利用苦卤水生产制备海水素

利用制盐工业中剩余废液——苦卤水为原料 ,根据多元相图和盐在海水型体系中的溶解度关系 ,利用苦卤中的物质 ,在苦卤水浓缩产物中添加不同原料 。

南澳海水素在水族上的应用研究

有长期养殖淡水观赏鱼经验的广州动物园鱼馆,九十年代初期开始试养海水热带珊瑚礁鱼。人工海水的配制国外选用Backhaus,Lyman and Fleming,Kester等多个配方,国内选用朱树屏和一些改良配方。

浅析人工海水晶生产工艺的提高

介绍了什么是人工海水晶以及人工海水晶在我国的发展情况;同时在如何提高人工海水晶生产工艺方面做了研究。

Three-stage Transformation of Chlorophyll Transient Fluorescence Pattern Under Sustained Dehydration and the Discovery of Critical Water Content in Seaweeds

The chlorophyll fluorescence kinetics of marine red alga Grateloupia turutunt Yamada, green alga Ulva pertusa Kjellm and brown alga Laminaria japonica Aresch during natural sustained dehydration were monitored and investigated. The pulse amplified modulation (PAM) system was used to analyze the distinct fluorescence parameters during thallus dehydration. Results proved that the fluorescence kinetics of different seaweed all showed three patterns of transformation with sustained water loss. These were: 1) peak kinetic pattern (at the early stage of dehydration fluorescence enhanced and quenched subsequently, representing a normal physiological state). 2) plateau kinetic pattern (with sustained water loss fluorescence enhanced continuously but quenching became slower, finally reaching its maximum). 3) Platform kinetic pattern (fluorescence fell and the shape of kinetic curve was similar to plateau kinetic pattern). A critical water content (CWC) could be found and defined as the percentage of water content just prior to the fluorescence drop and to be a significant physiological index for evaluation of plant drought tolerance. Once thallus water content became lower than this value the normal peak pattern can not be recovered even through rehydration, indicating an irreversible damage to the thylakoid membrane. The CWC value corresponding to different marine species were varied and negatively correlated with their desiccation tolerance, for example. Laminaria japonica had the highest CWC value (around 90%) and the lowest dehydration tolerance of the three. In addition, a fluorescence 'burst' was found only in red algae during rehydration. The different fluorescence parameters F-o, F-v and F-v, F-m were measured and compared during water loss. Both F-o and F-v increased in the first stage of dehydration but F-v/F-m. kept almost constant. So the immediate response of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence to dehydration was an enhancement. Later with sustained dehydration F-o increased continuously while F-v decreased and tended to become smaller and smaller. The major changes in fluorescence (including fluorescence drop during dehydration and the burst during rehydration) were all attributed to the change in F-o instead of F-v This significance of F-o indicates that it is necessary to do more research on F-o as well as on its relationship with the state of thylakoid membrane.

关于盐业行政争议诉讼存在问题的探讨

自2004年以来，平阳盐务局与私盐贩徐某就盐业行政争议问题一直官司不断，不仅花费了大量的时间、人力、物力和财力，也占用了有限的司法资源。至今共有24起诉讼案件，胜诉19件，目前5件在审。该5个案件系2006年、2007年因徐某违法购销、运输以“海水素”名义实质是其他用盐的违法行为被平阳局行政处罚。

