基于多关键井平均曲线标准化方案的致密砂岩渗透率精确计算

X地区致密砂岩储层地质条件复杂,纵横向非均质性强;测井资料采集时间跨度大、标准化程度低;储层参数影响因素复杂,导致孔隙度、渗透率的计算精度低。为此提出一种多关键井平均、双标准层控制、趋势面法与直方图法相互验证的测井曲线标准化方案,系统解决单一标准层存在的相变、缺失、非均质性、特征值异常等一系列问题,标准化后孔隙度计算精度显著提高。在此基础上,基于流体流动单元储层分类理论,确立储层分类标准,构建基于流体流动单元的分类渗透率精确计算模型。利用多元线性回归方法建立测井曲线表征的流体流动单元计算模型,实现储层分类和渗透率计算的连续、定量评价。提出的标准化方案可提高测井曲线标准化的稳定性、适应性和可靠性,为储层分类及参数计算提供坚实的数据基础。该方法为该地区致密储层精细评价提供有力的技术支持,具有重要的应用和推广价值。

基于滩控岩溶型白云岩储层分类的渗透率建模方法研究——以川中磨溪—高石梯地区龙王庙组为例

川中磨溪—高石梯地区龙王庙组白云岩储层渗透率受岩溶作用的影响较大,现有渗透率计算模型的适用性较差。利用岩心照片、岩石薄片、高压压汞、核磁共振、物性分析、测井等资料,首先根据岩溶作用、储集空间、孔隙结构对储层进行分类,将非均质性极强的滩控岩溶型白云岩储层划分为溶洞型、溶孔型与基质孔隙型3种相对均质的储层类型,再运用全直径岩样与标准柱塞样物性分析结果,借助其表征尺度的差异,对各类型储层进行渗透率建模。全直径岩样表征尺度较大,用以建立溶洞型储层渗透率解释模型;标准柱塞样表征尺度较小,用以建立溶孔型与基质孔隙型储层渗透率解释模型。现场应用结果表明,相对于常规Timur公式与核磁Coates等模型,上述分储层类型计算的渗透率值与岩心分析结果更吻合,有效提高了碳酸盐岩滩控岩溶型白云岩储层渗透率计算结果的准确度。

基于图论多分辨率聚类法的测井相划分及渗透率评价——以渤海P油田W井区馆陶组为例

同一油组(油田)采用同一孔渗指数关系模型计算渗透率时往往会出现比较大的误差。提出基于图论多分辨聚类法的测井相划分方法,即利用邻近指数划分不同类别的测井相,利用核心代表指数优选最佳测井相,该方法参数较少且运行结果稳定。以渤海P油田W井区馆陶组为例,结合地质、测井及岩心铸体薄片等资料,确定了研究区测井相与岩相对应关系,建立了基于测井相约束的渗透率评价模型。应用效果表明,与常规孔渗指数模型计算的渗透率相比,本文模型计算的渗透率与岩心分析渗透率吻合程度更高,进一步提高了地质建模中渗透率建模的精度和准确度,可以为油田的滚动开发方案井位部署提供定量依据。

基于岩石物理相约束的致密砂岩气储层渗透率解释建模

充分利用岩心、薄片和钻测井等资料,对四川盆地JQ区块须家河组须二段致密砂岩气储层的沉积微相、成岩相和裂缝相特征进行了研究.结果表明,须二段沉积以辫状河三角洲前缘为主,发育水下分流河道、河口坝和分流间湾等微相;根据成岩作用类型、强度、成岩矿物及其对储层物性的影响将储层划分为压实致密、碳酸盐岩胶结、伊蒙混层充填和不稳定组分溶蚀4种成岩相;裂缝相则以局部层段发育的近水平缝为主.通过三者的叠加与复合对储层岩石物理相进行分类命名,划分出了河口坝-不稳定组分溶蚀-近水平缝相等多种岩石物理相.然后按照岩石物理相对储层物性的建设与破坏作用对其进行聚类分析,归纳出了PF1～PF4四大类岩石物理相.通过建立每一类岩石物理相的孔隙度-渗透率关系表明,基于岩石物理相约束而建立的储层渗透率解释模型具有更高的精度.岩石物理相是揭示致密砂岩气储层成因机理并提高其物性参数测井解释精度的有效途径.

