丹江口水库消落带植被群落恢复模式研究

为充分利用丹江口水库库区消落带的土地资源,根据丹江口水库消落带形成时间短、地形差异大、人地矛盾突出的基本特征,提出消落带植被群落恢复的基本思路,包括库滨植物群落现状调查,消落带适生植物种质资源筛选,以及陡坡和缓坡群落配置。丹江口水库库滨有维管植物72科208属285种,共划分7种植物群落类型。通过筛选得到各类耐淹耐旱草本植物、灌木适生植物资源40多种。库区湖北境内消落带地形普遍较陡,可分高中低区位构建植被群落配置模式12种;河南境内地形较缓,可在高区位配置经济苗木,在中低区位构建植物群落配置模式12种。通过上述措施,有望恢复库滨生态屏障功能,促进库周可持续发展。

山区河流生态河道治理工程扰动区植被群落恢复的影响研究

工程扰动严重破坏原有地形地貌和生态植被,加剧生态环境的恶化与生态系统的退化,为减少水土流失和浅层滑坡,加速植被恢复和生态修复,对工程扰动区植被群落恢复进行研究是比较有意义的课题。研究选择生态治理后处于自然恢复期的石葵河作为研究对象,对工程扰动区不同水位的植被恢复进行季节性监测和实地调查,统计河道边坡植被恢复种类及数量、植被群落类型及其结构特征。经调查统计,常水位以上植被种类为43种,常水位以下只有17种;常水位以上Pielou均匀度指数为0.774,而常水位以下Pielou均匀度指数仅为0.397;常水位以上基本形成乔灌草垂直分布的植被群落结构,常水位以下全部是草本植物。说明水位变化对工程扰动区植被恢复有很大影响,水位变化不仅对植被恢复种类和数量有影响,而且还影响植被的生活型和生长型。

退化土地植被恢复群落物种多样性与生物量分配格局

研究了湘西北女儿寨小流域7种典型植被恢复群落生物量的空间分配格局、物种多样性特征及其相互关系。结果表明:1)润楠次生林乔木层生物量最高,马尾松天然林灌木层生物量最大,油桐人工林草本层生物量最高,乔木层最低,毛竹-杉木林灌木层与草本层生物量最小,群落总生物量以马尾松天然林群落最高,荒草灌丛群落最低。2)乔木层物种以润楠次生林最丰富,多样性指数最高,物种分布最均匀;灌木层物种丰富度以毛竹-杉木混交林最高,油桐人工林多样性与均匀度指数最大,优势度最小,荒草灌丛群落的物种丰富度、多样性及均匀度最低;草本层物种丰富度以油桐人工林最高,马尾松天然林最低,杉木人工林草本层多样性指数与均匀度指数最大,润楠次生林优势度最高;群落总体物种丰富度以油桐人工林最高,润楠次生林群落的多样性指数最高,种群分布最均匀,荒草灌丛群落的多样性、均匀度与优势度都最低。3)女儿寨小流域退化土地物种丰富度与群落生物量之间的关系可用"S"曲线较好地描述,双曲线能较好地描述群落多样性指数、群落均匀度指数与生物量之间的关系,而生态优势度与生物量之间为非性线关系。

湘西北小流域典型植被恢复群落土壤贮水量与入渗特性

对湘西北女儿寨小流域7种典型植被恢复群落土壤贮水量与入渗特征进行研究。结果表明:1)森林群落土壤饱和贮水量与最大吸持贮水量均高于荒草灌丛群落,表明森林植被能较好地改良土壤、提高土壤持水能力;2)通用经验方程对各种植被类型土壤入渗过程的拟合效果最好,Kostiakov方程次之,Horton方程最差;3)毛竹杉木混交林群落土壤初渗率(17·10mm·min-1)和平均入渗率(7·42mm·min-1)最大,杉木人工林稳渗率(11·51mm·min-1)最高,油桐人工林初渗率(4·93mm·min-1)、稳渗率(0·52mm·min-1)和平均入渗率(1·23mm·min-1)均最小;4)坡位对土壤入渗率的影响具有不确定性,杜仲人工林表现为上坡>中坡>下坡,马尾松天然林、润楠次生林及荒草灌丛群落表现出与之相反的规律,以下坡最高,上坡最低,杉木人工林和毛竹杉木混交林则以上坡最高,中坡最低,油桐人工林以中坡最高,上坡最低;5)主成分分析结果表明,土壤水分入渗性能与土壤持水量、土壤孔隙状况密切相关,并受林分结构、植物群落生物量、海拔、坡度及坡位因子的制约,而坡向、草层盖度、土壤密度的作用较小;6)通过双重筛选逐步回归分析,建立土壤初渗率、稳渗率、平均入渗率的主导因子方程。

