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NaOH-NaAl(OH)_4-Na_2CO_3-H_2O体系活度因子的计算模型 被引量:14
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作者 彭小奇 宋国辉 +2 位作者 宋彦坡 张建智 刘振国 《中国有色金属学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2009年第7期1332-1337,共6页
应用Bromley模型,通过对氢氧化钠、铝酸钠和碳酸钠等溶液体系活度因子的实验数据进行校验与回归分析,获得了各电解质合理的Bromley参数,建立基于Bromley模型的NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-Na2CO3-H2O体系活度因子的计算模型,其适用范围为:质量摩尔... 应用Bromley模型,通过对氢氧化钠、铝酸钠和碳酸钠等溶液体系活度因子的实验数据进行校验与回归分析,获得了各电解质合理的Bromley参数,建立基于Bromley模型的NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-Na2CO3-H2O体系活度因子的计算模型,其适用范围为:质量摩尔浓度分别为m(NaOH)≤8mol/kg,m(NaAl(OH)4)≤3mol/kg,m(Na2CO3)≤3mol/kg且离子强度I≤9mol/kg。使用该模型和Rard方法计算所得水的活度比较结果表明:该模型正确有效,计算精度较高,各电解质的Bromley参数取值合理;该模型也可用于NaOH-NaAl(OH)4-H2O体系活度因子的计算。 展开更多
关键词 铝酸钠溶液 Bromley模型 活度因子
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有机物在离子液体中无限稀释活度因子及液液界面张力的定量结构-性质关系 被引量:3
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作者 朱吉钦 于燕梅 +1 位作者 陈健 费维扬 《化工学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2006年第8期1835-1840,共6页
用PM3半经验量子化学方法计算了烷烃、烯烃和芳烃等的疏水性参数lgP、偶极矩、前线分子轨道能隙和水合能等结构描述符,与实验测定的烃类在1丁基3甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C4MIM][PF6])、1烯丙基3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([AMIM][BF4])、1异丁烯基... 用PM3半经验量子化学方法计算了烷烃、烯烃和芳烃等的疏水性参数lgP、偶极矩、前线分子轨道能隙和水合能等结构描述符,与实验测定的烃类在1丁基3甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([C4MIM][PF6])、1烯丙基3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([AMIM][BF4])、1异丁烯基3甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([MPMIM][BF4])和[MPMIM][BF4]AgBF44种离子液体中的无限稀释活度因子进行定量结构性质关系(QSPR)研究,建立的QSPR模型具有良好的关联和预测能力.同时测定了烃类等溶质与离子液体[C4MIM][PF6]的液液界面张力,发现其与无限稀释活度因子有相似的变化趋势,据此采用同样的结构描述符,建立了溶质与[C4MIM][PF6]界面张力的QSPR模型,模型的关联能力良好. 展开更多
关键词 离子液体 PM3 无限稀释活度因子 界面张力 定量结构-性质关系
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电导法测定293K时稀土铒盐在DMF中的活度因子
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作者 王卫东 胡珍珠 《天津师范大学学报(自然科学版)》 CAS 2005年第2期16-18,共3页
应用电导法测定了293K时稀土铒盐在DMF中的活度因子,首先在293K时测定了稀土铒盐在DMF中的电导率,利用公式λ=(κ液-κ剂)×10-3/c计算了稀土铒盐的摩尔电导率,应用Kohlrausch经验规则λ=λ0(1-βc),使用Origin软件进行线性拟合,作... 应用电导法测定了293K时稀土铒盐在DMF中的活度因子,首先在293K时测定了稀土铒盐在DMF中的电导率,利用公式λ=(κ液-κ剂)×10-3/c计算了稀土铒盐的摩尔电导率,应用Kohlrausch经验规则λ=λ0(1-βc),使用Origin软件进行线性拟合,作图外推求得稀土铒盐在DMF中的无限稀释摩尔电导率λ0值,利用Debye-Hücker和Osager-Falkenhangen公式计算了稀土铒盐在DMF中的活度因子,并讨论了293K时浓度对稀土铒盐在DMF中活度因子的影响.结果显示,随着稀土铒盐溶液浓度的增加,稀土铒盐溶液的活度因子降低. 展开更多
关键词 电导法 电解质溶液 活度因子 稀土铒盐 DMF(N N-二甲基甲酰胺)
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吉布斯吸附等温式的应用—电解质溶液活度测定新方法 被引量:2
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作者 陈辉煌 陈启元 +2 位作者 刘常青 张平民 胡久刚 《中国有色金属学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2014年第7期1878-1882,共5页
采用最大气泡压力法测定298.15K,常压及不同离子强度(0.57~12.81mol/kg)条件下氯化钻水溶液体系的表面张力,建立表面张力与浓度关系的经验公式。应用Gibbs吸附等温式推导出表面张力与活度的关系式,提出一种计算溶液活度因子... 采用最大气泡压力法测定298.15K,常压及不同离子强度(0.57~12.81mol/kg)条件下氯化钻水溶液体系的表面张力,建立表面张力与浓度关系的经验公式。应用Gibbs吸附等温式推导出表面张力与活度的关系式,提出一种计算溶液活度因子的新模型,并利用实验数据回归得出了新模型参数。与文献中的数据相比,新模型计算数据的标准偏差为O.0632,与Kim归纳出的Pitzer模型参数计算数据的标准偏差相近。结果表明:采用电解质溶液活度测定新方法和计算模型可得到的氯化钴水溶液活度因子的精度较高,这使得通过测定电解质溶液表面张力计算其活度因子(或活度)成为可能。 展开更多
关键词 电解质溶液 活度因子 表面张力 最大气泡压力法 氯化钴 吉布斯吸附等温式
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基于COSMO-SAC模型的离子液体萃取剂的选择 被引量:14
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作者 李瑞 崔现宝 +2 位作者 吴添 冯天扬 张缨 《化工学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2013年第2期452-469,共18页