压敏油藏的压力动态摄动分析

在对压敏油藏的压力瞬态分析时,假设各种岩性为常数,用以确定压敏油藏的传输性与储容性会造成非常显著的误差;另一方面,与压力有关的各种岩性使得在油藏中描述压力的控制方程是非线性的,这些非线性性只能利用数值方法进行近似处理,如果渗透率模量是确定的,这些非线性可以弱化。假设渗透率模量为常数,通过引入Pedrosa变换,使得压力控制方程的非线性弱化,并利用正规摄动法获得在无穷大边界条件下的一阶摄动解;同时,借助半解析的数值计算方法,将井底压力动态行为图形化,使之易于直观分析。

Seismic signatures of reservoir permeability based on the patchy-saturation model

Modeling of seismic responses of variable permeability on the basis of the patchy-sa^ration model provides insights into the seismic characterization of fluid mobility. We linked rock-physics models in the frequency domain and seismic modeling on the basis of the propagator matrix method. For a layered patchy-saturated reservoir, the seismic responses represent a combination of factors, including impedance contrast, the effect of dispersion and attenuation within the reservoir, and the tuning and interference of reflections at the top and bottom of the reservoir. Numerical results suggest that increasing permeability significantly reduces the P-wave velocity and induces dispersion between the high- and low-frequency elastic limit. Velocity dispersion and the layered structure of a reservoir lead to complex reflection waveforms. Seismic reflections are sensitive to permeability if the impedance of the reservoir is close to that of the surroundings. For variable layer thickness, the stacked amplitudes increase with permeability for high-velocity surrounding shale, whereas the stacked amplitudes decrease with permeability for low-velocity surrounding shale.

Pore-scale simulation of gas-water flow in low permeability gas reservoirs

A novel method was developed to establish a realistic three dimensional(3D) network model representing pore space in low permeability sandstone.Digital core of rock sample was established by the combination of micro-CT scanning and image processing,then 3D pore-throat network model was extracted from the digital core through analyzing pore space topology,calculating pore-throat parameters and simplifying the shapes of pores and throats.The good agreements between predicted and measured porosity and absolute permeability verified the validity of this new network model.Gas-water flow mechanism was studied by using pore-scale simulations,and the influence of pore structure parameters,including coordination number,aspect ratio and shape factor,on gas-water flow,was investigated.The present simulation results show that with the increment of coordination number,gas flow ability in network improves and the effect of invading water on blocking gas flow weakens.The smaller the aspect ratio is,the stronger the anisotropy of the network is,resulting in the increase of seepage resistance.It is found that the shape factor mainly affects the end points in relative permeability curves,and for a highly irregular pore or throat with a small shape factor,the irreducible water saturation(Swi) and residual gas saturation(Sgr) are relatively high.

Ultrasonic vibrations and coal permeability: Laboratory experimental investigations and numerical simulations

Ultrasonic vibrations in coal lead to cavitation bubble oscillation, growth, shrinkage, and collapse, and the strong vibration of cavitation bubbles not only makes coal pores break and cracks propagate, but plays an important role in enhancing the permeability of coal. In this paper, the influence of ultrasonic cavitation on coal and the effects of the sonic waves on crack generation, propagation, connection, as well as the effect of cracks on the coal permeability, are studied. The experimental results show that cracks in coal are generated even connected rapidly after ultrasonic cavitation. Under the effect of ultrasonic cavitation,the permeability increases between 30% and 60%, and the number of cracks in coal also significantly increased. Numerical experiments show that the effective sound pressure is beneficial to fracture propagation and connection, and it is closely related to the permeability. Moreover, the numerical simulations and physical experiments provide a guide for the coal permeability improvement.

