Does Environmental Regulation Weaken Industrial Competitiveness?Inspirations from China’s Iron and Steel Sector

China＇s economic growth is heavily influenced by exports, while reconciling environmental regulation and economic growth requires handling the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness well. The effects of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness are largely subject to the institutional design of environmental regulation. Despite numerous studies on the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness, a consensus has yet to be reached. Aside from differences in research methodology, these studies failed to give sufficient consideration to the impact of environmental regulation on industrial competitiveness. Such effects can be negative or positive depending on the design of environmental regulatory policy. This paper has investigated the relationship between environmental regulation and the competitiveness of China＇s iron and steel industry and discovered that tighter environmental regulation does not diminish the competitiveness of the iron and steel industry since the policy design of environmental regulation accommodates the tolerance of advanced production capacity and includes a reasonable cost sharing mechanism. This discovery is of important reference for China to develop rational policy design to balance the relationship between environmental regulation and industrial competitiveness.

Rate of local tumor progression following radiofrequency ablation of pathologically early hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM To evaluate whether pathologically early hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) exhibited local tumor progression after radiofrequency ablation(RFA) less often than typical HCC.METHODS Fifty pathologically early HCCs [tumor diameter(mm): mean, 15.8; range, 10-23; follow-up days after RFA: median, 1213; range, 216-2137] and 187 typical HCCs [tumor diameter(mm): mean, 15.6; range, 6-30; follow-up days after RFA: median, 1116; range, 190-2328] were enrolled in this retrospective study. The presence of stromal invasion(namely, tumor cell invasion into the intratumoral portal tracts) was considered to be the most important pathologic finding for the diagnosis of early HCCs. Typical HCC was defined as the presence of a hyper-vascular lesion accompanied by delayed washout using contrastenhanced computed tomography or contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Follow-up examinations were performed at 3-mo intervals to monitor for signs of local tumor progression. The local tumor progression rates of pathologically early HCCs and typical HCCs were then determined using the Kaplan-Meier method.RESULTS During the follow-up period for the 50 pathologically early HCCs, 49(98%) of the nodules did not exhibit local tumor progression. However, 1 nodule(2%) was associated with a local tumor progression found 636 d after RFA. For the 187 typical HCCs, 46(24.6%) of the nodules exhibited local recurrence after RFA. The follow-up period until the local tumor progression of typical HCC was a median of 605 d, ranging from 181 to 1741 d. Among the cases with typical HCCs, local tumor progression had occurred in 7.0%(7/187), 16.0%(30/187), 21.9%(41/187) and 24.6%(46/187) of the cases at 1, 2, 3 and 4 years, respectively. Pathologically early HCC was statistically associated with a lower rate of local tumor progression, compared with typical HCC, when evaluated using a log-rank test(P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The rate of local tumor progression for pathologically early HCCs after RFA was significantly lower than that for typical HCCs.

Recent Experience of the Effects of Intervention on Exchange Rates

Recently, foreign exchange rates have been highly volatile all over the world. This article reports on an empirical examination of the effectiveness of foreign exchange market intervention in Tokyo foreign exchange market. In Japan, intervention in the foreign exchange market has occurred frequently and largely. In 2010, exchange rates fluctuated greatly, and the Japanese yen appreciated greatly against other foreign currencies. The Bank of Japan （BOJ） conducted an intervention in the foreign exchange market and bought massive USD to weaken the yen. They are expected to prevent too much appreciation of the yen, to promote export, and expansion of the economy. Recent foreign exchange market intervention in Tokyo has been effective in preventing the Japanese yen from appreciating against other currencies. Also, unsterilization has had a positive effect on depreciation of the yen. Moreover, news announcements by the Bank of Japan （BOJ） has led to depreciation of the yen. Effective announcements would increase the effects on markets. Sterilization in intervention and market communication are both taken into account in this article. The BOJ＇s news announcements seem to convey to markets adequately and communication between the bank and markets functions well. Moreover, the past exchange rate （i.e., the signaling effect） also is important to the movement of exchange rates. On the other hand, portfolio channel is not found