COSMO-SAC模型是计算无限稀释活度因子的一种有效方法,只需知道分子结构,即可进行有机物或离子液体的无限稀释活度因子计算。COSMO-SAC模型中最耗时的计算步骤是产生σ-图谱(σ-profile)的量子化学计算。利用Materials Studio软件中的DM... COSMO-SAC模型是计算无限稀释活度因子的一种有效方法,只需知道分子结构,即可进行有机物或离子液体的无限稀释活度因子计算。COSMO-SAC模型中最耗时的计算步骤是产生σ-图谱(σ-profile)的量子化学计算。利用Materials Studio软件中的DMol3模块,建立了包含32种离子液体阴离子和191种离子液体阳离子的σ-图谱数据库。利用σ-图谱数据库和COSMO-SAC模型,针对离子液体液液萃取过程,提出了离子液体萃取剂的计算机辅助分子设计方法。以乙醇-乙酸乙酯体系为研究对象,选择了适宜的离子液体萃取剂,采用乙醇-乙酸乙酯-离子液体三元体系的液液平衡文献数据进行了验证。 展开更多
关键词 离子液体 COSMO—SAC模型 无限稀释活度因子 萃取剂 液液平衡
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钒在高钛渣系与铁液间分配行为与热力学分析 被引量:7
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作者 王振阳 张建良 +1 位作者 邢相栋 刘征建 《中国有色金属学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2015年第5期1355-1361,共7页
为了提高钒的回收率,增加熔分过程中渣铁间钒的分配比,在实验室条件下,利用分析纯试剂,研究了钒在CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-V2O3低碱度高钛渣系与铁液间的分配行为。结果表明:在实验研究范围内,钒在铁渣间的分配比随碱度的升高而增加,... 为了提高钒的回收率,增加熔分过程中渣铁间钒的分配比,在实验室条件下,利用分析纯试剂,研究了钒在CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-TiO2-V2O3低碱度高钛渣系与铁液间的分配行为。结果表明:在实验研究范围内,钒在铁渣间的分配比随碱度的升高而增加,随终渣V2O3含量的升高而降低。由热力学活度因子模型,终渣碱度与钒含量的变化影响了炉渣和铁液中钒的活度因子以及表征还原势的系统活度因子,从而引起钒还原势与分配比的改变。同时,利用实验所得钒在渣铁间分配的相关数据,结合瓦格纳和聚集电子相模型,计算了钒碳热还原反应的平衡常数K和吉布斯自由能ΔGΘ,这些值与相关发表的数据相差较小,误差分别为1.91%和0.56%,因而,提供了一种较准确的钒在渣铁间分配的热力学计算模型。 展开更多
关键词 高钛渣 分配比 相平衡 还原势 活度因子
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计算机绘制环已烷-乙醇相图 被引量:1
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作者 裴锋 楼台芳 +1 位作者 夏春兰 吴玲 《广西师范大学学报(自然科学版)》 CAS 2003年第z1期284-285,共2页
通常绘制乙醇-环已烷气液平衡相图需要测十多组数据,作者通过选择数学模型,采用相应的相图绘制软件,用计算机经过一系列数据处理,只需少量的实验数据就可以获取大量的气液平衡数据,从而自动绘制相图.实践表明:计算机绘制相图,大大提高... 通常绘制乙醇-环已烷气液平衡相图需要测十多组数据,作者通过选择数学模型,采用相应的相图绘制软件,用计算机经过一系列数据处理,只需少量的实验数据就可以获取大量的气液平衡数据,从而自动绘制相图.实践表明:计算机绘制相图,大大提高实验效率,增加信息量,节约药品用量,提高学生计算机数据处理能力,拓宽了知识面及对学生创新思维能力的培养极为有益. 展开更多
关键词 相平衡数据 Willson方程 活度因子 计算机绘制相图
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真实吸附溶液理论预测CH_4-C_2H_6在活性炭上的吸附平衡 被引量:1
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作者 李明 涂适 +1 位作者 赵欣 刘龑 《化工学报》 EI CAS CSCD 北大核心 2013年第11期4082-4089,共8页
采用容积法测试了纯CH4和C2H6在204-Ⅱ活性炭上的吸附等温线,温度为293 K,压力范围为0~4 MPa。采用捕集法测试了CH4-C2H6混合体系293 K、0~1.1 MPa条件下在204-Ⅱ活性炭上的吸附平衡数据,其中CH4浓度范围34.0%~95.2%。引入描述吸附... 采用容积法测试了纯CH4和C2H6在204-Ⅱ活性炭上的吸附等温线,温度为293 K,压力范围为0~4 MPa。采用捕集法测试了CH4-C2H6混合体系293 K、0~1.1 MPa条件下在204-Ⅱ活性炭上的吸附平衡数据,其中CH4浓度范围34.0%~95.2%。引入描述吸附相自身非理想性的真实吸附溶液模型(RAST),结合描述吸附剂表面势场不均一的孔径分布模型(MPSD),建立了MPSD-RAST模型,其中RAST模型中的活度因子使用Wilson方程和NTRL方程计算。采用MPSD-RAST模型对CH4-C2H6吸附平衡数据进行了预测,并与理想吸附溶液模型(IAST)和MPSD-IAST模型进行了对比分析。结果表明,对于轻组分CH4,MPSD-RAST模型预测平衡吸附量和摩尔分数的精度明显优于IAST和MPSD-IAST模型;对于重组分C2H6,IAST、MPSD-IAST和MPSD-RAST 3种模型的预测偏差均低于5%。研究结果表明,预测混合气体的吸附平衡,吸附相自身非理想性是必须考虑的重要因素。 展开更多
关键词 混合气体 吸附平衡 吸附相 非理想性 活度因子 模型
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电化学教学中的几个问题探讨 被引量:1
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作者 徐悦华 贾金亮 +1 位作者 刘有芹 陈明洁 《大学化学》 CAS 2011年第6期30-33,共4页
提出了电化学教学中遇到的几个问题,如能否测定或计算混合电解质溶液以及弱电解质溶液的离子平均活度因子,以及地下金属器件采用阴极保护法进行保护时阴阳极分别发生什么反应。对这些问题进行了详细的讨论。
关键词 电化学教学 离子平均活度因子 地下金属器件 阴极保护法
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Debye-Hückel离子互吸理论的改进 被引量:2
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作者 刘国杰 黑恩成 《大学化学》 CAS 2015年第4期68-73,共6页
根据强电解质水溶液形成的热力学设想,修正了Debye-Hückel离子互吸理论,检验结果表明,它能满意地关联各种价型的强电解质水溶液的离子平均活度因子,使适用的浓度范围扩大到了6mol·kg-1。
关键词 Debye-Hiickel离子互吸理论 强电解质水溶液 离子平均活度因子