武陵山区小流域植被恢复群落组成与地理成分

对武陵山区女儿寨侵蚀小流域植被恢复群落科属组成及属的地理成分进行了分析．结果表明：维管植物种类较为丰富，隶属于89科178属221种，群落优势科趋于明显，含5种以上的科虽只占总科数的16．85％（15科），却占总属、种数的44．57％，52．04％，属内种数的变化范围为1～4，以单种属最多（148属，82、29％）；蕨类植物具有明显的热带成分（15属，占65．22％），种子植物区系地理成分复杂，具有丰富的热带性质（65属，42．75％）和明显的温带成分（73属，48．04％），在区系分区上处于从亚热带至温带之间的过渡地带．研究结果可为小流域及区域性植被恢复与重建提供参考．

不同植被恢复模式土壤结构特征与健康评价

对湘西女儿寨流域不同植被恢复类型的土壤结构特征研究和健康评价的结果寝明。荒草灌丛容量最高．人工林土壤容重高于天然林及混交林，对土壤孔隙状况的改善作用表现为林分类型优于荒草灌丛类型．天然林优于人工林，0-20cm土层优于20—40cm土层；土壤团聚体平均重量直径以油桐人工林、杜仲人工林最高．马尾松天然林、毛竹杉木混交林其次．而润楠次生林、荒草灌丛、杉木人工林较低，各层土壤团聚体分形维数值大小排序为：毛竹杉木混交林〉马尾松天然林〉荒草灌丛、润楠次生林〉杜仲人工林〉油桐人工林〉杉术人工林；土壤结构健康综合评价的灰色关联分析结果表明．土壤结构以荒草灌丛最差，油桐人工林最好，其余类型介于两者之间．研究结果可为女儿寨流域及我国类似生态脆弱区的植被恢复与重建提供一定依据和参考．

植被混凝土技术在高陡边坡生态修复中的应用——以焦作某矿山地质环境恢复治理工程为例

植被混凝土是边坡生态防护技术的一个发展趋势,可以较好地应用于矿山地质环境恢复治理工程中的高陡边坡治理。文章结合焦作某矿山地质环境恢复治理工程实例,着重介绍了植被混凝土生态防护技术的基质、植被选择配比,通过分析恢复植被的重要值与多样性指数,能够为华中地区坡面植被恢复工作提供一定的参考。

黄土高原半干旱区立地群落特征及景观功能分析

黄土高原区域是我国占地面积较大的一种干旱、半干旱地貌特征,其植被景观功能关系到整个区域的可持续发展。文章以甘肃环县为例,对黄土高原干旱区32个典型样地进行植被群落调查。通过样方数据和土壤肥力指标的分析、景观功能评价(LFA法),诠释了植被群落与不同立地条件土壤结构、水分渗透、养分循环特征关系,依据植被抗旱性和节水性对植被进行配置,将环县植被恢复划分为保持区、改良区、修复区和重建区4个分区。针对环县的"修复区"和"重建区",从"植物选择—植被配置—立地选择—LFA评价"着手,结合农林牧等产业发展情况,提出6种针对不同立地类型的恢复模式。

福建紫金山高硫型铜金矿采矿境界面生态修复技术研究

露天采矿对区域生态环境会带来一定程度的损害,实施生态修复工程是保障生产型矿山资源开发利用与生态环境和谐共处的必然途径。本研究以福建紫金山高硫型铜金矿采矿境界面为对象,应用松散堆渣边坡土壤改良、岩质边坡原位固化阻隔、立体近自然植被群落恢复3种生态修复技术,使得修复区浅表土壤pH值自2.78~5.05上升至8.21~8.6,由酸性转为弱碱性,有效抑制了土壤酸化,同时磷(P)、钾(K)、钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)等矿质营养元素含量明显增加。紫金矿业采用矿山环境治理和景观资源融合的生态修复模式,打造了一个集矿业开发、森林景观、科普研学为一体的近郊型国家矿山公园。研究成果为有色金属矿山采矿境界面高陡边坡生态修复治理提供借鉴。

