土地生态类型规划与设计方法探讨——以舒兰县水曲柳乡为例

土地生态类型是根据景观生态学原理 ,对特定地区土地资源所作的类型划分。它既是区域土地生态经济评价与优化布局的基本单元 ,也是土地生态规划与设计的重要基础。土地生态类型规划与设计作为协调人地关系的有效途径 ,越来越受到人们的关注 ,在实践中也得到了较为广泛的应用。该文重点研究了土地生态规划与设计的基本原则和方法 ,主要以舒兰县水曲柳乡为例 ,对小流域土地生态系统进行了模拟与分析 ,并在土地生态类型划分的基础上 。

黑龙港地区土地生态类型与农业生态分区初探

河北省的黑龙港地区,是黄淮海平原组成的一部分,该区中低产田改造是“七五”期间国家攻关项目的重点区域之一。为此,本文从土地生态角度出发,对黑龙港区域农业生态环境,进行了农业生态分区的探讨,为省、地(市)、县进行农业发展战略决策与制订农业发展规划提供科学依据。

渭北西部丘陵区小流域土地生态规划与设计

改善和优化土地利用方式是综合治理黄土高原水土流失的关键,以黄土高原小流域的恢复生态、提高土地生产力、实现经济可持续发展为目的,以渭北西部丘陵沟壑区的典型流域为例,对陕西千阳县冉家沟小流域进行生态规划与设计。主要包括小流域土地利用现状分析、土地生态类型的评价、土地利用系统的结构优化及土地利用的生态设计与规划等。

基于GIS的黄土塬区村级土地生态规划设计

在土地生态规划设计原则和方法的基础上,以陕西淳化县西坡村为例,利用生态学、经济学、景观生态学以及系统工程学的理论,借助于G IS技术,对其土地生态系统进行了分析。结果表明,坡度和土壤性质是影响土地生态特征的两个主要因子,故依据地貌垂直分异特征、坡度和土地生产力指数(P I)将全村39个土地生态单元归并为7大类,并按地貌、坡度、土壤3个生态特征因子,对各土地生态类型的利用进行了适宜性评价,然后利用交互式线性规划软件(L INDO)对全村土地利用进行了生态规划,最后作出不同土地生态类型利用的设计。

土地生态设计的理论与实践研究

生态系统是在一定时间和空间内,由生命系统(动、植、微生物)和环境系统(光、热、土、水、植物等)共同组成,并通过两者之间不断的物质循环和能量流动相互作用而形成的具有一定结构和功能的有机整体。土地系统是在人参与下,由植物、土壤为核心与其环境组成的生态系统。这个系统既存在着养分循环,又依靠外来能量发展,通过各要素间共同作用、相互依存,遵循共生原理,土地类型是土地系统发展过程中的一个“瞬时阶段”,每个土地类型占据着一定的时间和空间,处于一定相对的稳定状态,即处于一定的“生态位”,至于土地生态系统究竟包括哪些要素和方面,可根据生态学的理论进行建造。 在对土地类型进行生态设计时,除遵循上述原理以外,还应遵循土地功能最优、综合效益最佳的原则,建立一个既生产更多物质财富,又使保持良好生态环境的,人工控制的理想的自然、社会和经济复合生态系统。

山西省潞安矿区土地生态系统功能区划研究

为了科学地进行潞安矿区复合土地系统生态环境建设,依据潞安矿区土地系统的自然环境因子以及矿业生产等人为因子的分异性,建立矿区土地系统生态环境压力评价指标体系。将潞安矿区土地系统生态环境压力分为自然资源压力A1、资源消耗压力A2、环境污染压力A3与生产规模压力A4共4大类。研究结果表明,潞安矿区土地系统生态环境总压力为中度压力,其中资源消耗压力A2>环境污染压力A3>生产规模压力A4>自然环境压力A1。由于各不同的土地单元承受的生态环境压力不同,其外在会表现出不同的土地生态功能。因此,将土地系统按照其所承受的生态环境压力特点分为生产型、保护型、消费型和调合型4种生态功能类型。在GIS平台下通过叠加分析,将潞安矿区划分为土石坡消费区、沉陷地湿地保护区、工矿生态经济调和区、平川耕地生产区4大生态功能区和11种生态功能类型区,其所占地面积比例分别为6.50%,19.16%,8.77%和65.57%。潞安矿区土地系统生产型和消费型面积过大,而调和型和保护型面积过小,属于一个不合理的利用状态。结合潞安矿区主要环境压力的实际现状,从生态环境保护与"多维生态经济系统"的角度对矿区土地系统提出了相应的治理对策。