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Continuous changes in electrical conductivity of sodium aluminate solution in seeded precipitation 被引量:3
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作者 刘桂华 李铮 +3 位作者 齐天贵 周秋生 彭志宏 李小斌 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2015年第12期4160-4166,共7页
The mechanism of seeded precipitation of sodium aluminate solution was studied by measuring the seeded-precipitation rate and electrical conductivity online, as well as calculating the activity and fraction of ion pai... The mechanism of seeded precipitation of sodium aluminate solution was studied by measuring the seeded-precipitation rate and electrical conductivity online, as well as calculating the activity and fraction of ion pair. The results show that the electrical conductivity of sodium aluminate slurry linearly decreases with increasing aluminum hydroxide addition. Moreover, both the electrical conductivity of slurry and the difference in electrical conductivity between sodium aluminate solution and slurry remarkably decline in the first 60 min before gradually increasing in the preliminary 10 h and finally reaching almost the same level after 10 h. In low Na2 O concentration solution the activities of Na OH and Na Al(OH)4 in seeded precipitation are high, which can enlarge the difference in conductivity between slurry and solution. Additionally, more ion pairs exist in solution in preliminary seeded precipitation, and the adsorption of Na+Al(OH)4- on seed surface is likely to break the equilibrium of ion pair formation and to decrease the difference in conductivity in preliminary seeded precipitation. 展开更多
关键词 sodium aluminate solution seeded precipitation electrical conductivity activity coefficient ion pair
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熔渣规则溶液模型及其在冶金物化中的应用(一) 被引量:3
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作者 杨学民 郭占成 +1 位作者 于宪溥 王大光 《上海金属》 CAS 1995年第1期7-14,共8页
Lumsden于1961年提出的熔渣规则溶液模型近年得到逐渐发展和完善。作者系统综述了熔渣规则溶液模型及熔渣规则溶液模型中的两个关键多数:阳离子间交互作用能和规则溶液与真实溶液活度转化因子的确定方法。简单介绍了阳离子间交互作用... Lumsden于1961年提出的熔渣规则溶液模型近年得到逐渐发展和完善。作者系统综述了熔渣规则溶液模型及熔渣规则溶液模型中的两个关键多数:阳离子间交互作用能和规则溶液与真实溶液活度转化因子的确定方法。简单介绍了阳离子间交互作用能与二元复合氧化物生成热、阳离子半径的关系。 展开更多
关键词 熔渣规则 溶液模型 冶金熔渣 活度转化因子
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Kinetic Implication from Temperature Effect on Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Ag Electrode
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作者 康婧 林楚红 +1 位作者 姚瑶 陈艳霞 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2014年第1期63-68,I0003,I0004,共8页
Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at polycrystalline silver electrode in 0.1 mol/L HClO4 solution is investigated by cyclic voltammetry in the temperature range of 278-333 K. We found that at electrode potential φa... Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at polycrystalline silver electrode in 0.1 mol/L HClO4 solution is investigated by cyclic voltammetry in the temperature range of 278-333 K. We found that at electrode potential φa,app decreases with φ, while pre-exponential factor A remains nearly unchanged,which conforms well the prediction from Butler-Volmer equation. In contrast, with φ nega-tive shifts from the onset potential for HER to the potential of zero charge (PZC≈-0.4 V), both Ea,app and A for HER increase (e.g., Ea,app