Influence of Seawater Temperature on Phytoplankton Growth in Jiaozhou Bay, China

The phytoplankton reproduction capacity (PRC), as a new concept regarding chlorophyll-a and primary production (PP) is described. PRC is different from PP, carbon assimilation number (CAN) or photosynthetic rate (P B). PRC quantifies phytoplankton growth with a special consideration of the effect of seawater temperature. Observation data in Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China, collected from May 1991 to February 1994 were used to analyze the horizontal distribution and seasonal variation of the PRC in Jiaozhou Bay in order to determine the characteristics, dynamic cycles and trends of phytoplankton growth in Jiaozhou Bay; and to develop a corresponding dynamic model of seawater temperature vs. PRC. Simulation curves showed that seawater temperature has a dual function of limiting and enhancing PRC. PRC’s periodicity and fluctuation are similar to those of the seawater temperature. Nutrient silicon in Jiaozhou Bay satisfies phytoplankton growth from June 7 to November 3. When nutrients N, P and Si satisfy the phytoplankton growth and solar irradiation is sufficient, the PRC would reflect the influence of seawater temperature on phytoplankton growth. Moreover, the result quantitatively explains the scenario of one-peak or two-peak phytoplankton reproduction in Jiaozhou Bay, and also quantitatively elucidates the internal mechanism of the one- or two-peak phytoplankton reproduction in the global marine areas.

Phytoplankton Community Dynamics in West Lake After Drawing Water from the Qiantang River

Seventeen phytoplankton dominant species of 218 taxa were found to have contributed to more than 80% of the biomass after analysis of the January, 1955 to December, 1996 phytoplankton population at five stations in West Lake after Qiantang River water had been drawn into the lake for a decade. The seasonal fluctuations were obvious; the maximum cell density of 90.91×10 7-93.58×10 7 cells/L and biomass of 57.41-58.61 mg/L occurred mainly in summer of 1996,largely as a result of the development of Lyngbya contorta, Merismopedia tenuissima, Oscillatoria limnetica, Spirulina laxissima and Scenedesmus quadricauda, etc. at Stations 2 and 4. At Station 1 located near the inlet for drawing water from the Qiantang River, the species number, cell density, biomass, chlorophyll a concentration and physico-chemical parameters (except for total nitrogen) were obviously greater than those at the other four stations, also greater than the corresponding parameters before the drawing of water from the Qiantang River into the lake. Compared with the results of study on the phytoplankton community in 1980 before the drawing of Qiantang River into the lake, the species number and the total individual density were increased, the dominant species changed somewhat, the biomass was decreased. The water quality was improved (especially at Station 1) after the drawing of river water into the lake. Based on criteria for evaluating trophic status, the biological and chemical indicators such as species composition and dominant species, and other parameters such as annual mean value cell densities (36.06×10 7-51.27×10 7 cells/L), biomass (29.03-39.74 mg/L), chl a concentrations (41.29-67.67μg/L), total nitrigen (1.72-2.89 mg/L), total phosphorus (0.12-0.16 mg/L) obtained at Stations 2, 3, 4 and 5, showed that West Lake is still at eutrophic lake.

Benthic nutrient recycling in shallow coastal waters of the Bohai Sea

Sediment-water fluxes of N and P species in the Bohai Sea were investigated in Septem-ber-October 1998 and April-May 1999. The benthic fluxes of nutrient species were determined by incubating sediment core samples with bottom seawater bubbled with air or nitrogen. -2NO,+4NH, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and phosphorus (DOP), total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) and phosphorus (TDP), and -34PO showed a net exchange flux from seawater to sediment, while -3NO, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and -23SiO were released from sediment to seawater in the Bohai Sea. Sediment-water nutrient exchange increases DIN and reduces the phosphorus load in the Bohai Sea. The release of silicate from sediment to overlying seawater reduces potential silicate limitation of primary production resulted from decrease of riverine discharge. The exchange flux of nutrients showed no obvious seasonal variation. The present study showed that the concentrations and composition of nutrients in the water column were affected by suspended sediment, and that not all the exchangeable phosphate in sediment could be released via sediment resuspension.

Heterologous gene expression driven by carbonic anhydrase gene promoter in Dunaliella salina

