大西洋中北部双频微地动特征

本文对大西洋中北部两侧五个地震台站2015年记录到的地震数据进行处理,计算噪声功率谱密度和概率密度函数,并通过极化分析对双频微地动不同周期的主导源区方位角分布进行了分析。研究结果显示:大西洋中北部台站双频微地动发生显著分裂,各台站的峰值周期各不同,且来自相同方向和不同方向的双频微地动都有可能产生双频微地动分裂;大西洋中北部的噪声功率谱密度随季节变化复杂,部分台站冬季的功率谱密度振幅比夏季强,部分台站夏季的比冬季强;而大西洋中北部台站源区方位受季节影响不大,台站主要源区的方位不变,且两季的源区方位角在大范围内重合;大西洋东岸中北部台站,夏季受台站以南大西洋源区影响更多,冬季受台站以北大西洋源区影响更多;靠近加勒比海位于大西洋西岸的台站,其双频微地动源区方向在冬季和夏季都更多地指向加勒比海;大西洋西岸纬度最低的台站MPG,其双频微地动在冬季主要受台站以北大西洋源区的影响,而在夏季则同时受到台站以北大西洋源区和台站西南方位很可能源于太平洋源区的共同影响。

2016年台风“尼伯特”激发微地动的频率特征分析

台风可以改变海面波浪状态并激发出微地动信号,该信号可以传播至陆地并被宽频带地震仪记录到。本研究以201601号台风"尼伯特"为例,利用短时傅里叶变换,分析了7月3日12时至7月9日0时台风期间中国台湾和日本114个宽频带地震仪垂向分量信号功率谱特征。分析结果发现,在7月5日至7月7日之间,当台风距离台站1500~2000km时,中国台湾、琉球群岛及屋久岛的33个地震台站的地振动信号功率谱密度值显著增强,7月5日前后,在0.4Hz频率左右出现功率谱密度值增强的现象,之后由高频转至低频,7月7日左右功率谱密度值增强频率变化至约0.2Hz。利用全球地震背景噪声能量辐射模型模拟KGM台站所在位置(128.22°E,26.76°N)的双频微地动功率谱,结果表明7月5日至7日0.2~0.4Hz功率谱密度值增强,频率由约0.4Hz变化至0.2Hz的现象为海岸线反射效应所致。

2011年日本MW9.0地震引发的海啸对地震背景噪声的影响

基于北美沿岸和内陆地震台站的连续地震波形记录,并结合沿岸台站附近布设的DART系统记录的海底压力数据以及预测潮汐数据,利用时频分析和极化分析方法对2011年3月11日日本东北部海域M_(W)9.0大地震所激发的海啸对地震背景噪声所产生的影响予以深入分析。结果显示:海啸对高频噪声(1.3—1.5 Hz)以及短周期双频微地动噪声(0.18—0.4 Hz)的影响较小,但海啸显著增强了长周期双频微地动(0.1—0.15 Hz)、单频微地动(0.05—0.08 Hz)以及地球背景自由振荡(0.004—0.007 Hz)的振幅,且随着噪声频率的降低,这种振幅增强的影响更明显,影响的持续时间也更长;海啸到达近岸时,对附近台站的各频段噪声均有影响,成为各频段噪声的主控能量来源,且其位置在后续过程中会随时间变化。这表明海啸对噪声特征的影响与海啸传播特性有关,即海啸在传播过程中因受水深、海底地形以及近岸地形的反射、衍射等的影响,能量聚集区域随时间而变化,并非均匀地传播到海岸,从而导致了不同频带噪声主极化方向随时间的变化。

Research on Nitrogen Removal and Microorganism in a Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland System in Sihong County

Experiments in monitoring the removal of organic material and nitrogen and determining the amounts of mi- croorganism at different sites in the subsurface flow constructed wetland in Sihong county were performed. The results show that the removal of CODCr agrees with the kinetic equation of a first order reaction. The removal of pollutants varies with different seasons. The removal rates of CODCr, NH3-N, TN in the spring are 15%–23% higher than those in the autumn. The amount of ammonifier is larger than that of denitrifying bacteria and the amount of denitrifying bacte- ria is larger than that of nitrosomonas. The amount of bacteria around the plant roots is larger than that on the surface of the packing medium. No apparent change is observed for the amount of denitrifying bacteria and nitrosomonas between spring and autumn.

Transient response of a spherical cavity with a partially sealed shell embedded in viscoelastic saturated soil

Based on Biot’s wave equation, this paper discusses the transient response of a spherical cavity with a partially sealed shell embedded in viscoelastic saturated soil. The analytical solution is derived for the transient response to an axisymmetric surface load and fluid pressure in Laplace transform domain. Numerical results are obtained by inverting the Laplace transform presented by Durbin, and are used to analyze the influences of the partial permeable property of boundary and relative rigidity of shell and soil on the transient response of the spherical cavity. It is shown that the influence of these two parameters is remarkable. The available solutions of permeable and impermeable boundary without shell are only two extreme cases of this paper.