increases from 24 kJ/mol to 32 kJ/mol). The increase in Ea,app and A with negative shift in φ from -0.25 V to PZC is explained by the increases of both internal energy change and entropy change from reactants to the transition states, which is correlated with the change in the hydrogen bond network during HER. The positive entropy effects overcompensate the adverse effect from the increase in the activation energy, which leads to a net increase in HER current with the activation energy negative shift from the onset potential of HER to PZC. It is pointed out that entropy change may contribute greatly to the kinetics for electrode reaction which involves the transfer of electron and proton, such as HER. 展开更多
关键词 Hydrogen evolution reaction Ag electrode Temperature effect Activation energy Pre-exponential factor Internal energy Entropy change
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Determination of thermodynamic properties in full composition range of Ti-Al binary melts based on atom and molecule coexistence theory 被引量:1
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作者 Sheng-chao DUAN Xiao SHI +2 位作者 Wen-sheng YANG Han-jie GUO Jing GUO 《Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2018年第6期1256-1264,共9页
The results of predicting thermodynamic properties in the full composition range of Ti-Al binary melts in a temperature range from 1973 to 2273 K were obtained by coupling with the developed thermodynamic model for ca... The results of predicting thermodynamic properties in the full composition range of Ti-Al binary melts in a temperature range from 1973 to 2273 K were obtained by coupling with the developed thermodynamic model for calculating mass action concentration N_i of structural units in Ti-Al system based on the atom and molecule coexistence theory(AMCT). Temperature dependence of the activity coefficients of Ti and Al in natural logarithmic form in the infinitely dilute solution(0x_(Ti)0.01) of Ti-Al binary melts was also determined from the calculated activity coefficients of Ti and Al at temperatures of 1973, 2073, 2173, and 2273 K. The standard molar Gibbs free energy change of dissolving pure liquid element i(l) for forming 1%(mass fraction) element i in Ti-Al binary melts further was deduced. With the aid of this model, meanwhile, the determined excess thermodynamic properties, such as the excess molar mixing Gibbs free energy/entropy/enthalpy were also calculated. 展开更多
关键词 Ti-Al binary system Ti Al activity coefficient thermodynamic model mass action concentration atom and molecule coexistence theory
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Temperature Effect on Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at Au Electrode
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作者 汤志强 廖玲文 +2 位作者 郑勇力 康婧 陈艳霞 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2012年第4期469-474,I0004,共7页
