Comparison of the City Water Consumption Short-Term Forecasting Methods

There are a lot of methods in city water consumption short-term forecasting both inside and outside the country. But among these methods there exist many advantages and shortcomings in model establishing, solving and predicting accuracy, speed, applicability. This article draws lessons from other realm mature methods after many years′ study. It′s systematically studied and compared to predict the water consumption in accuracy, speed, effect and applicability among the time series triangle function method, artificial neural network method, gray system theories method, wavelet analytical method.

Effects of Regulation of C/N Ratio Wheat Straw Application on Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Uptake in Tobacco

[Objective]The aim was to study the effects of regulation of C/N ratio wheat straw application on tobacco nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium uptake. [Method]Effects of regulation C/N ratio wheat straw application on the flue-cured tobacco yield,output value,nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium content and cumulative uptake of the upper,middle and bottom leaf were studied by using the field plot experiments at Banqiao town,Qujing city,Yunnan Province during the 2008-2009 summer growing seasons. [Result]The results showed that the application of wheat straw alone or after C/N regulation,could significantly increase tobacco production,potassium content,the potassium and nitrogen accumulation amount of leaf,and was more conducive to the potassium uptake of tobacco leaf with wheat straw application after C/N regulation. Compared with non-straw application,the yield of tobacco increased by 6.59%,3.58%,5.98%,8.80% with application of wheat straw alone,wheat straw and vetch,wheat straw and oilseed cake,wheat straw and urea nitrogen,the potassium content in tobacco leaf increased by 3.85%,7.76%,8.82%,11.21%,respectively,the total potassium cumulative amount of leaf increased by 10.71%,11.62%,15.32% ,21.01% and the total nitrogen cumulative amount increased by 9.76%,1.22%,8.14%,14.00%. However,the differences of tobacco leaf nitrogen content among the different treatments were not significant,the phosphorus uptake of tobacco leaf decreased. [Conclusion]application of high C/N ratio wheat straw in flue-cured tobacco production,which should be concerned not only to adjust C/N ratio by adding nitrogen,but also considering additional phosphorus application.

Effects of Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction and Application of Nitrogen Fertilizer as Base Fertilizer on Rapeseed Yield and Nitrogen Absorption

[Objective] The aim was to research effects of N fertilizer reduction and application of N fertilizer （as base fertilizer） on rapeseed yield and N absorption. [Method] Based on Ganyouza No.5, the ratio of N, P2O5 andK2O was set at 1：0.5：0.5; N fertilizers were set involving reduced quantity at 150 kg/hm2 and preferred quantity at 180 kg/hm2; 100%, 80% and 60% of N fertilizers were applied as base fertilizers in the test respectively. In general, field tests were conducted to explore effects of reduced N fertilizer and application of N fertilizer as base fertilizer on rapeseed yield and N absorption. [Resalt] When applied N fertilizer as base fertilizer was the same, plant height, stem diameter, length of major inflorescence, number of effective branch, pod number per plant, seed number per pod, and biomass yield in group with preferred N quantity were significantly higher than those in group with reduced N fertilizer. Rapeseed yield and profits in group with preferred N quantity were signifi- cantly higher than those in group with reduced N fertilizer in field with moderate fertili- ty. In fields with higher fertility, however, the two factors were just a little higher. In group with reduced N fertilizer, use efficiency of N fertilizer, N uptake efficiency, par- tial factor productivity and harvest index of N were all significantly higher than those in group with preferred N fertilizer. Agronomic nitrogen use efficiency in group with preferred N fertilizer was significantly higher than that in group with reduced N fertiliz- er in field with moderate fertility and was significantly lower in field with high yield. With amounts of N, P and K fertilizers fixed, economic characters, yield constitution, yield, profits and N absorption in group, where 60% of N fertilizers were applied as base fertilizer, were significantly higher than those in groups with 80% or 100% of base fertilizer （N fertilizers）. These indicated that rational fertilization would maintain rapeseed yield high and reduce N input to improve use efficiency of N fertilizer. On the other hand, it is effective to improve rapeseed yield.＇to reduce N fertilizer to 150 kg/hm2, and application of 60%. of N fertilizers as base fertilizer is still proved optimal at present. [Conclusion] The research provides.theoretioal and technical references for improvement of yield of rapeseed and efficiency of N fertilizer.