Study on Active Faults in Quaternary Unconsolidated Sediments by Microstructural Method

Active faults in Quaternary unconsolidated sediments are important indicators to determine paleoearthquake events. They can be studied by macroscopic geological survey, but some problems have been encountered, such as invisible active faults. The authors found an approach to solve these problems by microstructural observation. Firstly, oriented original-state samples of Quaternary unconsolidated sediments in active fault zones are collected. Secondly, the samples are consolidated in laboratory. Thirdly, microstructural slides are ground in three-dimension coordinate system. Lastly, microstructures are observed in the microscopic field. By this method, the movement properties of active faults can be determined in lack of the support of macroscopic data. The invisible faults in Quaternary unconsolidated sediments can be found and described. The mechanisms of die-out faults can be also studied. Moreover, the boundaries between different unconsolidated sediments in engineering sites can be studied to judge whether they are active faults or not.

Geographical distribution of red and green Noctiluca scintillans

The dinoflagellate Noctiluca scintillans is one of the most important and abundant red tide organisms and it is distributed world-wide. It occurs in two forms. Red Noctiluca is heterotrophic and fills the role of one of the microzooplankton grazers in the foodweb. In contrast, green Noctiluca contains a photosynthetic symbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae （a prasinophyte）, but it also feeds on other plankton when the food supply is abundant. In this review, we document the global distribution of these two forms and include the first maps of their global distribution. Red Noctiluca occurs widely in the temperate to sub-tropical coastal regions of the world. It occurs over a wide temperature range of about 10℃ to 25℃ and at higher salinities （generally not in estuaries）. It is particularly abundant in high productivity areas such as upwelling or eutrophic areas where diatoms dominate since they are its preferred food source. Green Noctiluca is much more restricted to a temperature range of 25℃-30℃ and mainly occurs in tropical waters of Southeast Asia, Bay of Bengal （east coast of India）, in the eastern, western and northern Arabian Sea, the Red Sea, and recently it has become very abundant in the Gulf of Oman. Red and green Noctiluca do overlap in their distribution in the eastern, northern and western Arabian Sea with a seasonal shift from green Noctiluca in the cooler winter convective mixing, higher productivity season, to red Noctiluca in the more oligotrophic warmer summer season.

Excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence:Similarities and differences between deep parallel tunnels with alternating soft-hard strata

Excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence in deep underground projects provide invaluable information that can be used to warn rockburst occurrence,facilitate rockburst mitigation procedures,and analyze the mechanisms responsible for their occurrence.Based on the deep parallel tunnels with the maximum depth of 1890 m created as part of the Neelum–Jhelum hydropower project in Pakistan,similarities and differences on excavation-induced microseismicity and rockburst occurrence between parallel tunnels with soft and hard alternant strata are studied.Results show that a large number of microseismic(MS)events occurred in each of the parallel tunnels during excavation.Rockbursts occurred most frequently in certain local sections of the two tunnels.Significant differences are found in the excavation-induced microseismicity(spatial distribution and number of MS events,distribution of MS energy,and pattern of microseismicity variation)and rockbursts characteristics(the number and the spatial distribution)between the parallel tunnels.Attempting to predict the microseismicity and rockburst intensities likely to be encountered in subsequent tunnel based on the activity encountered when the parallel tunnel was previously excavated will not be an easy or accurate procedure in deep tunnel projects involving complex lithological conditions.

Sedimentary Micro-phase Automatic Recognition Based on BP Neural Network

In the process of geologic prospecting and development, it is important to forecast the distribution of gritstone, master the regulation of physical parameter in the reserves mass level. Especially, it is more important to recognize to rock phase and sedimentary circumstance. In the land level, the study of sedimentary phase and micro-phase is important to prospect and develop. In this paper, an automatic approach based on ANN (Artificial Neural Networks) is proposed to recognize sedimentary phase, the corresponding system is designed after the character of well general curves is considered. Different from the approach extracting feature parameters, the proposed approach can directly process the input curves. The proposed method consists of two steps: The first step is called learning. In this step, the system creates automatically sedimentary micro-phase features by learning from the standard sedimentary micro-phase patterns such as standard electric current phase curves of the well and standard resistance rate curves of the well. The second step is called recognition. In this step, based the results of the learning step, the system classifies automatically by comparing the standard pattern curves of the well to unknown pattern curves of the well. The experiment has demonstrated that the proposed approach is more effective than those approaches used previously.

