氮肥的过量施用会造成资源浪费和环境污染,不利于农业生产发展。为探索黄淮海地区夏玉米生产上氮肥的投入量,以该地区20个玉米机收品种为研究对象,通过在两个试验点设置0 kg N·hm^-2(不施氮,N0)、120 kg N·hm^-2(较正常施氮...氮肥的过量施用会造成资源浪费和环境污染,不利于农业生产发展。为探索黄淮海地区夏玉米生产上氮肥的投入量,以该地区20个玉米机收品种为研究对象,通过在两个试验点设置0 kg N·hm^-2(不施氮,N0)、120 kg N·hm^-2(较正常施氮量减少1/2,N1)、160 kg N·hm^-2(减氮1/3,N2)、200 kg N·hm^-2(减氮1/6,N3)和240 kg N·hm^-2(正常施氮量,N4)共5个施氮处理,研究了各品种在不同施氮水平下产量和生物量分配的差异以及产量和生物量之间的关系。结果表明,与N4相比,N3和N2下产量未有显著下降,品种WY178和WK518表现为高产。河南郸城点,N2、N3和N4处理间的产量差异不明显,平均较N0产量提高18.0%,WY178在N0、N2和N4处理下均表现为高产。陕西户县点,N3和N4处理间产量差异不明显,平均较N0增加13.3%,品种DH528和WK518在N0、N2和N4处理下均表现为高产。随施氮量增加,河南郸城点玉米地上部总生物量呈先增后降趋势,在N2下达最高,为19.12 t·hm^-2;而陕西户县点的生物量无显著变化,平均为19.64 t·hm^-2。各机收品种的总生物量在河南郸城点以WY178和WK518最高,二者无显著差异,陕西户县点以WK518最高,为22.18 t·hm^-2;各机收品种间的生物量差异主要来源于籽粒和茎等器官,相对于其他品种,WK518籽粒和XD724茎重较高,平均分别为10.61和5.48 t·hm^-2。施氮量与产量、总生物量呈显著正相关,总生物量和产量间的回归方程达显著水平。因此,黄淮海地区使用WK518和WY178等高产品种,采取减施氮肥1/6~1/3(施氮量在160~200 kg N·hm^-2)等措施能够保证玉米达到高产高效的目的。展开更多
以京农科728等24个我国生产大面积推广的玉米品种为研究材料,比较不同类型玉米品种的冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性差异,为适宜机收籽粒玉米品种选育和推广提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:(1)参试玉米品种平均机收产量、籽粒含水率、破碎...以京农科728等24个我国生产大面积推广的玉米品种为研究材料,比较不同类型玉米品种的冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性差异,为适宜机收籽粒玉米品种选育和推广提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:(1)参试玉米品种平均机收产量、籽粒含水率、破碎率和杂质率分别为11,658.78 kg hm^(2)、24.66%、3.90%和0.83%。其中,以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个适宜机收籽粒玉米品种平均机收产量为11,802.70 kg hm^(2),显著高于郑单958和先玉335,分别增产7.69%和4.45%;收获时籽粒含水率均低于28%(平均为24.61%);破碎率低于5%(平均为3.42%),均达到国家机收籽粒标准。(2)以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个宜粒收玉米品种穗上茎叶夹角小,株型紧凑,冠层平均透光率高,冠层光分布更合理。(3)参试品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量平均为34.10μmol CO_(2)m^(-2)s^(-1)和8.91mg m^(2),其中以京2416为父本组配的18个品种净光合速率平均为35.21μmol CO_(2)m^(-2)s^(-1),较郑单958和先玉335高19.60%和6.73%;叶绿素含量平均为9.87 mg m^(2),较郑单958和先玉335高61.54%和68.43%。(4)以京2416为父本组配的18个品种灌浆速率和生理成熟后脱水速率分别平均为0.83 g 100-grain;d^(-1)和0.55%d^(-1),均显著高于郑单958和先玉335,表现为较低的收获时籽粒含水率。(5)相关分析表明,参试玉米品种产量与净光合速率、灌浆速率呈极显著正相关;净光合速率与茎叶夹角呈极显著负相关,与透光率、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关;收获时籽粒含水率与破碎率、杂质率和生理成熟时籽粒含水率呈极显著正相关,与生理成熟后脱水速率呈极显著负相关,与灌浆速率呈显著负相关。由此可见,以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个玉米品种株型紧凑、冠层透光率高、光合能力强、籽粒灌浆和脱水速率高,可实现较低的籽粒含水率和较高的机收籽粒质量。展开更多
Due to the relatively late start of organic rice(Oryza sativa L.) research in China,there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties,organic fertilizer management practices,and especially the mechanisms ...Due to the relatively late start of organic rice(Oryza sativa L.) research in China,there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties,organic fertilizer management practices,and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen(N) uptake and utilization.Three rice varieties,Nanjing 5055,Nanjing 9108,and Nanjing 46,were grown under organic farming(OF) at three organic fertilizer levels(103.2,160.8,and 218.4 kg N ha^(-1)) and conventional farming(CF) with regular chemical fertilizers.Rice grain yields,yield components,and quality,dry matter accumulation,and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons.Compared with CF,OF had a significantly reduced yield.Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and percentage of filled grains,and had the lowest yield.The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties.The N content and uptake in organically grown rice were lower compared with those of rice under CF.The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower,whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF.Under OF,the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline,protein content and gel consistency increased,and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF.Correlation analysis showed that under OF,grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake.The medium organic fertilizer level(160.8 kg N ha^(-1)) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment,and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation.To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture,further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation.展开更多