Grain Business

CCPIT Grain Business Sub-Council was found in 1996,and has been continu- ous making efforts on promoting grain business international communication and exchanges,and trade in imports and exports.As China is a

A Ternary 4-Point Approximating Subdivision Scheme

In this paper, the author presents a class of stationary ternary 4-point approximating symmetrical subdivision algorithm that reproduces cubic polynomials. By these subdivision algorithms at each refinement step, new insertion control points on a finer grid are computed by weighted sums of already existing control points. In the limit of the recursive process, data is defined on a dense set of point, The objective is to find an improved subdivision approximating algorithm which has a smaller support and a higher approximating order. The author chooses a ternary scheme because the best way to get a smaller support is to pass from the binary to ternary or complex algorithm and uses polynomial reproducing propriety to get higher approximation order. Using the cardinal Lagrange polynomials the author has proposed a 4-point approximating ternary subdivision algorithm and found that a higher regularity of limit function does not guarantee a higher approximating order. The proposed 4-point ternary approximation subdivision family algorithms with the mask a have the limit function in C2 and have approximation order 4. Also the author has demonstrated that in this class there is no algorithm whose limit function is in C3. It can be seen that this stationary ternary 4-point approximating symmetrical subdivision algorithm has a lower computational cost than the 6-point binary approximation subdivision algorithm for a greater range of points.

Study on the Internationalization and the Localization of Foreign Music Education Philosophy into the Process of Music Education in China

In the music education universities in China,the international music education and localization problem is a key problem in current society.It is also the music Chinese universities that must be facing the problem in education development.In current international society today in our country, the international music education in China has also become the trend of music education,and how the music education internationalization at the same time keeps the Chinese traditional music culture has become a common problem that today＇ s music industry pays attention to.In this paper, it makes the analysis and discussion on the internationalization of foreign music education idea introducing to our country＇ s music education process and localization problem.

Costs and Strategies on Urbanization of Chinese Megacities’ Rural Areas Based on a Case Study of Beijing

As urbanization expands＇ into the suburbs of Chinese cities, the conversion of farmers into citizens with urban social protection is becoming an important issue facing Chinese megacities. Taking Beijing as an example, this paper has calculated the one-off urbanization cost of farmers in China and arrived at the results of 500, 000 yuan per person for urbanization of centralized target regions in the suburb and 200, 000 yuan per person for urbanization of scattered target regions in the exurb. This paper considers that a diversified cost sharing mechanism should be put into place for the step-by-step urbanization of farmers. In addition, policy recommendations are proposed regarding the functional transformation of collective economic organizations, eradication of the urban-rural divide, enhancement of land system innovation and policy improvements for urbanization of rural residents.

Investigation of Shoreline and Topographic Change on the West Side of the Imagire-Guchi Inlet, Japan

Near the Imagire-guchi inlet, which is the target area in this study, the shoreline on the west side of a jetty retreats because of a decrease in sediment supply from the east side upstream. This study attempts to analyze the shoreline and topographic changes around the inlet through analysis of GPS （global position system） measurements and digitized shoreline from aerial photographs. In addition, the DoC （depth of closure） is determined by examining datasets of cross-shore profiles and by calculations using the Hallermeier equation （1981） based on the offshore wave height and period. The results obtained by GPS indicate coastal erosion caused by waves generated by typhoons. The gradual recovery of the shoreline position after the typhoons struck was also captured by the GPS survey. However, analysis of the aerial photographs reveals that the shoreline on the west side of the jetty fluctuated widely. The cross-shore profile datasets reveal that closure depth far from the inlet was deeper than that near the inlet.

Effects of China's Administrative Approval Reforms on Transaction Cost and Economic Growth

China＇s economic growth miracle despite complicated administrative approval formalities prompted us to raise the following question： ls it true that reforming administrative approval will promote economic growth？ Based on our analysis on market entry, we discovered that reforming administrative approval will spur economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. Administrative approval may suppress social cost and propel China＇s economic growth; China＇s gradualist approval reforms may indeed propel economic growth by reducing transaction cost for firms. With the data of prefecture-level cities during 2000-2013 and data of companies listed on the SME board during 2010-2014, we tested the effects of approval reforms on economic growth and on transaction cost, and employed instrumental variable and PSM for the treatment of the endogeneity problem - all these tests led to robust and consistent results. Moreover, we discovered that difference in government policy implementation in the approval process is the root cause of corruption and rent seeking.