大城市郊县土地生态适宜性评价的理论和方法探讨

紧紧围绕“生态”中心，着眼于环境问题，对土地生态适宜性评价的特点、原则、评价基础的选择以及参评因素、指标的确定和其等级评定方法、步骤等都逐一进行了探讨．

辽宁东部山区林地生态分类系统

以数字高程模型和SPOT-5遥感数据为数据源,通过地理信息系统的空间分析,在辽宁东部山区有代表性实验区域内,完成了生态土地类型(ELT)和生态土地类型相(ELTP)两个等级的分类和绘图,构成了生态分类系统(ECS)等级结构中最低的两个层次.实验区域内共得到5种ELT和34种ELTP.ELT的划分以环境特征为基础,表征了植被分布的潜在状况和森林生态系统潜在的生产力.ELTP是对ELT的再划分,是生态分类系统的最小单元,相当于我国林业区划中的小班.ELTP既包含ELT中的环境信息又包含现存植被构成的信息,具有空间精准、生态学含义明确的优点.在森林管理活动中,采用ELTP代替小班可以从景观尺度科学地指导森林经营计划编制,调整森林管理方式,实现对森林生态系统的有效管理.

平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地系统生态环境压力评价

采用专家判读、AHP法、指数衰减法、加权法对平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地系统存在的生态环境压力进行了综合评价。结果表明:平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地系统生态环境总压力整体为,轻度环境压力(202hm2,32.90%)>中度环境压力(190hm2,30.94%)>中高度环境压力(154hm2,25.08%)>高强度环境压力(68hm2,11.07%)。其中,资源消耗压力A2最大,其次为环境污染压力A3、生产规模压力A4,自然环境压力A1最小。在评价基础上利用矿区土地的自然环境压力和人为生产压力的分异性,将矿区的土地系统分为保护型、消费型、生产型和调和型4种土地生态功能类型和11种土地生态类型区;平煤天安股份五矿矿区土地利用状况呈现不合理的利用状态,主要体现在具有生态保护功能的保护型土地生态系统的总面积仅为4.94hm2,占地比例为13.1%。

太行山南麓焦作北山低山丘陵区生态建设研究

豫北太行山低山丘陵区属于强干扰、退化的土地生态系统。为了实现科学的豫北太行山低山丘陵区生态环境建设,在对豫北太行山地区自然因子植被、土壤、地形分异性和人为因子分异性研究的基础上,进行叠加分析。将北山生态系统,按照其生态功能结合自然、人为干扰现状分为山顶消费型、山坡地保护型、河沟地生产型和人工调和型。结果显示:北山地区生产型和消费型的面积比例分别为38.8%和24.9%;保护型和调和型为28.9%、7.4%,整个北山地区生产型和消费型面积过大,而调和型和保护型面积过小,表明豫北太行山低山丘陵区生态压力和人为干扰过大,处于一个不合理的利用状态。依据以上分析,并结合北山的实际现状,对北山的各种土地生态类型提出了相应的治理对策。

Application of GIS in Ecological Land Type(ELT)mapping--A case in Changbai Mountain area

This paper depicted the physiographic landscape features and natural vegetation situation of study area (the eastern Jilin Province), and expatiates the definition, basic characters and its development of Ecological Land Classification (ELC). Based on the combination of relief map, satellite photography for study area and vegetation inventory data of 480 sample sites, a 5-class and a 15-class ecological land type map was concluded according to 4 important factors including slope, aspect, vegetation and elevation. Ecological Classification System (ECS) is a method to identify, characterize, and map ecosystems. The Ecological Land Type (ELT) was examined and applied initially in eastern Jilin Province.

安吉山区景观格局的应用研究

在论述景观格局方法及其在土地利用最新研究的基础上 ,用分维数、景观优势度、景观多样性及景观破碎度等指标对安吉山区景观进行了分析。结果表明 :随着干扰时间的延长 ,景观的多样性和均匀度下降 ,而分维数、景观优势度指数值增加 ,意味着人类对景观的管理程度在逐渐加强。同时针对上述趋势 ,提出了今后山区景观林业的发展方向。