Study on the Characteristics of Main Vegetation Communities in the Limestone Region of Taihang Mountain

[Objective] The aim was to study the characteristics of main vegetation communities in the limestone region of Taihang Mountain,so as to lay foundation for the further improvement of site conditions and the scientific breeding of vegetation used to restore the mountain field in limestone region.[Method] Based on the investigation of various vegetation communities in controlled test area,forbidden region and barren hillsides in Daqing Mountain basin,Beishui Valley,Mancheng County,Hebei Province,the difference among controlled region,forbidden region and barren hillsides could be found through data analysis and composite score,and the modes of vegetation communities in controlled region and forbidden region were compared to select predominant species of arbor,shrub and grass in limestone region.[Result] Under the similar site conditions,nutrient content and physical properties of soil in controlled region and forbidden region were superior to those of barren hillsides,and persimmon had high nutrient content and better physical properties compared with oriental arborvitae in controlled region;soil water maintenance and litter characters in controlled region and forbidden region improved more obviously than that of barren hillsides,and shrubbery in forbidden region was the most excellent,arborvitae and persimmon in controlled region the second;the biomass and the coverage rate of vegetation communities in controlled region and forbidden region were higher than those of barren hillsides,and those of shrubbery in forbidden region were better than tussock in closing hill,while persimmon was better than arborvitae in controlled region.The predominant species of arbor,shrub and herbage were obtained through composite score.[Conclusion] From the aspects of soil nutrient,physical properties,soil water maintenance,litter characters,vegetation biomass,canopy density and coverage,controlled region and forbidden region were superior to barren hillsides,and the selection of predominant species of arbor,shrub and herbage considered both ecological and economic benefits.

Plant community composition and interspecific relationships among dominant species on a post-seismic landslide in Hongchun Gully, China

The 5.12 Earthquake in 2008 and 8.14 Debris Flow in 2010 resulted in large-scale landslides that disturbed vast areas of vegetation in the Hongchun Gully, Wenchuan County, China. To define the specific characteristics of vegetation restoration during natural recovery after catastrophic events,vegetation species composition and interspecific associations were investigated on this typical landslide. Field survey data selected from a total of 51 sample plots belonged to seven belt transects and were analysed by Schluter's variance ratio, pearson's chi-squared test, Spearman's correlation coefficients and ecological species groups. Plant communities on the landslide consisted of 78 species, 65 genera and52 families. Of the total of 78 species, 25 are identified as dominant species, among which Camptotheca acuminate, Toxicodendron vernicifluum, Coriaria nepalensis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Buddleja alternifolia, Anemone vitifolia and Nephrolepis auriculata play a constructive role during the natural afforestation. Moreover, according to environmental and ecological factors, these 25 dominant species could be divided into four ecological species groups.This study found that even though the landslide had frequently suffered from interference due to heavy rain, the vegetation succession processes are ongoing,and it is now at a shrub–herb community succession stage, which indicates that vegetation can naturally recover in the denuded sites. This study provides a useful insight into the ecological interactions and interdependence between plant species during the natural recovery of vegetation and provides valuable information on vegetation recovery modelling in the landslide area.

Vegetation Recovery in Karst Areas in Central Guizhou, China

Due to the unique environment of karst landscapes, there are many uncertainties regarding the recovery of vegetation following human disturbance. Through standard wood parsing and growth ring investigation in Puding county in Guizhou province, China, we studied the process of vegetation restoration in karst areas. According to our results, during the recovery of karst vegetation height increases and ground diameter enlargement of tree layers occurred. Increases in the height and ground diameter followed logarithmic and growth curves, respectively. The development time of trees showed continuity, and growth points were randomly distributed. However, with large propagule quantities, vegetation can be directly restored and developed into a secondary high forest without a grass filling stage, and the recovery time is shortened.