Dunaliella salina, a halotolerant unicellular green alga without a rigid cell wall, can live in salinities ranging from 0.05 to 5 mol/L NaC1. These features of D. salina make it an ideal host for the production of antibodies, oral vaccine, and commercially valuable polypeptides. To produce high level of heterologous proteins from D. salina, highly efficient promoters are required to drive expression of target genes under controlled condition. In the present study, we cloned a 5＇ franking region of 1.4 kb from the carbonic anhydrase （CAH） gene ofD. salina by genomic walking and PCR. The fragment was ligated to the pMD18-T vector and characterized. Sequence analysis indicated that this region contained conserved motifs, including a TATA- like box and CAAT-box. Tandem （GT）n repeats that had a potential role of transcriptional control, were also found in this region. The transcription start site （TSS） of the CAH gene was determined by 5＇ RACE and nested PCR method. Transformation assays showed that the 1.4 kb fragment was able to drive expression of the selectable bar （bialaphos resistance） gene when the fusion was transformed into D. salina by biolistics. Northern blotting hybridizations showed that the bar transcript was most abundant in cells grown in 2 mol/L NaCl, and less abundant in 0.5 mol/L NaCl, indicating that expression of the bar gene was induced at high salinity. These results suggest the potential use of the CAH gene promoter to induce the expression of heterologous genes in D. salina under varied salt condition.

Identifying the sources of organic matter in marine and riverine sediments of Bohai Bay and its catchment using carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes

Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes are useful tracers for distinguishing marine and terrestrial plant sources of sedimentary organic matter(OM),and for identifying OM from different types of plants.By analyzing the carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of marine and riverine sediments from Bohai Bay and its catchment,we were able to identify the source of OM in these sediments.The stable carbon isotope values of Bohai Bay sediments were between-22.94‰ and-23.90‰,while those of riverine sediments were from-24.45‰ to-32.50‰.Marine algae were the main source of OM in Bohai Bay sediments.However,lacustrine algae were the main source of riverine sediments,not terrestrial OM.The nitrogen isotopes in Bohai Bay sediments decreased in eastward direction,with increasing distance from the coastline,which suggested a higher degree of impact from human activities along the coast.

DYNAMIC CHANGES OF INORGANIC NITROGEN AND ASTAXANTHIN ACCUMULATION IN HAEMATOCOCCUS PLUVIALIS

This study on dynamic changes of culture color, astaxanthin and chlorophylls, inorganic N including N NO - 3, N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 in batch culture of Haematococcus pluvialis exposed to different additive nitrate concentration showed (1) ast/chl ratio was over 0.8 for brown and red algae, but was usually less than 0.5 for green and yellow algae; (2) N NO - 3, in general, was unstable and decreased, except for a small unexpected increase in nitrate enriched treatment groups; (3) measurable amounts of N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 were observed respectively with three change modes although no external nitrite and ammonia were added into the culture; (4) a non linear correlation between ast/chl ratio (or color) changes and the levels of N NO - 3 , N NO - 2 , N NH + 4 in H. pluvialis culture; (5) up and down variation of the ast/chl ratio occurred simultaneously with a perceptible color change from yellow to brown (or red) when N NO - 3, N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 fluctuated around 30, 5, 5 μmol/L respectively; (6) existence of three dynamic modes of N NO - 3, N NO - 2 and N NH + 4 changes, obviously associated with initial external nitrate; (7) the key level of total inorganic N concentration regulating the above physiological changes during indoor cultivation was about 50 μmol/L; and (8) 0.5-10 mmol/L of nitrate was theoretically conducive to cell growth in batch culture.

Colloid's influences on microalgae growth as a potential environmental factor

The role of colloid as “colloid pump” in the ocean is well known. The important influence of colloid in seawater on the growth of microalga was found in our 1999—2000 study. Colloid concentrates were obtained by employing a cross flow filtration system to ultrafilter seawater (which had been pre filtrated by 0.45 μm acetate cellulose membrane) successively with different membranes. Ultrafiltration retentions (we called them colloid concentrates) together with control sample (seawater without colloid) were then inoculated with two species of microalgae and cultivated in selected conditions. Monitoring of microalgae growth during cultivation showed that all colloid concentrates had obvious influence on the growth of the microalgae studied. Addition of Fe(OH) 3 colloid or organic colloid (protein or carbohydrate) to the control sample enhanced the microalgae’s growth.

