考虑到生态系统状态对渔业的重要影响,渔业生态系统方法(Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries,EAF)把对生态的关注加入渔业管理框架中,并以生态系统管理和渔业管理2个理论为基础,扩展了传统渔业管理的框架:以生态系统健康与人类福利的依存...考虑到生态系统状态对渔业的重要影响,渔业生态系统方法(Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries,EAF)把对生态的关注加入渔业管理框架中,并以生态系统管理和渔业管理2个理论为基础,扩展了传统渔业管理的框架:以生态系统健康与人类福利的依存关系为基础,关注多物种管理,均衡生态、人文和制度3个维度的目标,实现渔业的可持续发展。本研究介绍了EAF的由来、定义、基本原则以及功能要素,概述了EAF的实践基础和模型构建的技术路径,对比了EAF与EBFM的异同。虽然EAF的理论和实践仍处于完善和发展阶段,但确为渔业管理的发展方向,介绍EAF对促进我国渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。展开更多
渔业影响了水域生态环境,如过度捕捞、鱼类生存环境变迁等都使得原有渔业水域生态系统越来越脆弱。科学开发有限的渔业资源需要正确的理论指导。构建生态系统模型可以更完整地认识水域生态系统的结构和功能。Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)...渔业影响了水域生态环境,如过度捕捞、鱼类生存环境变迁等都使得原有渔业水域生态系统越来越脆弱。科学开发有限的渔业资源需要正确的理论指导。构建生态系统模型可以更完整地认识水域生态系统的结构和功能。Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)模型是以生态系统中的能量流动和物质平衡为理论基础,融合了生态学的相关基础理论知识,主要用于探讨生态学的基本问题、评估渔业对生态系统的影响、提出渔业管理政策、评估海洋保护区域的效果和位置确定、评估环境变化对渔业的影响。该模型为海洋渔业和淡水渔业提供了分析和管理工具。展开更多
Currently, due to the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use patterns, a lot of CO2 （carbon dioxide） emissions into the air, the amount of CO2 in the air is extremely increased. According to the research CO...Currently, due to the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use patterns, a lot of CO2 （carbon dioxide） emissions into the air, the amount of CO2 in the air is extremely increased. According to the research CO2 is the main component of greenhouse gases and the main culprit of causing the greenhouse effect. The ocean is a huge repository of carbon, water can dissolve a large amount of CO2, in the ocean, a large number of plants and planktonic algae absorb CO2 to produce 02, It is a very large gathering place （sink）. At the same time, CO2 aggregation in the ocean seawater acidity increases, impact on fishery resources, sources and sinks of CO2 were discussed in the paper.展开更多
Catch per unit of eff ort(CPUE) data can display spatial autocorrelation. However, most of the CPUE standardization methods developed so far assumes independency of observations for the dependent variable, which is of...Catch per unit of eff ort(CPUE) data can display spatial autocorrelation. However, most of the CPUE standardization methods developed so far assumes independency of observations for the dependent variable, which is often invalid. In this study, we collected data of two fisheries, squid jigging fishery and mackerel trawl fishery. We used standard generalized linear model(GLM) and spatial GLMs to compare the impact of spatial autocorrelation on CPUE standardization for different fisheries. We found that spatialGLMs perform better than standard-GLM for both fisheries. The overestimation of precision of CPUE estimates was observed in both fisheries. Moran's I was used to quantify the level of autocorrelation for the two fisheries. The results show that autocorrelation in mackerel trawl fishery was much stronger than that in squid jigging fishery. According to the results of this paper, we highly recommend to account for spatial autocorrelation when using GLM to standardize CPUE data derived from commercial fisheries.展开更多
Next to excessive nutrient loading,intensive aquaculture is one of the major anthropogenic impacts threatening lake ecosystems.In China,particularly in the shallow lakes of mid-lower Changjiang(Yangtze) River,continuo...Next to excessive nutrient loading,intensive aquaculture is one of the major anthropogenic impacts threatening lake ecosystems.In China,particularly in the shallow lakes of mid-lower Changjiang(Yangtze) River,continuous overstocking of the Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) could deteriorate water quality and exhaust natural resources.A series of crab yield models and a general optimum-stocking rate model have been established,which seek to benefit both crab culture and the environment.In this research,independent investigations were carried out to evaluate the crab yield models and modify the optimum-stocking model.Low percentage errors(average 47%,median 36%) between observed and calculated crab yields were obtained.Specific values were defined for adult crab body mass(135 g/ind.) and recapture rate(18%and 30%in lakes with submerged macrophyte biomass above and below 1 000 g/m^2)to modify the optimum-stocking model.Analysis based on the modified optimum-stocking model indicated that the actual stocking rates in most lakes were much higher than the calculated optimum-stocking rates.This implies that,for most lakes,the current stocking rates should be greatly reduced to maintain healthy lake ecosystems.展开更多
