开挖扰动下高应力岩体的能量演化与应力重分布规律研究

为揭示深部灾害发生机理,探讨各因素对开挖扰动效应的影响机制,利用离散元PFC软件建立不同原岩应力状态及不同开挖断面下的开挖模型。通过显式计算得到不同情形下高应力岩体在开挖扰动中的动能释放曲线,并以曲线峰值及最终稳定值,分别作为评判开挖扰动程度及开挖系统稳定性的能量指标,利用该组指标分析表明在原岩应力接近静水压力状态、采用圆形断面开挖时扰动效应最小;通过进一步分析,得到不同开挖断面及不同原岩应力状态下高应力岩体应力重分布的一般规律,并以开挖卸载的角度重视应力重分布这一过程,最终揭示了原岩应力状态及开挖断面几何形态对应力重分布的影响机制。

基于裂纹扩展模型的深部硐室围岩致裂规律

根据岩体的非均匀性和存在初始裂纹的特征,在二维有限差分程序中建立了非均质体二维模型,并在模型中考虑初始裂纹的影响,利用程序中的自带编译语言,实现了服从不同分布的初始裂纹的长度和角度的赋值。在模型中,利用亚临界裂纹扩展理论描述与时间相关的裂纹亚临界扩展过程,计算过程可体现裂纹扩展的时间效应,从而实现对所模拟结构的寿命预测。模型中裂纹的扩展方式假定为形成翼型裂纹的形式,利用翼型裂纹的简化模型对裂纹的扩展尺寸,应力强度因子等参数进行计算。在每一计算步中,每个单元中的裂纹扩展方向与该时刻单元所受应力情况相关,应力强度因子与该单元所受应力大小及翼型裂纹简化长度相关。利用该模型对高地应力条件下孔洞开挖卸荷导致围岩破坏的过程进行模拟,分析了深部岩体开挖导致的围岩破坏规律,对不同的孔洞形状和初始裂纹的分布情况分别进行了分析,计算结果显示了非连续破裂的形成与初始裂纹角度分布的关系:分区破裂的表现形态与初始裂纹和最大压应力的夹角相关,并且不同初始裂纹角度均值也会导致围岩破裂时间不同。通过建立的多种孔洞形状开挖模型,对不同孔洞形状围岩破裂形态及破坏时间的规律进行总结,发现相同计算步数内方形孔洞周边围岩处破坏单元数量最多,圆形孔洞周边围岩破坏单元数量最少。研究结果证实了裂纹的分布对孔洞周边围岩破坏形态的影响,对裂纹扩展的时间效应的分析可实现对围岩破坏程度和范围的预测,可为深部高地应力条件下诱导致裂非爆连续开采的实施时间和方式提供指导。

基于强度折减法的露天矿压煤区复合边坡稳定性研究

为实现露天矿煤炭开采效益的最大化,基于强度折减理论,采用FLAC3D有限差分软件建立三维模型,研究了压煤区弱层暴露长度与深部开挖坡角对复合边坡失稳模式与稳定性变化规律影响,确定了复合边坡最优边坡空间形态。结果表明:复合边坡失稳模式与稳定性主要受边弱层暴露长度与深部开挖坡角控制,复合边坡的稳定性在深部开挖坡角大于25°时,随弱层暴露长度的增加呈现明显先减小后趋近水平发展趋势;在弱层暴露长度大于200 m时,随深部开挖坡角的增加而明显减少;应用横采内排压帮开采方式空间效应,优化后边坡形态可提高复合边坡角至16°,深部开挖坡角25°,最大限度采出煤炭612.1万t。

Unloading responses of pre-flawed rock specimens under different unloading rates

Based on the stress redistribution analysis of rock mass during the deep underground excavation, the unloading process of pre-flawed rock material was simulated by distinct element method (DEM). The effects of unloading rate and flaw inclination angle on unloading strengths and cracking properties of pre-flawed rock specimens are numerically revealed. The results indicate that the unloading failure strength of pre-flawed specimen exhibits a power-function increase trend with the increase of unloading period. Moreover, combined with the stress state analysis on the flaws, it is found that the unloading failure strength increases with the increase of flaw inclination angle. The cracking distribution of pre-flawed specimens under the unloading condition closely depends on the flaw inclination angle, and three typical types of flaw coalescence are observed. Furthermore, at a faster unloading rate, the pre-flawed specimen experiences a sharper and quicker unloading failure process, resulting in more splitting cracks in the specimens.

Dynamic response and failure of rock in initial gradientstress field under stress wave loading

Once an opening is created in deep underground,the stresses surrounding the opening will be redistributed,inducing a gradient stress field.To understand how the ground rock in such a gradient stress field responses to dynamic stress loading,the gradient stress distribution at a circular opening was first analyzed and the propagation of 1D stress wave in rock mass under gradient stress field was theoretically derived.By using an implicit to explicit solution method in LS-DYNA code,the dynamic mechanical behaviors of rock in gradient stress field were numerically investigated.The results indicate that the damage is mainly produced at or near the free face,partly due to the straight action of compressive stress wave and the tensile stress wave generated at the free face.The range of the induced damage zone is narrowed under the conditions of higher gradient stress rate and lower dynamic stress amplitude.However,under lower gradient stress field and higher dynamic stress,the damage becomes severer and wider with discontinuous failure regions.

Dynamic characteristics of high stressed red sandstone subjected to unloading and impact loads

In the process of deep projects excavation,deep rock often experiences a full stress process from high stress to unloading and then to impact disturbance failure.To study the dynamic characteristics of three-dimensional high stressed red sandstone subjected to unloading and impact loads,impact compression tests were conducted on red sandstone under confining pressure unloading conditions using a modified split Hopkinson pressure bar.Impact disturbance tests of uniaxial pre-stressed rock were also conducted(without considering confining pressure unloading effect).The results demonstrate that the impact compression strength of red sandstone shows an obvious strain rate effect.With an approximately equal strain rate,the dynamic strength of red sandstone under confining unloading conditions is less than that in the uniaxial pre-stressed impact compression test.Confining pressure unloading produces a strength-weakening effect,and the dynamic strength weakening factor(DSWF)is also defined.The results also indicate that the strain rate of the rock and the incident energy change in a logarithmic relation.With similar incident energies,unloading results in a higher strain rate in pre-stressed rock.According to the experimental analysis,unloading does not affect the failure mode,but reduces the dynamic strength of pre-stressed rock.The influence of confining pressure unloading on the shear strength parameters(cohesion and friction angle)is discussed.Under the same external energy impact compression,prestressed rock subjected to unloading is more likely to be destroyed.Thus,the effect of unloading on the rock mechanical characteristics should be considered in deep rock project excavation design.

Energy analysis of face stability of deep rock tunnels using nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion

The nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion was introduced to limit analysis by applying the tangent method. Based on the failure mechanism of double-logarithmic spiral curves on the face of deep rock tunnels, the analytical solutions of collapse pressure were derived through utilizing the virtual power principle in the case of pore water, and the optimal solutions of collapse pressure were obtained by using the optimization programs of mathematical model with regard of a maximum problem. In comparison with existing research with the same parameters, the consistency of change rule shows the validity of the proposed method. Moreover, parametric study indicates that nonlinear Hoek-Brown failure criterion and pore water pressure have great influence on collapse pressure and failure shape of tunnel faces in deep rock masses, particularly when the surrounding rock is too weak or under the condition of great disturbance and abundant ground water, and in this case, supporting measures should be intensified so as to prevent the occurrence of collapse.