Ecological Effects of Land Use Patterns in Red Soil HillyRegion

Plant biomass and biodiversity, element accumulation and return, water loss and soil erosion, and changesin soil properties were studied for up to 10 years after conversion of sparse tree-shrubby grass land into thefollowing four land use patterns: masson pine (Pznvs massonzana Lamb.) land, beautiful sweetgum (Ltq-uidambar fomosana Hance) land, vegetation reservation land, and artificial mowing land. The annualbiomass production of the masson pine land was 5060 kg ha￣-1 being 4.9, 2.1, and 6.0 times that of the beau-tiful sweetgum land, the vegetation reservation land, and the artificial mowing land, respectively. Comparedwith the background values, the number of plant species for the vegetation reservation land increased by 10species after 10 years of land utilization, while for the masson pine and the beautiful sweetgum decreased by4, and for the artificial mowing land by 9. For masson pine land, total amount of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg neededfor producing 1000 kg dry matter was only 3.5 kg, annual element return through litter was 22 kg ha￣-1, bothof which were much lower than those of the other patterns. Vegetation reservation was an effective measureto conserve soil and water and improve soil fertility in the red soil hilly region. Artificial mowing arousedserious degradation of vegetation and soil. Some measures and suggestions for management and exploitationof the red soil hilly region such as masson pine planting, closing hills for afforestation, and stereo-agricultureon one hill are proposed.

Assessment of Soil Organic Carbon Stock in the Upper Yangtze River Basin

Soil organic carbon is of great importance to terrestrial ecosystems. Studies on the amount and spatial distribution of soil organic carbon stock in various types of soil can help to better understand the role of soil in the global carbon cycle and provide a scientific basis for the assessment of the magnitude of carbon stored in a given area. Here we present estimates of soil organic carbon stock in soils in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River based on soil types as defined by Chinese Soil Taxonomy and recently compiled into a digital soil database. The results showed that the total soil organic carbon stock of the upper Yangtze River to a depth of 100 cm was 1.452x1013 kg. The highest soil organic carbon stock was found in felty soils （2.419x10TM kg）, followed by dark brown soils （1.269x10=kg）, and dark feltysoils （L139x10=kg）. Chernozems and irrigation silting soils showed the lowest soil organic carbon stock, mainly due to the small total area of such soils. The soil organic carbon density of these major soil types ranged from 5.6 to 26.1 kg m2- The average soil organic carbon density of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was 16.4 kg m-2, which was higher than that of the national average. Soil organic carbon density indicated a distinct decreasing trend from west to east, which corresponds to the pattern of increasing temperature from cold to subtropical.

Spatio-temporal Pattern and Spatial Heterogeneity of Ecotones Based on Land Use Types of Southeastern Da Hinggan Mountains in China

Ecotones have received great attention due to its critical function in energy flux, species harbor, global carbon sequestration, and land-atmosphere interaction. This study investigated land use pattern and spatial heterogeneity of the ecotones among agricultural land, forest land, and grassland of the southeastern Da Hinggan Mountains in the northeastern China. The change of these delineated ecotones under different slopes and aridity conditions was analyzed by two landscape indices, edge density(ED) and core area percentage of landscape(CPL), to explore the inter-linkage between spatial structure of ecotones and socioeconomic development and land management. Specifically, the ecotones such as agriculture-forest(AF) ecotone, forest-grassland(FG) ecotone, and agriculture-forestgrassland(AFG) ecotone moved from the arid southeast to the humid northwest. The flat area with small slope is more edge-fragmented than the steep area since the ED decreases as the slope increases. The AF ecotone mostly found in the humid region is moving to more humid areas while the agriculture-grassland(AG) ecotone mostly found in the dry region is moving towards the drier region.

Sensitivity analysis of the De Nitrification and De Composition model for simulating regional carbon budget at the wetlandgrassland area on the Zoige Plateau,China

Although mathematical models(e.g., De Nitrification and De Composition(DNDC) provide a powerful tool to study regional carbon budget, it is still difficult to obtain accurate simulation results because there exists large uncertainties in modeling regional carbon budget. Through the investigation on the sensitivity of model output parameters to the input parameters, sensitivity analysis(SA) has been proved to be able to identify the key sources of uncertainties and be helpful to reduce the model uncertainties. However, some input parameters with discrete values(e.g., land use type and soil type) and the regional effect of the sensitive parameters were rarely examined in SA. In this paper, taking the Zoige Plateau as a case area, we combined the one-factor-ata-time(OAT) with Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test(EFAST) to conduct a SA of DNDC for simulating the regional carbon budget, including Gross Primary Productivity(GPP), Net Primary Productivity(NPP), Net Ecosystem Productivity(NEP), autotrophic respiration(Ra), soil microbial heterotrophic respiration(Rh) and ecosystem respiration(Re). The result showed that the combination of OAT and EFAST could test the contribution of the input parameters with discrete values to the output parameters. In DNDC model, land use type and soil type had a significant impact on the regional carbon budget of the Zoige Plateau, and daily temperature was also confirmed to be one of the most important parameters for carbon budget. For the other input parameters, with the change of land use type or soil type at regional scale, the sensitive parameters of carbon budget would vary accordingly. The SA results would provide scientific evidence to optimize DNDC model and they suggested that we should pay attention to the spatial/temporal effect of SA and try to use the appropriate data in simulation of the regional carbon budget.

