addition,the air-sea interaction effect on the eastward propagation of the MJO is related to the interannual variations of the TIO.Air-sea coupling enhances（reduces） the eastward-propagating spectrum during the negative Indian Ocean dipole mode and positive Indian Ocean basin mode.Such phase dependence is attributed to the role of the background mean westerly in affecting the wind-evaporation-SST feedback.Air-sea coupling（decoupling） enhances（reduces） the zonal asymmetry of the low-level specific humidity,and thus the eastward propagation spectrum of the MJO.

Distinct influential mechanisms of the warm pool Madden-Julian Oscillation on persistent extreme cold events in Northeast China

This study investigates whether and how the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO)influences persistent extreme cold events(PECEs),a major type of natural disaster in boreal winter,over Northeast China.Significantly increased occurrence probabilities of PECEs over Northeast China are observed in phases 3 and 5 of the MJO,when MJOrelated convection is located over the eastern Indian Ocean and the western Pacific,respectively.Using the temperature tendency equation,it is found that the physical processes resulting in the cooling effects required for the occurrence of PECEs are distinct in the two phases of the MJO when MJO-related convection is consistently located over the warm pool area.The PECEs in phase 3 of the MJO mainly occur as a result of adiabatic cooling associated with ascending motion of the low-pressure anomaly over Northeast Asia.The cooling effect associated with phase 5 is stronger and longer than that in phase 3.The PECEs associated with phase 5 of the MJO are linked with the northwesterly cold advection of a cyclonic anomaly,which is part of the subtropical Rossby wave train induced by MJO-related convection in the tropical western Pacific.

Intraseasonal oscillation intensity over the western North Pacific:Projected changes under global warming

The 30-60-day intraseasonal oscillation(ISO) and 10-20-day ISO are two dominant oscillation modes over the western North Pacific during boreal summer.With daily data derived from eight CMIP5 models,changes of the ISO intensities are projected under the 1.5 and 2.0℃ global warming levels under the Representative Concentration Pathway(RCP) 4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios.Most of the models agree that the ISO intensities increase along a belt region from the south Indochina Peninsula(ICP) to the east to the Philippines.The variation pattern shows little difference between different warming levels or scenarios.Results indicate that the spatial distribution of ISO anomalies is related with the variation of background fields.Enriched lower-level humidity and moist static energy favor the intensity increases of ISOs,which are projected to be larger over the whole western North Pacific,with the most conspicuous changes located over the east to the Philippines for humidity but over the south of the ICP for moist static energy.In contrast,the ISOs over the west to Indonesia and northeast to the Philippines decrease,which is consistent with the local descending motions.

ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPAGATION OF INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR OBSERVED ASSOCIATION WITH TROPICAL SYNOPTIC WAVES IN THE ASIAN-WESTERN PACIFIC REGION IN BOREAL SUMMER

Using the daily average outgoing longwave radiation and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data in boreal summer(Mays to Octobers)from 1979 to 2007,the propagating characteristics of convection intraseasonal oscillations(ISOs)in the Asian-western Pacific(AWP)region and the relationship between tropical synoptic waves and ISOs are examined by means of finite-domain wavenumber-frequency energy spectrum analysis and lagged linear regression technique.The results are shown as follows.(1)The AWP ISOs propagate both eastward and westward,showing seasonality and regionality.The ISOs propagate eastward with a period of 30 to 60 days over equatorial regions in the whole AWP region,while the westward propagation occurs over 10 to 20°N western Pacific or in the late summers(August,September and October) with periods of 20 to 40 days.The ISOs eastward propagation mainly occurs in primary summers while the westward propagation enhances in late summers.(2)Deep ISO convections associate with westerly and cyclonic circulation anomalies that first form in the Indian Ocean,propagate eastward to the dateline in the Pacific and then turn northwestward.The ISOs convections show northwestward propagating characteristics in the western North Pacific.(3)The ISOs link with the tropical synoptic waves closely.Both convection signals,though with different spatio-temporal scale,enhance simutaneously in the northwestern Pacific,and the ISOs facilitate the forming of a cluster of tropical cyclones(TCs),while a cluster of TCs convection becomes one portion of the northwestward ISOs.

IMPACT OF ENSO ON THE PRECIPITATION OVER CHINA IN WINTER HALF-YEARS

In this paper, the impact of ENSO on the precipitation over China in the winter half-year is investigated diagnostically. The results show that positive precipitation anomalies with statistical significance appear over southern China in El Nio episodes, which are caused by the enhanced warm and humid southwesterlies along the East Asian coast in the lower troposphere. The enhanced southwesterlies transport more water vapor to southern China, and the convergence of water vapor over southern China increases the precipitable water and specific humidity. In La Nia episodes,although atmospheric elements change reversely, they are not statistically significant as those in El Nio periods. The possible physical mechanism of the different impact of ENSO cycle on the precipitation over southern China is investigated by analyzing the intraseasonal oscillations(ISOs) in El Nio and La Nia winter half-years, respectively. By comparing the characteristics of ISOs in El Nio and La Nia, a physical mechanism is proposed to explain the different responses of the precipitation over China to ENSO in the winter half-year. In El Nio episodes, over western North Pacific(WNP) and South China Sea(SCS) the ISOs are inactive and exert little effect on water vapor transport and convergence, inducing positive precipitation anomalies with statistical significance over southern China in El Nio episodes. In La Nia episodes, however, the ISOs are active, which weaken the interannual variation signals of ENSO over WNP and southern China and lead to the insignificance of the interannual signals related to ENSO. Therefore, the different responses of precipitation over China to ENSO in the winter half-year are possibly caused by the difference of intraseasonal oscillations over WNP and SCS between El Nio and La Nia.

Impact of Convective Momentum Transport by Deep Convection on Simulation of Tropical Intraseasonal Oscillation

This paper focuses on the impacts of convective momentum transport(CMT) on simulations of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation(TIO) in SAMIL. Two sets of experiments are performed, which give different reality of the Madden-Julian Oscillation(MJO). The Tiedtke cumulus parameterization scheme is used for all experiments. It is found that simulations of the TIO can be influenced by CMT, and the impacts on the simulated TIO depend on the model capability in simulating the MJO. CMT tends to have large influences to the model that can simulate the eastward propagation of the MJO. CMT can further influence the long-term mean of zonal wind and its vertical shear. Zonal wind suffers from easterlies biases at low level and westerlies biases at upper level when CMT is introduced. Such easterlies biases at low level reduce the reality of the simulated tropical intraseasonal oscillation. When CMT is introduced in the model, MJO signals disappear but the model's mean state improves. Therefore, a more appropriate way is needed to introduce CMT to the model to balance the simulated mean state and TIO signals.