The temperature dependence of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a quasi-single crystalline gold electrode in both 0.1 mol/L HCl04 and 0.1 mol/L KOH solutions was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. HER current di... The temperature dependence of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at a quasi-single crystalline gold electrode in both 0.1 mol/L HCl04 and 0.1 mol/L KOH solutions was investigated by cyclic voltammetry. HER current displays a clear increase with reaction overpotential (η) and temperature from 278-333 K. In 0.1 mol/L HClO4 the Tafel slopes are found to increases slightly with temperature from 118 mV/dec to 146 mV/dec, while in 0.1 mol/L KOH it is ca. 153±15 mV/dec without clear temperature-dependent trend. The apparent activation energy (Ea) for HER at equilibrium potential is ca. 48 and 34 kJ/mol in 0.1 mol/L HC104 and 0.1 mol/L KOH, respectively. In acid solution, Ea decreases with increase in η, from Ea-37 kJ/mol (η=0.2 V) to 30 kJ/mol (η=0.35 V). In contrast, in 0.1 mol/L KOH, Ea does not show obvious change with U. The pre-exponential factor (A) in 0.1 mol/L HC104 is ca. 1 order higher than that in 0.1 mol/L KOH. Toward more negative potential, in 0.1 mol/L HC104 A changes little with potential, while in 0.1 mol/L KOH it displays a monotonic increase with U. The change trends of the potential-dependent kinetic parameters for HER at Au electrode in 0.1 mol/L HClO4 and that in 0.1 mol/L KOH are discussed. 展开更多
关键词 Hydrogen evolution reaction Au electrode Temperature effect Activation energy Symmetric factor
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Systematic Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Activation of Waste Tire by Factorial Design 被引量:1
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作者 P.P.M.Fung W.H.Cheung G.McKay 《Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering》 SCIE EI CAS CSCD 2012年第3期497-504,共8页
In this study, waste tire was used as raw material for the production of activated carbons through pyrolysis. 'Fire char was first produced by carbomzation at 550℃ under nitrogen. A two tactortal design was used to ... In this study, waste tire was used as raw material for the production of activated carbons through pyrolysis. 'Fire char was first produced by carbomzation at 550℃ under nitrogen. A two tactortal design was used to optimize the production of activated carbon from tire char. The effects of several factors controlling the activation process, such as temperature (.830-930℃), time (2-6h) and percentage ot carbon dioxide (70%-100%) were investigated. The production was described mathematically as a function of these three factors. First order modeling equations were developed for surface area, yield and mesopore volume. It was concluded that the yield, BET surface area and mesopore volume of activated carbon were most sensitive to activation temperature and time while percentage of carbon dioxide in the activation gas was a less significant factor. 展开更多
关键词 activated carbon waste tire factorial design carbon dioxide
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Brittle-Ductile Transition of Ferroelectric Ceramics Induced by Thermally Activated Dislocation Emission
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作者 XIE Chao FANG Qi-Hong +2 位作者 LIU You-Wen CHEN Jian-Kang MA Ting-Feng 《Communications in Theoretical Physics》 SCIE CAS CSCD 2013年第7期101-107,共7页