Water Use of Leymus chinensis Community

Soil moisture of Leymus chinensis (Trin.) Tzvel. community has obviously stratified phenomena: the layer (0-40 cm) in which roots are concentrically distributed is directly influenced by precipitation and evapotranspiration. It can be called interaction layer of precipitation and evapotranspiration. The layer (40-120 cm), where water-storage capacity exchange lagged exchange of the root-layer water-storage capacity and the community evapotranspiration, can be called major water-storage layer. The layer (under 120 cm) can be called water relatively stable/balanced layer. The year 1996 was a normal flow year, and soil water had a surplus of 18 mm at the end of the growing season. The year 1998 was a high flow year, because leakage took place under continuous heavy rainfall, soil water had a deficit of 15 mm at the end of the growing season. Transpiration to evapotranspiration ( T/ET) value reflected not only the luxuriance degree of the community, but also the water use regime of the environmental resources. T/ET value was low (0.5) in May 1998, reaching 0.7 in June, then decreasing to 0.6 in July, due to the impact of rainfall inclining, while August reached the maximum (0.9), and September decreased to 0.6. Water use efficiency (WUE) was mainly restricted by the growing rate of plants under sufficient water condition (1998). Its seasonal changes were coincident with the grand period of growth of the plants. When both meanings of WUE and T/ET were analyzed profoundly, the concept of evapotranspiration efficiency (ETE) which can all-side reflect utilization regime of the environmental water resources was advanced.

Application of cross-cultural cognitive pragmatic analysis to translation education

Translation is cross-cultural activity existing between two different language signs. In the process of translating, translators can not get out of the influence of cultural elements. From the angle of cross-cultural pragmatic contrasting, the author makes analysis of the problems of difference existing between the volume of information borne or transmitted between two different language signs in the process of translating under the influence of cultural elements, and points out that to study these problems, translators must consider a series of problems about cross-cultural cognitive context. This article also makes cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis in world view difference, register difference, imaginative difference and metaphor difference. The author introduces the method of cross-cultural pragmatic contrastive analysis and suggests taking a series of measures to improve translation education.

Comparative Physical Localization of Rice Pib Gene and Its Linked RFLP Markers in Oryza sativa, O. officinalis and Zea mays

Comparative genetic studies have shown that there are widespread synteny and colinearity of the genes among different species within grass family. Rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is a model plant, and analysis of its genome allows us to reveal the common features and the evolutionary rules of the gramineous genomes and accumulate the data for establishment of a common genetic system in the Poaceae. In this study, a rice gene Pib ( 10.3 kb), a map-based cloned gene, and RFLP markers linked with it are used as the tested probes to investigate their homology and physical location among the tested species. Southern blotting analysis showed that there were sequences homologous to Pib in maize genome. Further, Pib was localized onto the chromosomes of O. sativa ssp. indica cv. Guangluai 4, O. officinalis Wall ex Watt and the inbred line of Zea mays cv. Huangzao 4. The results of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and double-color FISH indicated that a synteny of Pib and RFLP markers linked with Pib existed among the genomes of the three tested species.

Correlation-based subblock partition design for PTS approach

In order to exploit the capability of the peak-to-average power ratio（PAPR）reduction afforded by the partial transmit sequences （PTS）approach in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM）systems, subblock partition schemes for the PTS approach are studied. The motivation is to establish the relationship between the subblock partition and the capability of PAPR reduction through the periodic autocorrelation functions （ACFs）of partial transmit sequences and the periodic cross-correlation functions（CCFs）of signal candidates.Let Q represent the variation of the square magnitudes of ACFs.It is found that the lower the Q-value is, the better PAPR performance can be achieved, which is introduced as a design criterion for subblock partition.Based on this criterion, four common partition methods are compared and an efficient partition strategy is proposed. It is shown that structured partition schemes with low computational complexity have a large Q-value, leading to a poor PAPR performance.The new strategy can be regarded as a trade-off between PAPR performance and computational complexity.The simulation results show that the strategy can achieve an optimal performance with a relatively low complexity and, moreover,does not increase the amount of side information.