Evolutionary Finance： The Case of TEDPIX Tracker Fund Selection

Optimal allocation of financial resources is a critical factor in investment decisions. A proper action in this regard requires the existence of appropriate bases and investing tools and techniques in the capital market. One of these effective methods which is considered as the basis of new investment strategies, in addition to multiple unique features, is called index tracking. By considering the undeniable role of this approach in the future of capital markets, its investigation and implementation have been considered in this research and so the problem of optimal Tehran Exchange Dividend Price Index （TEDPIX） tracker fund selection is studied using a hybrid approach of genetic algorithm and quadratic programming. Neural network was applied to simulate unavailable data. Results illustrate the exactness and acceptable performance of the formed portfolios in several iterations such that achieving similar and even better performance compared to the index is a distinctive characteristic of the proposed algorithm.

Internationalization and the Structure of the Company＇s Marketing Strategy on International Markets Theoretical Remarks

The paper presents theoretical reflection upon international marketing strategy in the framework of internationalization and globalization of the market. It consists of four parts. The first one debates the nature and reasons for corporate internationalization. The second part shows an international marketing strategy in the concept of corporate expansion. The strategy consists of two elements： the basic dimensions of foreign market entry modes （part 3） and business presence strategies in overseas markets （part 4）. This paper proposes a theoretical framework for research conducted by Department of Marketing of the Cracow University of Economics. The research has been conducted as a part of grant received by Polish National Centre of Science.

Holistic Approaches for Renovation of Large Housing Areas in Japan

Social imbalance and obsolescence of the built environment has emerged in large sized housing estates in metropolises. In particular, the requirement of such planned housing areas has not matched public service provided by the infrastructure. On not only physical but also social aspect of local communities of this kind of housing area have a lot of problems while it also has a lot of good characteristics. A representative one is that age of the tenants is rising very swiftly and it makes the local community imbalanced. Nowadays many countries including Japan have tackled problems concerning housing estates constructed during the mass housing era and try to search for ways to reactivate so-called new town areas by utilisation of existing environmental resources such as building stock and ample green open space. In Japan many elemental technologies have been developed in order to utilise existing building stock. However, how to combine these technologies and new holistic methods for reactivation are still underdeveloped. Therefore, it is very important to fred these ways and to make a comprehensive plan for rehabilitation of these areas. The first purpose of our study is to develop and clarify how to organise and integrate many kinds of elemental techniques and the holistic measures for the improvement of both social and physical environment in suburban mass housing estates. Subsequently we try to reorganise proper relations between human settlements and the various service provision for those regions. Our last focus is put on searching for new ways to raise the value of existing housing environment. Our conclusion intends to indicate important of the master plan and its execution, where mass housing estates progress for the physical and social improvement.

Thinking on the Outlet of the Disputes in Northeast Asian Seas： A perspective of International System Evolution

Russia-Japan and China-Japan Island Disputes have gradually garnered attention as the top hot spot in Northeast Asia. The Japanese government＇s claim of＂nationalization＂ of Diaoyu Island is worsening the tensions in China and Japan＇s economic and trade cooperation, the exchange of personnel and politics and military fields. Approaching the issue from the perspective of the international system evolution can provide us a new way of solving the problem. Because of the unsettlement of the new intemational system, shelving disputes is the most feasible approach.