Thermally activated dislocation emission in high-temperature ferroelectric ceramics is investigated through an assumption of thermal stability and a novel analytical method. The stress intensity factor (SIF) arising f... Thermally activated dislocation emission in high-temperature ferroelectric ceramics is investigated through an assumption of thermal stability and a novel analytical method. The stress intensity factor (SIF) arising from domain switching is evaluated by using a Green's function method, and the critical applied electric field intensity factor (CAEFIF) for brittle fracture at room temperature is obtained. Besides, the lowest temperature for single dislocation emission before brittle fracture is also obtained by constructing an energy balance. The multi-scale analysis of facture toughness of the ferroelectric ceramics at high temperature is carried out. Through the analysis, the CAEFIF for crack extension is recalculated. The results show that the competition and interaction effects between dislocation emission and brittle fracture are very obvious. Besides, the higher critical activation temperature, the more columns of obstacles will be overcome. Additionally, the shielding effect arising from thermally activated dislocations is remarkable, thus, the brittle-ductile transition can promote the fracture toughness of high-temperature ferroelectric ceramics. 展开更多
关键词 ferroelectric ceramics dislocation emission thermal activation shielding effect
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Myeloid-specific expression of Stat3C results in conversion of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells into alveolar type Ⅱ epithelial cells in the lung
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作者 YAN Cong QU Peng DU Hong 《Science China(Life Sciences)》 SCIE CAS 2012年第7期576-590,共15页
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and myeloid lineage cells originate from the bone marrow, and influence each other in vivo. To elucidate the mechanism that controls the interrelationship between these two c... Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and myeloid lineage cells originate from the bone marrow, and influence each other in vivo. To elucidate the mechanism that controls the interrelationship between these two cell types, the signaling path- way of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3) was activated by overexpressing Stat3C in a newly established c-fms-rtTA/(TetO)7-CMV-Stat3C bitransgenic mouse model, In this system, Stat3C-Flag fusion protein was overexpressed in myeloid lineage cells after doxycycline treatment. Stat3C overexpression induced systematic elevation of macrophages and neutrophils in multiple organs. In the lung, tissue neoplastic pneumocyte proliferation was observed. After in vitro cultured hSP-B 1.5-kb lacZ BMSCs were injected into the bitransgenic mice, BMSCs were able to repopulate in multiple organs, self-renew in the bone marrow and spleen, and convert into alveolar type II epithelial cells. The bone marrow transplantation study indicated that increases of myeloid lineage cells and BMSC-AT II cell conversion were due to malfunction of myeloid progenitor cells as a result of Stat3C overexpression. The study supports the concept that activation of the Stat3 pathway in myeloid cells plays an important role in BMSC function, including homing, repopulating and converting into residential AT II epithelial cells in the lung. 展开更多
关键词 Stat3C mesenchymal stem cells lung epithelial cells transgenic mice tissue remodeling myeloid-derived suppressive cells (MDSCs)
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