Laizhou Bay provides a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many fishery species, including commercially important spe- cies, such as Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Larimichthys polyactis. The bay is severely stres...Laizhou Bay provides a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many fishery species, including commercially important spe- cies, such as Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Larimichthys polyactis. The bay is severely stressed due to high fishing pressure and environmental changes. Based on the long-term ecosystem surveys in Laizhou Bay during the main spawning period （May） of most fishery species from 1959 to 2008, the responses of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem were analyzed here, including regime shifts in species composition, biomass, species diversity, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and environmental variables. The dominant species of large-size and high economic value （e.g. Trichiurus haumela, L. polyactis） have been replaced by the short-lived, low-trophic-level planktivorous pelagic species （e.g. Setipinna taty, Engraulisjaponicus） since the 1980s, and it is probable that the small-sized pelagic fishes have been recently replaced by invertebrates （e.g. Oratosquilla oratoria, Crangon affinis）. The biomass of fishery resources declined continuously from 423.6 kg haul 1 h-1 in 1959 to 164.6 kg haul-l h i in 1982, 37.7 kg haul-1 h-1 in 1993, and less than 8 kg haul 1 h-a in 1998-2008. Moreover, the biomass of zooplankton showed an increasing trend during 1959-2006, but showed a slight decline in 2008. The abundance of phytoplankton increased from 1959 through 1982, decreased substantially in 1993, and increased again until 2004. More recently, however, the phytoplankton abundance was very low. The sea surface temperature （SST） and sea bottom temperature （SBT） in May increased by 0.23~C a-~ and 0.16~C a-~, respectively, during 1982-2008. The salinity in May showed large fluctuations and reached its lowest val- ues in 2004 and 2006. The ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） to dissolved inorganic phosphate （DIP） increased. However, the dissolved silicon （DSi）：DIP and DSi：DIN ratios decreased to a low level during 1959-2008. These changes seri- ously impacted primary production, and cascade effects then changed the structure and function of the fishery ecosystem. Fur- ther analysis indicated that multiple stresses caused the alterations in the structure of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem. The top-down effect was identified as the main influence on the fishery species （at the top of the food chain） over the past five decades due to the increasing fishing pressure, whereas the bottom-up effect increased over the past three decades due to the strong variations in the environment.展开更多
文摘考虑到生态系统状态对渔业的重要影响,渔业生态系统方法(Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries,EAF)把对生态的关注加入渔业管理框架中,并以生态系统管理和渔业管理2个理论为基础,扩展了传统渔业管理的框架:以生态系统健康与人类福利的依存关系为基础,关注多物种管理,均衡生态、人文和制度3个维度的目标,实现渔业的可持续发展。本研究介绍了EAF的由来、定义、基本原则以及功能要素,概述了EAF的实践基础和模型构建的技术路径,对比了EAF与EBFM的异同。虽然EAF的理论和实践仍处于完善和发展阶段,但确为渔业管理的发展方向,介绍EAF对促进我国渔业可持续发展具有重要意义。
文摘渔业影响了水域生态环境,如过度捕捞、鱼类生存环境变迁等都使得原有渔业水域生态系统越来越脆弱。科学开发有限的渔业资源需要正确的理论指导。构建生态系统模型可以更完整地认识水域生态系统的结构和功能。Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)模型是以生态系统中的能量流动和物质平衡为理论基础,融合了生态学的相关基础理论知识,主要用于探讨生态学的基本问题、评估渔业对生态系统的影响、提出渔业管理政策、评估海洋保护区域的效果和位置确定、评估环境变化对渔业的影响。该模型为海洋渔业和淡水渔业提供了分析和管理工具。
文摘Currently, due to the burning of fossil fuels and changes in land use patterns, a lot of CO2 （carbon dioxide） emissions into the air, the amount of CO2 in the air is extremely increased. According to the research CO2 is the main component of greenhouse gases and the main culprit of causing the greenhouse effect. The ocean is a huge repository of carbon, water can dissolve a large amount of CO2, in the ocean, a large number of plants and planktonic algae absorb CO2 to produce 02, It is a very large gathering place （sink）. At the same time, CO2 aggregation in the ocean seawater acidity increases, impact on fishery resources, sources and sinks of CO2 were discussed in the paper.