Comparative Physical Mapping of Bph3 with BAC-FISH in Oryza officinalis and O. sativa

A FISH procedure was adopted to physical mapping rice RFLP marker RZ69 and the BAC clone 38J9 screened by RZ69 which is linked to gene Bph3 in Oryza saliva L. and O. officinalis Well ex: Watt. The FISH results showed that both 38J9 and RZ69 were located in the middle of 4S in O. officinalis and the centromere area of 4S in O. sativa. In O. officinalis the percentage distances from the centromere to the hybridization sites were 20.00 +/- 5.40 and 22.12 +/- 3.44, the detection rates were 50.00% and 6.14%, but in O. sativa they were 0 and 0, 56.10% and 6.29% correspondingly. The results obtained from the BAC and RFLP clone were almost the same in the cultivated rice and O. officinalis. It was suggested that die marker RZ69 of the cultivated rice and its homologous sequence in O. officinalis were in the same BAC clone, the homologous sequence of Bph3 in O. officinalis should be located at the sites hybridized by both RZ69 and 38J9. Many signals on different chromosomes of O. officinalis were observed under no blocking with Cot-1 DNA, showing that the repetitive sequences were also homologous between O. sativa and O. officinalis. The identification of chromosome 4 of O. officinalis is based on comparative map with RG214 and BAC clone screened by RG214. The feasibility of comparative physical mapping performed between O. sativa and O. officinalis with rice BAC clones was discussed.

Augmentative effect of tetrandrine on pentobarbital hypnosis mediated by 5-HT_(1A) and 5-HT_(2A/2C) receptors in mice

It has been reported that augmentative effect of tetrandrine on pentobarbital hypnosis in mice may be related to serotonergic system. The present study was undertaken to investigate the interaction of tetrandrine and different 5-HT receptors on pentobarbital-induced sleep by using the loss-of-righting reflex method. The results showed that augmentative effect of tetrandrine on pentobarbital hypnosis in mice were potentiated by the p-MPPI （5-HT1A receptor antagonist） （1 mg/kg, i.p.） and ketanserin （5-HT2A/2C receptor antagonist） （1.5 mg/kg, i.p.）, respectively. Pretreatment with either 8-OH-DPAT （5-HT1A receptor agonist） （0.1 mg/kg, s.c.） or DOI （5-HT2A/2C receptor agonist） （0.2 mg/kg, i.p.） significantly decreased pentobarbital-induced sleep time, and tetrandrine （60 mg/kg, i.g.） significantly reversed this effect. These results suggest that both the 5-HTLA and 5-HT2A/2C subfamily may be involved in the potentiating mechanism of tetrandrine＇s effects on pantobarbital hypnosis.

Simulation of Climate Negotiation Strategies between China and the U.S. Based on Game Theory

Consensus and disagreements between China and the U.S. are the key factors influencing the direction that global climate negotiation is heading for. By taking into account the uncertainties of temperature increment and its impact on GDP growth, together with the positive, negative and spillover effects of climate change investment on utility, a strategic simulation model including China and the U.S. is developed. Based on utility and game theory, a sensitivity analysis is conducted. The results show that the first-mover disadvantage exists in the game, and the scale of each country＇s climate change investment under non-cooperative win-win basis for global cooperation, the technology transfer and funding to China scenario is too small to ensure the 2℃ simulation results also indicate that it target. To guarantee the stability and makes sense to assist and compensate

Calculation method of sliding ratios for conjugate-curve gear pair and its application

The calculation method of sliding ratios for conjugate-curve gear pair, generated based on the theory of conjugate curves,is proposed. The theoretical model of conjugate-curve gear drive is briefly introduced. The general calculation formulas of sliding ratios are developed according to the conjugate curves. The applications to the circular arc gears based on conjugate curves and the novel involute-helix gears are studied. A comparison on the sliding coefficient with the conventional corresponding gear drive is also carried out. The influences of gear parameters such as spiral parameter, gear ratio and modulus on the sliding ratios of gear drive are discussed. Brief description of manufacturing method for conjugate-curve gear pair is given. The research results show that the sliding ratios of gear pair become smaller with the increase of spiral parameter and gear ratio, respectively. And it will be greater with the increase of modulus for the tooth profiles. The meshing characteristics of conjugate-curve gears are further reflected and the optimization design of tooth profiles with high performance may be obtained.

Effects of electrical parameters and their interactions on plasma electrolytic oxidation coatings on aluminum substrates

Based on orthogonal experiments,the effects of voltage,frequency,duty ratio and their interactions on the thickness and corrosion resistance of coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation(PEO)on aluminum in an alkaline silicate-containing electrolyte were investigated.The thicknesses of these coatings were obtained by measuring their cross-section using Image J software.Their corrosion resistances were evaluated in HCl and NaCl media through spot test and electrochemical test.The results show that the experimental design of this study is the key to investigate the interactions among these electrical parameters.Additionally,not only each independent factor,but also their interactions exhibit a remarkable influence on the coatings.The combination of high voltage,low frequency and large duty ratio significantly increases the coating thickness and content of the corrosion resistance phase,and thus improves the corrosion resistance of the coating in HNO3 medium.Conversely,the coating possessing the densest microstructure and best corrosion resistance in NaCl medium is obtained when low voltage and high frequency match with a small duty ratio.