文摘氮肥的过量施用会造成资源浪费和环境污染,不利于农业生产发展。为探索黄淮海地区夏玉米生产上氮肥的投入量,以该地区20个玉米机收品种为研究对象,通过在两个试验点设置0 kg N·hm^-2(不施氮,N0)、120 kg N·hm^-2(较正常施氮量减少1/2,N1)、160 kg N·hm^-2(减氮1/3,N2)、200 kg N·hm^-2(减氮1/6,N3)和240 kg N·hm^-2(正常施氮量,N4)共5个施氮处理,研究了各品种在不同施氮水平下产量和生物量分配的差异以及产量和生物量之间的关系。结果表明,与N4相比,N3和N2下产量未有显著下降,品种WY178和WK518表现为高产。河南郸城点,N2、N3和N4处理间的产量差异不明显,平均较N0产量提高18.0%,WY178在N0、N2和N4处理下均表现为高产。陕西户县点,N3和N4处理间产量差异不明显,平均较N0增加13.3%,品种DH528和WK518在N0、N2和N4处理下均表现为高产。随施氮量增加,河南郸城点玉米地上部总生物量呈先增后降趋势,在N2下达最高,为19.12 t·hm^-2;而陕西户县点的生物量无显著变化,平均为19.64 t·hm^-2。各机收品种的总生物量在河南郸城点以WY178和WK518最高,二者无显著差异,陕西户县点以WK518最高,为22.18 t·hm^-2;各机收品种间的生物量差异主要来源于籽粒和茎等器官,相对于其他品种,WK518籽粒和XD724茎重较高,平均分别为10.61和5.48 t·hm^-2。施氮量与产量、总生物量呈显著正相关,总生物量和产量间的回归方程达显著水平。因此,黄淮海地区使用WK518和WY178等高产品种,采取减施氮肥1/6~1/3(施氮量在160~200 kg N·hm^-2)等措施能够保证玉米达到高产高效的目的。
文摘以京农科728等24个我国生产大面积推广的玉米品种为研究材料,比较不同类型玉米品种的冠层结构、光合及灌浆脱水特性差异,为适宜机收籽粒玉米品种选育和推广提供技术支撑。研究结果表明:(1)参试玉米品种平均机收产量、籽粒含水率、破碎率和杂质率分别为11,658.78 kg hm^(2)、24.66%、3.90%和0.83%。其中,以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个适宜机收籽粒玉米品种平均机收产量为11,802.70 kg hm^(2),显著高于郑单958和先玉335,分别增产7.69%和4.45%;收获时籽粒含水率均低于28%(平均为24.61%);破碎率低于5%(平均为3.42%),均达到国家机收籽粒标准。(2)以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个宜粒收玉米品种穗上茎叶夹角小,株型紧凑,冠层平均透光率高,冠层光分布更合理。(3)参试品种净光合速率和叶绿素含量平均为34.10μmol CO_(2)m^(-2)s^(-1)和8.91mg m^(2),其中以京2416为父本组配的18个品种净光合速率平均为35.21μmol CO_(2)m^(-2)s^(-1),较郑单958和先玉335高19.60%和6.73%;叶绿素含量平均为9.87 mg m^(2),较郑单958和先玉335高61.54%和68.43%。(4)以京2416为父本组配的18个品种灌浆速率和生理成熟后脱水速率分别平均为0.83 g 100-grain;d^(-1)和0.55%d^(-1),均显著高于郑单958和先玉335,表现为较低的收获时籽粒含水率。(5)相关分析表明,参试玉米品种产量与净光合速率、灌浆速率呈极显著正相关;净光合速率与茎叶夹角呈极显著负相关,与透光率、叶绿素含量呈极显著正相关;收获时籽粒含水率与破碎率、杂质率和生理成熟时籽粒含水率呈极显著正相关,与生理成熟后脱水速率呈极显著负相关,与灌浆速率呈显著负相关。由此可见,以京2416为父本组配的京农科728等18个玉米品种株型紧凑、冠层透光率高、光合能力强、籽粒灌浆和脱水速率高,可实现较低的籽粒含水率和较高的机收籽粒质量。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 31201154 and 31571596)the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,China (No. K12008)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions,China
文摘Due to the relatively late start of organic rice(Oryza sativa L.) research in China,there is a still lack of systematic research on rice varieties,organic fertilizer management practices,and especially the mechanisms of nitrogen(N) uptake and utilization.Three rice varieties,Nanjing 5055,Nanjing 9108,and Nanjing 46,were grown under organic farming(OF) at three organic fertilizer levels(103.2,160.8,and 218.4 kg N ha^(-1)) and conventional farming(CF) with regular chemical fertilizers.Rice grain yields,yield components,and quality,dry matter accumulation,and plant N were measured at different growth stages during the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons.Compared with CF,OF had a significantly reduced yield.Nanjing 9108 showed significant reductions in number of panicles per unit area and percentage of filled grains,and had the lowest yield.The effects of fertilizer type and application rate on dry matter accumulation during the main growth periods were significant for all varieties.The N content and uptake in organically grown rice were lower compared with those of rice under CF.The N recovery efficiency and N agronomic efficiency were significantly lower,whereas N physiological efficiency and N partial factor productivity were greater under OF than under CF.Under OF,the processing quality showed a slight but insignificant decline,protein content and gel consistency increased,and amylose content decreased compared with those under CF.Correlation analysis showed that under OF,grain yield was significantly correlated with N uptake.The medium organic fertilizer level(160.8 kg N ha^(-1)) was found to be the optimum fertilizer treatment,and Nanjing 46 appeared to be the best variety for organic rice cultivation.To increase rice grain yields and reduce the potential risk of non-point source pollution in organic agriculture,further research is needed to improve the N use efficiency in organic rice cultivation.