Frequency spectrum analysis on micro-seismic signal of rock bursts induced by dynamic disturbance

Blasting and breaking of hard roof are main inducing causes of rock bursts in coal mines with danger of rock burst,and it is important to find out the frequency spectrum distribution laws of these dynamic stress waves and rock burst waves for researching the mechanism of rock burst.In this paper,Fourier transform as a micro-seismic signal conversion method of amplitude-time character to amplitude-frequency character is used to analyze the frequency spectrum characters of micro-seismic signal of blasting,hard roof breaking and rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance in order to find out the difference and relativity of different signals.The results indicate that blasting and breaking of hard roof are high frequency signals,and the peak values of dominant frequency of the signals are single.However,the results indicate that the rock bursts induced by the dynamic disturbance are low frequency signals,and there are two obvious peak values in the amplitude-frequency curve witch shows that the signals of rock bursts are superposition of low frequency signals and high frequency signals.The research conclusions prove that dynamic disturbance is necessary condition for rock bursts,and the conclusions provide a new way to research the mechanism of rock bursts.

Microseismic Concentration Zones before and after the February 12,2014 M_S 7.3 Yutian Earthquake and the Possible Indication of an Earthquake Risk Zone

Since 2001, there have occurred in succession the 2001 Kunlun Mountains M S8. 1earthquake,the 2008 Wenchuan M S8. 0 earthquake,the 2010 Yushu M S7. 1 earthquake and the 2012 Lushan M S7. 0 earthquake in the periphery of the Bayan Har block. By comparison of the characteristics of seismic strain release variations before and after the Kunlun Mountains M S8. 1 earthquake in the same time length in the geodynamical related regions,we found that the seismic strain release was obviously enhanced after the earthquake in the Longmenshan area,Batang area,and the NS-trending valleys at the west of the Hot Spring Basin. The Wenchuan earthquake occurred in the first area,and the Yushu earthquake is related to the second area. After the earthquake rupture occurred on the East Kunlun fault zone on the northern boundary of the Bayan Har Block,crustal materials on the south side of the fault zone migrated to the southeast,leading to a concentration of tectonic deformation in the Longmenshan thrust belt, e ventually rupturing on the Longmenshan thrust belt. This earthquake case illustrates that seismicity enhancement zones are possibly prone to long-term destructive earthquakes. After the M S7. 3 earthquake in Yutian,Xinjiang on February 12,2014,earthquake frequency and seismic strain release markedly increased in the junction area between the eastern Qilian Mountain tectonic belt and the Altun Tagh fault zone,where more attention should be paid to the long-term seismic risk.

The Co-seismic Response of Underground Fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal MS8.1 Earthquake

In this paper,statistics are taken on the co-seismic response of underground fluid in Yunnan to the Nepal M_S8. 1 earthquake,and the co-seismic response characteristics of the water level and water temperature are analyzed and summarized with the digital data. The results show that the Nepal M_S8. 1 earthquake had greater impact on the Yunnan region,and the macro and micro dynamics of fluids showed significant co-seismic response. The earthquake recording capacity of water level and temperature measurement is significantly higher than that of water radon and water quality to this large earthquake; the maximum amplitude and duration of co-seismic response of water level and water temperature vary greatly in different wells. The changing forms are dominated by fluctuation and step rise in water level,and a rising or falling restoration in water temperature. From the records of the main shock and the maximum strong aftershock,we can see that the greater magnitude of earthquake,the higher ratio of the occurrence of co-seismic response,and in the same well,the larger the response amplitude,as well as the longer the duration. The amplitude and duration of co-seismic response recorded by different instruments in a same well are different. Water temperature co-seismic response almost occurred in wells with water level response,indicating that the well water level and water temperature are closely related in co-seismic response,and the well water temperature seismic response was caused mainly by well water level seismic response.

Essential Oil Composition of Endemic Pimpinella tunceliana YiId. from Turkey for the First Time

The objective of this study was to examine the essential oil ofPimpinella tunceliana Yild. growing wild in the Eastern part of Turkey for the first time. Obtained results were discussed with the genus patterns and natural products. The essential oil of P. tunceliana was analyzed by head space-solid phase microextraction （HS-SPME）/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） technique, and 50 compounds were identified, representing 96.3% of the oil. The main constituents of P. tunceliana were β-caryophyllene （13.9%）, β-bisabolene （10.4%）, anethole （9.3%）, sabinene （7.5%）, limonene （6.9%） and germacrene D （6.8%）. In this study, essential oil contents of P. tunceliana that is a new and endemic species was studied for the first time, and important results were presented in respect to the composition of the oil of this new species of Pimpinella.