In vitro Dissolution and Pharmacokinetics in Beagle Dogs of a Self-Emulsifying Formulation of Tretinoin

Aim In vitro dissolution test and pharmacokinetics in beagle dogs wereconducted to assess the formulation of tretinoin in self-emulsifying systems. Methods Theconcentrations of tretinoin were determined by HPLC. A crossover study was performed in four fastingbeagle dogs with the formulation of self-emulsifying systems and commercial capsules. Results Theresults showed that the dissolution rate in 15 min of tretinoin in self-emulsifying systems washigher than 80% while that of the commercial capsules was lower than 5% . The area under the plasmaconcentration-time curve (AUC) of the self-emulsifying formulation was significantly higher andC_(max) was approximately two times greater than those of commercial capsule, respectively, Inaddition, the time taken to reach peak was shorter (2 h to 1.25 h) for self-emulsifying formulationof tretinoin. Conclusion The self-emulsifying drug delivery systems.can significantly increasetretinoin in vitro dissolution and in vivo absorption.

Numerical assessment of spacing–burden ratio to effective utilization of explosive energy

The spacing–burden(S/B) ratio plays significant role on rock fragmentation and proper utilization of explosive energy to minimize the undesirable damage.Low S/B ratio generates fine fragments due to pressure rings coalescence of two blast holes,whereas boulder generations were observed above optimum S/B ratio.Both conditions are not acceptable because of wastage of explosive energy.Therefore,to resolve this issue,a numerical model study was conducted to optimize the S/B ratio and to envisage its effect on rock fragmentation based on utilization of explosive energy.Finite element simulation tool was used to see the extent of two blast hole influence area variation with varying S/B ratio.The better results were obtained at S/B ratio of 1:2 with optimum utilization of peak explosive energy.The performance was observed based on peak kinetic energy,peak pressure,radial and hoop stresses on centre of the two blast holes,where pressure rings coalescence.

Application of extension neural network to safety status pattern recognition of coalmines

In order to accurately and quickly identify the safety status pattern of coalmines,a new safety status pattern recognition method based on the extension neural network (ENN) was proposed,and the design of structure of network,the rationale of recognition algorithm and the performance of proposed method were discussed in detail.The safety status pattern recognition problem of coalmines can be regard as a classification problem whose features are defined in a range,so using the ENN is most appropriate for this problem.The ENN-based recognition method can use a novel extension distance to measure the similarity between the object to be recognized and the class centers.To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method,a real-world application on the geological safety status pattern recognition of coalmines was tested.Comparative experiments with existing method and other traditional ANN-based methods were conducted.The experimental results show that the proposed ENN-based recognition method can identify the safety status pattern of coalmines accurately with shorter learning time and simpler structure.The experimental results also confirm that the proposed method has a better performance in recognition accuracy,generalization ability and fault-tolerant ability,which are very useful in recognizing the safety status pattern in the process of coal production.

The Effect of Land Use Change on Soil and Water Quality in Northern Iran

Rapid urbanization has led to extensive land-use changes,particularly in developing countries.This research is aimed to investigate the role of land use and its effect on soil and water quality in Ziarat watershed focusing on four land uses:forest,pasture,cultivated and urban development.Soil samples were taken from a depth of 0-30 cm on each land use and were analyzed by completely randomized split-plot design in two geographical directions.Results showed that bulk density(BD),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,calcium carbonate equivalent(CCE),and soil particle density(DS) of the soil samples in pastures,cultivated and urban areas increased and the mean weight diameter(MWD),soil porosity(F),organic carbons(OC),total nitrogen(TN),exchangeable cations(Ca 2+,Mg 2+,K +,Na +),cation exchange capacity(CEC) and soil microbial respirations(SMR) decreased,respectively in comparison with the forest soils.For water quality evaluations,sodium adsorption ratio(SAR),electrical conductivity(EC),pH,total dissolved solids(TDS),bicarbonate(HCO 3),chloride(Cl),total hardness(TH),calcium(Ca 2+),potassium(K +),sodium(Na +) and magnesium(Mg 2+) were investigated in two areas:Nahrkhoran and Abgir stations.Results showed that the concentration of TDS,EC and HCO 3 in Naharkhoran station is higher than that in Abgir station.On the other hand,the concentration of TDS,EC and HCO 3 in Abgir station are the relatively higher due to its location.Total hardness had the same trend during the study years except in the last three years;however,TH showed an increase of 25% TH in Naharkhoran for the last two years.Cl,K + and SAR in Naharkhoran station increased by 61%,22%,78% and 56% respectively,in comparison with Abgir station.This study demonstrated that the trend of soil degradation and mismanagement of land use may increase the frequency of urban floods and human health problems.