Stress sensitivity of coal samples in terms of anisotropy

The permeability and porosity of coal seams are anisotropic, and the variation of confining stress may induce deformation in coal samples. In order to study these characteristics, experiments and model analyses were conducted to understand the behaviors of anisotropic stress sensitivity of lean coal samples. The results showed as the closure of cleats and the generation of micro-cracks, the strong stress sensitivity of coal samples and the discrete changes in porosity were caused by confining pressure changes. In the compression period, the anisotropy trend first increased, and then decreased. In the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane, the permeability decrease rate and the irreversible damage rate were the highest. In the direction parallel to the cleats, permeability recovery rate was higher and the irreversible damage rate was lower along butt cleats. Compared to the cube root of permeability to porosity, a 1/6 power relationship was proved to be closer to the experiment results, the new relationship had the highest fit level in the face cleat direction, and the lowest fit level in the vertical direction

Applying COSISIM model to study the permeability of porous media

Accuracy of simulated permeability can be improved using soft data during the process of simulation. Integrating soft data with hard data, a method based on COSISIM （sequential indicator cosimulation） was proposed to reconstruct permeability. The algorithm COSISIM extends the SISIM （sequential indicator simulation） algorithm to handle secondary data. At the difference of SISIM, data must already be an indicator-coded prior to using COSISIM. The soft data were integrated with hard data using the Markov-Bayes algorithm and must be coded into indicators before they are used. This method was tested on a regional simulation of permeability. The simulated results and the original distribution of permeability were compared. The experimental results demonstrate that this method is practical.

Modelling of the Resin Penetration Rate into the Archaeological Wood Cell Wall： The Methodology of Experimental Design

The penetration modeling of an adhesive into the fiber requires the measurement of various properties of resin and fiber： the resin viscosity, its surface tension, the penetration depth and the timber pore radius. This study is based on the screening technique that identifies the factors sensed by the experimenter. In order to determine the optimum processing conditions and find the combination of parameters that maximize the productivity in the experimental phase, a geometric illustration of the response has been made. The results are： the pores radius （4 μm）, surface tension （62.5 mN/m）, depth （10 μm） and viscosity （2,000 Cp）.

Quantitative Estimation of Directional Permeability Barrier as Reservoir Heterogeneity A New Approach Using Synthetic Core

One of the major challenges in reservoir characterization is to estimate the effective porosity and the permeability of the reservoir due to reservoir heterogeneity. Often, the vertical and the horizontal permeabilities are not considered separately in 3D geo-cellular models and in the reservoir simulations. Conventional reservoir modeling extrapolates all of the small-scale data to full-field scale data without considering the impact of the small-scale geological details, and therefore carries forward inherent errors into the reservoir predictions as a consequence of ignoring the reservoir heterogeneity. Most reservoirs are geologically complex and heterogeneous and that greatly influences reservoir performance. A case study is taken from a CHOPS （cold heavy oil production with sands） field. An innovative method of reservoir heterogeneity estimation has been introduced to illustrate the complex reservoir heterogeneity honouring all of the small-scale geological details in the 3D geological model. This detailed near-wellbore modeling through a synthetic core can provide the realistic quantitative volumetric assumption of the production prediction and improve the EOR （enhanced oil recovery） processes.

Numerical modeling of permeability evolution based on degradation approach during progressive failure of brittle rocks

The permeability evolution of rock during the progressive failure process is described. In combination with the strength degradation index, the degradation formulas of s and a, which are dependent on the plastic confining strain component, the material constants of Hock-Brown failure criterion are presented, and a modified elemental scale elastic-brittle-plastic constitutive model of rock is established. The rela- tionship between volumetric strain and permeability through tri-axial compression is investigated. Based on the above, a permeability evolution model is established. The model incorporates confining pressure- dependent degradation of strength, dilatancy and corresponding permeability evolution. The model is implemented in FLAC by the FISH function method. The permeability evolution behavior of rock is inves-tigated during the progressive failure process in a numerical case. The results show that the model is cap- able of reproducing, and allowing visualization of a range of hydro-mechanical responses of rock. The effects of confining pressure on degradation of strength, dilatancy and permeability evolution are also reflected.