Divisia Decomposition Method and Its Application to Changes of Net Oil Import Intensity

The existing oil import dependence index cannot exactly measure the economic cost or scales, and it is difficult to describe the economical aspect of oil security. To measure the foreign dependence of one country's economy and reflect its oil economic security, this paper defines the net oil import intensity as the ratio of net oil import cost to GDP. By using Divisia Index Decomposition, the change of net oil import intensity in five industrialized countries and five newly industrialized countries during 1971—2010 is decomposed into five factors: oil price, oil intensity, oil self-sufficiency, domestic price level and exchange rate. The result shows that the dominating factors are oil price and oil intensity; moreover, the newly industrialized countries have higher net oil import intensity than industrialized countries.

The general laws of the evolution of the county governance in our country before the founding of the new China

Since the Qin Dynasty started the county system to the foundation of China, ＂county＂ has been the basic unit of the centralized state in our country. Although the county-level governance mode is stable, its evolution has laws to follow. Generally speaking, the rules are that the scale of the county government is small for a long time and the governmental functions in the long term are fixed. The roles of the clan organizations in the social governance are increasingly strengthened and the slow development and roles of other social organizations outside the clan organizations are increasing.

Design and Application of Web-Based Virtual Exhibition

Owing to the staggering tempo of progress of scientific technology, virtual technology is gradually applied to display the items once exhibited in the traditional exhibition hall via intemet, thus both breaking the space-time limitations and shrinking operating cost. Based on this cognition, extensive investigation and discussion were performed on the design and application of virtual exhibition through analysis o fits concept and characteristics, where the people showing great concern in this regard could find a reference.

The Cost Analysis on the Law Regulation for Recycling Economy

The paper analyzes the external economy of pollution, Two different cost models of enterprises are established From the point of enterprises and the government, the measures of eliminating the externalily are discussed, and the limits the measures are analyzed.

Evolution of research methods in Psychology

psychology has more than 100 years developmwnt history, and make great success during this time. But in the after development, psychology met the unprecedented contradiction and conflict, facing division and broken, and in the embrassmed situation of divorced from society, positive psychology is emerge as the times requirement in this crisis. In order to better guide the development to positive psychology, providing philosophical theory and instructions on methodology,it is neeessary to discuss about the positive psycholog from a philosophical perspective. Since 1879 the western modern psychology come into being, the psychology of natural science orientation has been the mainstream of psychology. In addition, admit the uniqueness of man, attention to people＇s inner experience of humanistic psychology, also occupies a space in the confrontation with the reflection of the mainstream of scientific psychology, positive psychology from the research content to lead psychology to another port, but the research methods are not completely abandon the previous research methods of positivism psychology, but more introduced humanism based on the oositivism research method of scientific oriented.

China＇s Current Inflation： Characteristics, Causes and Countermeasures

China＇s current inflation differs from that of the 1980s. The Current inflation is being caused by factors from both the supply and demand sides, and should therefore be addressed from both sides as well With a new policy analysis framework, we suggest that China now needs to adopt a policy combination of ＂supply expansion and demand tightening.＂ Demand tightening should mainly rely on the policy of quantitative monetary tightening, which specifically includes further tightening of capital controls and encouragement of outbound investment. Supply expansion should mainly rely on policies of tax cuts, Renminbi appreciation, reform, improvement of administration, and technological progress.

The Production of Patents and Evolution of the Production of Knowledge around Snow Avalanches

Scientific research on snow avalanches is relatively modem, yet in constant and rapid evolution, as the multiple disciplines involved in its development will, in turn, become more specialized and more technical. Patents are part of research and knowledge production. The scientific community and policy makers are increasingly interested in production of knowledge collaboratively. Almost all of the research being conducted on snow avalanches uses technology, technique or instrumentation. One main objective of this study is to draw from the literature the many technologies, techniques and instrumentations that are being used in research related to avalanches. Thus, a textual analysis of the most significant literature in the field of snow avalanches was done. In this analysis, techniques, technologies and instrumentations have emerged. A patent search has been done in databases. Subsequently, patents were conceptualized. The proportion of applicants for patents is higher in industry than in universities. The measure of exploration of the ongoing sociocognitive transformations of science and technology systems presents a useful tool to conduct a study to explore these transformations. It would be interesting for the scientific community, but also for the industry, to elaborate concept mapping when applied to avalanche research, which would help in determining referents.