Practical Model of Sea Ice Thickness of Bohai Sea Based on MODIS Data

Sea ice thickness is one of the most important input parameters in the studies on sea ice disaster prevention and mitigation. It is also the most important content in remote sensing monitoring of sea ice. In this study, a practical model of sea ice thickness(PMSIT) was proposed based on the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) data. In the proposed model, the MODIS data of the first band were used to estimate sea ice thickness and the difference between the second-band reflectance and the fifth-band reflectance in the MODIS data was calculated to obtain the difference attenuation index(DAI) of each pixel. The obtained DAI was used to estimate the integrated attenuation coefficient of the first band of the MODIS at the pixel level. Then the model was used to estimate sea ice thickness in the Bohai Sea with the MODIS data and then validated with the actual sea ice survey data. The validation results showed that the proposed model and corresponding parameterization scheme could largely avoid the estimation error of sea ice thickness caused by the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of sea ice extinction and allowed the error of 18.7% compared with the measured sea ice thickness.

The auxin concentration in sixteen Chinese marine algae

The author determined the occurrence of indole-3-acetic acid in sixteen Chinese marine algae collected from the east coast of China with fluorescence spectrophotometry (FS) and wheat coleop- tile bioanalysis methods (WCB). The concentration of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) presented was from 1.1–46.9 ng/g Fw (fresh weight) with FS and 5.3–110.2 ng/g Fw with WCB. The results by the two meth- ods were in the orders of 10-3–103 ng/g Fw reported previously from multiple references.

Effect of Dietary Vitamin E on the Sperm Quality of Turbot(Scophthalmus maximus)

A 3-month feeding experiment was conducted in an in-door seawater system to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E （Ve） on the sperm quality of turbot （Scophthalmus maximus）. D-α-tocopherol acetate was supplemented to the basal （control） diet （65.14 mg kg-l Ve） to obtain low and high levels of dietary Ve （244.60 mgkg-1, LVe; 721.60 mg kg-1, HVe）. Compared with the con- trol, sperm concentration was significantly increased in Ve-supplemented groups （LVe and HVe）; while relative sperm volume and testis-somatic index were significantly increased in group HVe only. Sperm motility duration was significantly longer in group HVe than in the control, but no significant difference was observed in percent motility among groups. Sperm size, the uniformity of mito- chondrial size, and the integrity of mitochondria cristae and plasma membrane were improved by dietary Ve, especially in HVe. The content of Ve in testis and liver as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids in sperm increased with dietary Ve. These results suggested that dietary Ve, especially at the high level （721.60 mg kgl）, significantly improved sperm concentration and motility duration and main- tained normal sperm morphology of turbot.Abstract A 3-month feeding experiment was conducted in an in-door seawater system to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E （Ve） on the sperm quality of turbot （Scophthalmus maximus）. D-α-tocopherol acetate was supplemented to the basal （control） diet （65.14 mg kg-l Ve） to obtain low and high levels of dietary Ve （244.60 mgkg-1, LVe; 721.60 mg kg-1, HVe）. Compared with the con- trol, sperm concentration was significantly increased in Ve-supplemented groups （LVe and HVe）; while relative sperm volume and testis-somatic index were significantly increased in group HVe only. Sperm motility duration was significantly longer in group HVe than in the control, but no significant difference was observed in percent motility among groups. Sperm size, the uniformity of mito- chondrial size, and the integrity of mitochondria cristae and plasma membrane were improved by dietary Ve, especially in HVe. The content of Ve in testis and liver as well as polyunsaturated fatty acids in sperm increased with dietary Ve. These results suggested that dietary Ve, especially at the high level （721.60 mg kgl）, significantly improved sperm concentration and motility duration and main- tained normal sperm morphology of turbot.