A relative permeability model for deformable soils and its impact on coupled unsaturated flow and elasto-plastic deformation processes.

Relative permeability is an indispensable property for characterizing the unsaturated flow and induced deformation in soils. The widely used Mualem model is inadequate for deformable soils because of its assumption of a rigid pore structure and the resultant unique dependence of the tortuosity factor on the volumetric water content. In this study, a unified relationship between the relative permeability and the effective degree of saturation was proposed for deformable soils by incorporating our newly developed water retention curve model into the original Mualem model, in which a new tortuosity factor was defined using the fractal dimension of flow paths and the mean radius of water-filled pores for representing the effect of pore structure variation. The modified deformation-dependent relative permeability model was verified using test data on five types of soils; the verification revealed a much better performance of the proposed model than the original model, which commonly overestimates the relative permeability of deformable soils. Finally, the proposed model was implemented in a coupled numerical model for examining the unsaturated flow and elastoplastic deformation processes in a soil slope induced by rain infiltration. The numerical results showed that the deformation-dependent nature of relative permeability has a remarkable effect on the elastoplastic deformation in the slope and that neglect of the deformation-dependent behavior of relative permeability causes overestimation of the depth of failure.

Supplement and optimization of classical capillary number experimental curve for enhanced oil recovery by combination flooding

In the middle of the last century,American scientists put forward the concept of capillary number and obtained the relation curve between capillary number and residual oil through experiments.They revealed that the corresponding residual oil saturation decreased with increasing of capillary number;after capillary number reached up to a limit,residual oil saturation would become stable and did not decrease.These important achievements laid a theoretical base for enhanced oil recovery with chemical flooding.On the basis of the theory,scholars developed chemical flooding numerical simulation software UTCHEM.During the numerical simulation study of combination flooding,the authors found that as the capillary number is higher than the limit capillary number,the changes of the residual oil saturation along with the capillary number differ from the classical capillary number curve.Oil displacement experiments prove that there are defects in classic capillary number experimental curve and it is necessary to mend and improve.Capillary number‘calculation’curve is obtained with a method of numerical simulation calculation and a complete description of capillary number curve is provided;On this basis,combination flooding capillary number experimental curve QL is obtained through experiments,which is different from the classical capillary curve;and based on which,an expression of corresponding combination flooding relative permeability curve QL is given and the corresponding relative permeability parameters are determined with experiments.Further oil displacement experiment research recognizes the cause of the singular changes of the capillary number curve."Combination flooding capillary number experimental curve QL"and"combination flooding relative permeability curve QL"are written in combination flooding software IMCFS,providing an effective technical support for the application of combination flooding technical research.

XFEM modeling of hydraulic fracture in porous rocks with natural fractures

Hydraulic fracture （HF） in porous rocks is a complex multi-physics coupling process which involves fluid flow, diffusion and solid deformation. In this paper, the extended finite element method （XFEM） coupling with Biot theory is developed to study the HF in permeable rocks with natural fractures （NFs）. In the recent XFEM based computational HF models, the fluid flow in fractures and interstitials of the porous media are mostly solved separately, which brings difficulties in dealing with complex fracture morphology. In our new model the fluid flow is solved in a unified framework by considering the fractures as a kind of special porous media and introducing Poiseuille-type flow inside them instead of Darcy-type flow. The most advantage is that it is very convenient to deal with fluid flow inside the complex frac^xre network, which is important in shale gas extraction. The weak formulation for the new coupled model is derived based on virtual work principle, which includes the XFEM formulation for multiple fractures and fractures intersection in porous media and finite element formulation for the unified fluid flow. Then the plane strain Kristianovic-Geertsma-de Klerk （KGD） model and the fluid flow inside the fracture network are simulated to validate the accuracy and applicability of this method. The numerical results show that large injection rate, low rock permeability and isotropic in-situ stresses tend to lead to a more uniform and productive fracture network.