Broomrape causes economic damage in sunflower production in many countries worldwide, but especially in Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Kazakhstan, and China. Sunflower selection for broomrape...Broomrape causes economic damage in sunflower production in many countries worldwide, but especially in Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Kazakhstan, and China. Sunflower selection for broomrape resistance uses different methods for testing breeding materials, looks for resistance sources in certain wild species of the genus Helianthus, and has so far produced significant results. Dominant genes for resistance to races A, B, C, D, E and F have been found and incorporated into cultivated sunflower genotypes. In the last two to three years, new broomrape populations have been discovered in several countries. None of the existing commercial hybrids resistant to races A, B, C, D, E and F have proven resistant to these new populations. Greenhouse testing conducted by the Fundulea Institute in Romania in 2009 has managed to identify two restorer lines that are resistant to all the new populations and can be used directly in developing hybrids. Sunflower breeders and geneticists have achieved significant results in the use of molecular markers for identifying new broomrape races. Marker-assisted selection should be used even more in the future search for Orobanche resistance. Broomrape can also be managed by the development of IMl-resistant hybrids or by using biological control.展开更多
Research was undertaken to define the concept of a coach-based braking energy recoupment, storage and regeneration system to augment the acceleration of regional commuter trains hauled by diesel locomotives. Functiona...Research was undertaken to define the concept of a coach-based braking energy recoupment, storage and regeneration system to augment the acceleration of regional commuter trains hauled by diesel locomotives. Functional specifications were developed having the goal of increasing by 25% the acceleration rate of a train consisting of 10 bi-level coaches hauled by a 3,000 hp diesel locomotive, typical of the rolling stock now in commuter services in Canada and the USA. Examining three alternate hybrid system technologies for train retardation based, respectively, on hydrostatic, battery and ultracapacitor energy storage. The ultracapacitor hybrid system appeared the most promising due to the capability ofultracapacitors to repeatedly and rapidly accept large energy charges without degradation, temperature insensitive and flexible in the placement of modules in the limited space available. Analyses of train operation simulations showed that in addition to augmenting acceleration and reducing trip time, braking energy recoupment reduced fuel consumption and concomitant diesel emissions.展开更多
文摘Broomrape causes economic damage in sunflower production in many countries worldwide, but especially in Central and Eastern Europe, Spain, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Kazakhstan, and China. Sunflower selection for broomrape resistance uses different methods for testing breeding materials, looks for resistance sources in certain wild species of the genus Helianthus, and has so far produced significant results. Dominant genes for resistance to races A, B, C, D, E and F have been found and incorporated into cultivated sunflower genotypes. In the last two to three years, new broomrape populations have been discovered in several countries. None of the existing commercial hybrids resistant to races A, B, C, D, E and F have proven resistant to these new populations. Greenhouse testing conducted by the Fundulea Institute in Romania in 2009 has managed to identify two restorer lines that are resistant to all the new populations and can be used directly in developing hybrids. Sunflower breeders and geneticists have achieved significant results in the use of molecular markers for identifying new broomrape races. Marker-assisted selection should be used even more in the future search for Orobanche resistance. Broomrape can also be managed by the development of IMl-resistant hybrids or by using biological control.
文摘Research was undertaken to define the concept of a coach-based braking energy recoupment, storage and regeneration system to augment the acceleration of regional commuter trains hauled by diesel locomotives. Functional specifications were developed having the goal of increasing by 25% the acceleration rate of a train consisting of 10 bi-level coaches hauled by a 3,000 hp diesel locomotive, typical of the rolling stock now in commuter services in Canada and the USA. Examining three alternate hybrid system technologies for train retardation based, respectively, on hydrostatic, battery and ultracapacitor energy storage. The ultracapacitor hybrid system appeared the most promising due to the capability ofultracapacitors to repeatedly and rapidly accept large energy charges without degradation, temperature insensitive and flexible in the placement of modules in the limited space available. Analyses of train operation simulations showed that in addition to augmenting acceleration and reducing trip time, braking energy recoupment reduced fuel consumption and concomitant diesel emissions.