USER SELECTION FOR SINR-BASED UPLINK MULTIUSER MIMO SYSTEMS

To avoid the exhaustive search, we propose a fast user selection algorithm for Signal-to-Interference-plus-Noise-Ratio (SINR)-based multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems with Alamouti Space-Time Block Code (STBC) transmit scheme. A locally optimal selection criterion is proposed at first. Then, the incremental selection approach is applied, which selects one among the residual available users to maximize the minimum user SINR step by step. Simulation results show that the fast algorithm gains over 90% of the diversity benefit achieved by the exhaustive search selection, and that the fast algorithm has much lower computational burden than the exhaustive search one, for the scenario where the number of all the available users is much greater than that of the selected users.

REDUCING THE PEAK-TO-AVERAGE POWER RATIO OF OFDM SYSTEM WITH LOW COMPLEXITY

This paper proposes a companding scheme, where small signals are enlarged and large signals are reduced, to reduce the Peak-to-Average Power Ratio(PAPR). Computer simulation results show that the proposed technique has two advantages at least when compared with the conventional methods such as partial transmit sequence, selective mapping and the previous companding. First, it gets better PAPR performances with a lower complexity. Second, the scheme achieves greater performances gain with hardly any damnification of OFDM signals in some degree.

Quantum Information Splitting of an Arbitrary Three-Qubit State by Using Cluster States and Bell States

A new application of cluster states is investigated for quantum information splitting （QIS） of an arbitrary three-qubit state. In our scheme, a four-qubit cluster state and a Bell state are shared by a sender （Alice）, a controller （Charlie）, and a receiver （Bob）. Both the sender and controller only need to perform Bell-state measurements （BSMs）, the receiver can reconstruct the arbitrary three-qubit state by performing some appropriately unitary transformations on his qubits after he knows the measured results of both the sender and the controller. This QIS scheme is deterministic.

Influence of Livestock Soil Eutrophication on Floral Composition in the Pyrenees Mountains

Livestock behaviour in the Pyrenees includes free grazing and a long resting period that provokes the accumulation of dung and urine in some places,so-called camping areas. The aims of this study were (i) to analyze any change in floral composition,and in nutritional and chemical contents of plants in a livestock camping area; and (ii) to relate the floral composition with soil chemical properties. In a linear transect,five sampling zones were established,from the centre of the camping area to the surrounding Nardus stricta-dominant pasture. The above ground plant biomass and the topsoil were sampled in each zone with 6 replicates per zone. Plant species were classified and weighed to calculate above ground biomass,nutritional and chemical contents,and Shannon diversity and evenness indices. Additionally,soils were sampled in two periods,at the beginning and at the end of grazing period. Soil available nutrients (nitrate,ammonium,phosphorus,potassium,calcium and magnesium),total nitrogen,organic carbon and pH were measured. Plant chemical contents (protein,lignin and others) were significantly related to the proportions of grasses,legumes and other plants; so,the protein content is positively correlated with legumes plant biomass while lignin content is negatively correlated with grasses. Both plant and soil nutrients increased linearly towards the centre of the camping area. However,the relationship among plant species richness,diversity and evenness relative to its position along the studied transect was bell-shaped. From the outskirts to the centre of the camping area,plants with low nutrient demand were progressively replaced by those with medium and high nutrients demand and by pioneers. Nardus stricta-dominant pasture has low plant diversity and plant nutrient content as well as a poor soil nutrient availability. The presence of the camping area introduced patches with more soil nutrients and new species in the large spatial scale. However at a small spatial scale,the strong soil nutrient concentration into the centre of the camping area reduced floral composition again. To ensure positive effects of camping areas on plant diversity,and to manage more effectively the nutrients returned to the soil,a reduction in the stocking rate should be pursued.