基金Supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China(863 Program)(No.2012AA092303)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean(No.20155014)+2 种基金the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Projectthe Funding Program for Outstanding Dissertation in Shanghai Ocean UniversitySupported by SHOU International Center for Marine Studies and Shanghai 1000 Talent Program
文摘Catch per unit of eff ort(CPUE) data can display spatial autocorrelation. However, most of the CPUE standardization methods developed so far assumes independency of observations for the dependent variable, which is often invalid. In this study, we collected data of two fisheries, squid jigging fishery and mackerel trawl fishery. We used standard generalized linear model(GLM) and spatial GLMs to compare the impact of spatial autocorrelation on CPUE standardization for different fisheries. We found that spatialGLMs perform better than standard-GLM for both fisheries. The overestimation of precision of CPUE estimates was observed in both fisheries. Moran's I was used to quantify the level of autocorrelation for the two fisheries. The results show that autocorrelation in mackerel trawl fishery was much stronger than that in squid jigging fishery. According to the results of this paper, we highly recommend to account for spatial autocorrelation when using GLM to standardize CPUE data derived from commercial fisheries.
基金Supported by the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology(Nos.2014FB14,2011FBZ14)the Hubei Province(No.2001AA201A05)+2 种基金the National Basic Research Program of China(973Program)(No.2008CB418006)the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.KZCX1-SW-12)supported by the Youth Innovation Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.2014312)
文摘Next to excessive nutrient loading,intensive aquaculture is one of the major anthropogenic impacts threatening lake ecosystems.In China,particularly in the shallow lakes of mid-lower Changjiang(Yangtze) River,continuous overstocking of the Chinese mitten crab(Eriocheir sinensis) could deteriorate water quality and exhaust natural resources.A series of crab yield models and a general optimum-stocking rate model have been established,which seek to benefit both crab culture and the environment.In this research,independent investigations were carried out to evaluate the crab yield models and modify the optimum-stocking model.Low percentage errors(average 47%,median 36%) between observed and calculated crab yields were obtained.Specific values were defined for adult crab body mass(135 g/ind.) and recapture rate(18%and 30%in lakes with submerged macrophyte biomass above and below 1 000 g/m^2)to modify the optimum-stocking model.Analysis based on the modified optimum-stocking model indicated that the actual stocking rates in most lakes were much higher than the calculated optimum-stocking rates.This implies that,for most lakes,the current stocking rates should be greatly reduced to maintain healthy lake ecosystems.
基金supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest(Grant No.200903005)National Basic Research Program of China(Grant Nos.2011CB409805 and 2010CB951204)Taishan Scholar Program of Shandong Province
文摘Laizhou Bay provides a critical spawning and nursery habitat for many fishery species, including commercially important spe- cies, such as Fenneropenaeus chinensis and Larimichthys polyactis. The bay is severely stressed due to high fishing pressure and environmental changes. Based on the long-term ecosystem surveys in Laizhou Bay during the main spawning period （May） of most fishery species from 1959 to 2008, the responses of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem were analyzed here, including regime shifts in species composition, biomass, species diversity, zooplankton, phytoplankton, and environmental variables. The dominant species of large-size and high economic value （e.g. Trichiurus haumela, L. polyactis） have been replaced by the short-lived, low-trophic-level planktivorous pelagic species （e.g. Setipinna taty, Engraulisjaponicus） since the 1980s, and it is probable that the small-sized pelagic fishes have been recently replaced by invertebrates （e.g. Oratosquilla oratoria, Crangon affinis）. The biomass of fishery resources declined continuously from 423.6 kg haul 1 h-1 in 1959 to 164.6 kg haul-l h i in 1982, 37.7 kg haul-1 h-1 in 1993, and less than 8 kg haul 1 h-a in 1998-2008. Moreover, the biomass of zooplankton showed an increasing trend during 1959-2006, but showed a slight decline in 2008. The abundance of phytoplankton increased from 1959 through 1982, decreased substantially in 1993, and increased again until 2004. More recently, however, the phytoplankton abundance was very low. The sea surface temperature （SST） and sea bottom temperature （SBT） in May increased by 0.23~C a-~ and 0.16~C a-~, respectively, during 1982-2008. The salinity in May showed large fluctuations and reached its lowest val- ues in 2004 and 2006. The ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen （DIN） to dissolved inorganic phosphate （DIP） increased. However, the dissolved silicon （DSi）：DIP and DSi：DIN ratios decreased to a low level during 1959-2008. These changes seri- ously impacted primary production, and cascade effects then changed the structure and function of the fishery ecosystem. Fur- ther analysis indicated that multiple stresses caused the alterations in the structure of the Laizhou Bay fishery ecosystem. The top-down effect was identified as the main influence on the fishery species （at the top of the food chain） over the past five decades due to the increasing fishing pressure, whereas the bottom-up effect increased over the past three decades due to the strong variations in the environment.