Copper and silver interactions at various exposure levels in a marine copepod, Acartia erythraea

Marine copepods, Acartia erythraea, were exposed separately to aqueous Cu and Ag media and to a Cu＋Ag mixture in a series of experiments during which the metal body burden and partitioning in the exoskeleton and polar and nonpolar parts of the animal cells were measured and the uptake and effiux rate constants for Cu and Ag were calculated. The metal uptake and effiux rate constants were 1.04×10^3±1.00×10^2 L·g^-1·d^-1 and 9.28× 102＋ 1.43×10-2 d^-1 for Cu and 1.60× 104＋1.78×10^3L·g^-1·d^-1and 9.23×10^2 -4- 9.1 1×10^3d^-1 for Ag, respectively. For both Cu and Ag, the uptake rate constants when the copepods were exposed to solutions of a single metal were generally higher than that when the copepods were exposed to metal mixtures. The results suggest an antagonistic interaction between waterborne Cu and Ag exists in marine copepods. The different distributions of Cu and Ag among the exoskeleton and polar and nonpolar parts of the copepods revealed that the metal bioavailability in copepods exposed to metal mixtures enhanced in some degree compared to copepods exposed to single metal solutions.

Survey of cyanomyovirus abundance in Shantou coastal waters by g20

To understand the genetic diversity and population changes in cyanophages in the coastal waters of Shantou, northeast South China Sea, we used the capsid assembly protein gene g20 as a marker of the abundance and phylogeny of natural cyanomyovirus communities. The abundance of total viruses, heterotrophic bacteria, and picophytoplankton in the coastal waters was monitored with flow cytometry. Hydrological parameters （NO3^-, NO2^-, NH3, soluble reactive phosphorus, total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll a concentration） and microbial abundance （total viruses, total bacteria, Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and eukaryotes） were measured in the upper and lower layers at four sampling sites in the research area. In the direct viral counts, cyanomyoviruses accounted for 1.92% to 〉10% of the total viral community. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the g20 sequences in the Shantou coastal waters were very diverse, distributed in eight distinct operational taxonomic units, including the newly formed Cluster W. The g20 gene copies inferred from real time PCR assay indicated that cyanomyovimses were correlated significantly with the heterotrophic bacteria numbers and the nitrate and chlorophyll a concentrations. These results suggest that cyanomyoviruses are ubiquitous and are an abundant component of the virioplankton in Shantou coastal waters.

Grey relational analysis on the relation between marine environmental factors and oxidation-reduction potential

The effects of marine environmental factors-temperature （T）, dissolved oxygen （DO）, salinity （S） and pH--on the oxidation-reduction potential （ORP） of natural seawater were studied in laboratory. The results show an indistinct relationship between these four factors and the ORE but they did impact the ORP. Common mathematical methods were not applicable for describing the relationship. Therefore, a grey relational analysis （GRA） method was developed. The degrees of correlation were calculated according to GILA and the values of T, pH, DO and S were 0.744, 0.710, 0.692 and 0.690, respectively. From these values, the relations of these factors to the ORP could be described and evaluated, and those of T and pH were relatively major. In general, ORP is influenced by the synergic effect of T, DO, pH and S, with no single factor having an outstanding role.

Simultaneous Determination of PIP and POP in Seawater

A method for simultaneous determination of particulate inorganic phosphorus (PIP) and particulate organic phosphorus (POP) in seawater was improved. After using cellulose acetate membrane to filter the seawater samples and washing the membrane with 1mol/L hydrochloric acid, PIP was extracted into hydrochloric acid phase and POP was left on the membrane. POP was oxygenated at 120℃, 0.12MPa with potassium persulphate. Phosphomolybdate blue spectrophotometry was used in the determination. The proper volume of seawater sample for simultaneously determining PIP and POP was 100-150ml, containing PIP≥0.27μg, POP≥0.69μg. Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of the determination of PIP and POP was 5.8% and 4.3% respectively. This method was used to determine POP and PIP in the surface water of Huiquan Bay, Qingdao, China. PIP content there averaged at 69.0μg/L and POP at 3.3μg/L. PIP is the main form (>93%) of particulate phosphorus (PP). Maximum PIP coincided with flood tide, indicating that PIP mainly originated from disturbance of surface sediments. At the offshore area, maximum of PIP appeared at flood tide and minimum of PIP appeared at ebb-tide. The maximum of POP presented at about 10:00am, which suggests that POP is closely related to biological metabolism. The control factor of POP in seawater was concluded to be biological metabolization.