激光冲击中的“应变屏蔽”和“约束击穿”

讨论了约束状态和激光冲击的高压、高能、超快及超高应变率对材料响应之间的2个共性问题。激光冲击时,当被冲击材料本身与表面自由约束层能完全约束受冲击区域表面的宏观形变而不影响强化效应时,称为应变屏蔽,此时被冲击件可视为厚件,材料内部将保留大量的应变微结构;反之,当被冲击材料不能约束冲击能量而产生宏观形变时,称为约束击穿,此时被冲击件可视为薄件,冲击效果以塑性变形为主。最后扼要介绍了这2种现象在材料表面强化和微成形制造领域中的应用。

激光冲击及其对金属材料组织和性能的影响

激光冲击是一项用短脉冲(ns级)强激光辐照覆盖有吸收层和约束层的金属材料表面从而改善其性能的高新技术。其原理是,当激光冲击波诱导的应力峰值超过材料的动态屈服极限时,材料的表层就会发生形变等现象。激光冲击的效果与激光的能量、光斑直径、被冲击材料的原始状态等因素有关。激光冲击可在材料表面获得应变强化,从而提高材料的疲劳性能和抗应力腐蚀能力等,还可用于金属板的微成形制造。

Binding Energies of Screened Excitons in a Strained(111)-Oriented Zinc-Blende GaN/AlGaN Quantum Well Under Hydrostatic Pressure

We investigate the binding energies of excitons in a strained （111）-oriented zinc-blende GaN/Al0.3 Ga0.7 N quantum well screened by the electron-hole （e-h） gas under hydrostatic pressure by combining a variational method and a selfconsistent procedure. A built-in electric field produced by the strain-induced piezoelectric polarization is considered in our calculations. The result indicates that the binding energies of excitons increase nearly linearly with pressure,even though the modification of strain with hydrostatic pressure is considered, and the influence of pressure is more apparent under higher e-h densities. It is also found that as the density of an e-h gas increases,the binding energies first increase slowly to a maximum and then decrease rapidly when the e-h density is larger than about 1 ×10^11 cm^-2. The excitonic binding energies increase obviously as the barrier thickness decreases due to the decrease of the built-in electric field.

激光冲击诱导的45钢平衡组织的应变行为

利用波长为1.054μm脉宽为20 ns的Nd:glass激光器对表面覆有铝箔的退火态45钢进行了激光冲击处理。用光学显微镜和扫描电镜、X射线应力分析仪及显微硬度计对激光冲击试样的微结构演变、残余应力和硬度分别进行了观察和测试。结果表明,在"完全约束"和几近绝热的条件下,激光诱发的冲击波的超高应变率使45钢表面产生一系列应变效应。激光冲击在试样表面产生的残余压应力可达425 MPa;激光冲击对材料内部各相的显微硬度有显著影响;受激光冲击后,珠光体中的渗碳体依据其位相出现不同程度的破碎现象;先共析铁素体内产生位错和孪晶,形变孪晶呈现薄透镜片状和交互状。