Investigation of Spring Waters to Assess the Geo-ecological State of Landscape and Soil

The purpose of the investigation was to assess the opportunity to use spring waters as indicator for the load state of rural landscape ecosystems. In the periods from 2000-2003 and 2011-2012, the physical and chemical water quality of 55 freshwater springs in the German federal state of the Saarland was investigated in monthly intervals. The catchment areas of the springs represented the prevailing geological formations in the Saarland as well as the main land use types such as forest, grassland and arable land. The results show a clear correlation between the nitrate content and the share of arable land in the closer catchment area of the springs. The problem of acidification and related processes occurs mainly at the sites with acid parent rock material and accordingly substrates deficient in lime. Very low pH-values between 4 and 5 are observed and the aluminum concentration levels are consistently increased. Especially at sites with low calcium content in the geological substrate, a progressive destruction of the clay minerals can be assumed. In the extremely acidic spring waters, which showed the highest aluminum contamination during the measurement 10 years ago, the aluminum-values decreased slightly. This indicates that the clay minerals in these locations are already completely destroyed. Thus, it can be concluded that the investigation of spring waters provides information on the geo-ecological conditions in catchment areas. By means of the multi-temporal approach, changes of land use or other influences by human activities can be detected.

Soil indicators for eco-geographic regionalization:A case study in mid-temperate zone of eastern China

Eco-geographic regional system is formed by division or combination of natural features based on geographic relativity and comparison of major ecosystem factors(including biological and non-biological) and geographic zonality.In previous studies, soil types were often taken as a basis for soil regionalization.However, the quantitative characteristics of soil indicators are fitter than the qualitative ones of soil types for modern regionalization researches.Based on the second China's national soil survey data and the provincial soil resource information, by principal analysis and discriminant analysis, this paper discusses the appropriate soil indicators as the complement of eco-geographic region indicator systems and the relationships between these soil indicators and soil types in regionalization.The results show that five indicators are used in eco-geographic zonality in mid-temperate zone of eastern China which are organic matter content, cation exchange capacity, pH, clay content and bulk density in topsoils.With a regression-kriging approach, the maps of soil indicators in mid-temperate zone of eastern China are compiled with a resolution of 1 km in every grid and the indicative meanings of these soil indicators are discussed.By cluster analysis it is proved that these soil indicators are better than the soil types and soil regionalization in delineating eco-geographic regions.

The Effect of Land Use on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in Lake Victoria Crescent Agro-Ecological Zone, Uganda

The effect of land use on soil organic carbon （SOC） stocks and depth distribution of SOC was investigated in the Lake Victoria Crescent ago-ecological zone of Uganda. Soil samples were collected from six land use types at 0-30, 30-60 and 60-90 cm from profile pits dug in similar soils and slopes. Results indicated that SOC stocks significantly differed across the various land use systems. SOC also varied significantly by depth. The highest SOC and pH were recorded under natural forest-strict nature. Grassland had the lowest SOC but the highest bulk density （BD）. Phosphorous （P） was the highest in banana-coffee systems and the lowest under tea plantations. The lowest values of pH and BD were found in highly disturbed natural forest. The upper layers of the soil （0-30 cm） stored higher amounts of SOC compared to other depths （30-60 cm and 60-90 cm）. Land use therefore has a significant effect on SOC and other soil physical and chemical properties.

Improvement of ecological geographic regionalization based on remote sensing and canonical correspondence analysis： A case study in China

Ecological geographic regions, also called eco-regions, can be used to divide a remotely sensed image, which is helpful for reducing the complexity of land cover types within eco-regions and for improving the classification accuracy of land cover. In this case study in China, we improved a method of ecological geographic regionalization that is more suitable for remote sensing mapping of regional land cover, and we obtained new eco-regions. The canonical correspondence analysis(CCA) and k-means clustering were adopted in the ecological geographic regionalization using both seasonal remotely-sensed vegetation information and environmental data including climate, elevation and soil features. Our results show that the combination of seasonal vegetation information and the CCA performed well in the selection of the dominant environmental factor of the biogeographic pattern, and it can be used as regionalization indicators of eco-regions. We found that thermal factors are the most important driving forces of the biogeographic pattern in China, which followed by moisture factors. Two global land cover products(MODIS MCD12C1 and Glob Cover) were used to assess our eco-regions. The results show that our eco-regions performed better than that of a previous study regarding the complexity of land cover types, such as in the number of types and the proportional area of the major/secondary type. These results indicate that the method of ecological geographic regionalization, which is based on environmental factors associated with seasonal vegetation features, is effective for reducing the regional complexity of land cover.