白菜型冬油菜在北方不同生态区的生育期变化及复种潜力分析

研究北方不同生态区白菜型冬油菜的生育期差异,可为合理安排后茬作物、提高复种指数、优化种植制度提供依据。本研究以18份不同抗寒性白菜型冬油菜为材料,分析17个不同生态区冬油菜5年的生育期变化。结果表明：白菜型冬油菜在北方地区种植,总体表现为生育期在品种间、年份间差异较小,相差1~5 d左右;不同抗寒性的品种生育时期存在差异,抗寒性强的品种表现出越冬期延长（枯叶期提前,返青期推迟）,营养生长向生殖生长的过渡期相对缩短,花期缩短,但籽粒灌浆期、成熟期延长。而不同生态地区间生育期差异较大,突出地表现为华北等气温较高的地区,播期较迟,收获期高温逼热促早熟,生育期较短,为240~270 d;而最冷月平均气温较低的甘肃河西地区、极端低温较低的新疆地区及高海拔的鄂尔多斯高原地区,生育期较长,为270~300 d。影响北方冬油菜生育期的环境因素主要是温度,其次为纬度、海拔等,随着纬度、海拔的升高,温度降低,冬油菜生育期延长。冬油菜5月下旬到6月中上旬收获,收获后可复种向日葵、糜子、谷子、荞麦、早熟马铃薯等,可实现一年二茬,提高复种指数,具有较大复种潜力。

高温多雨条件下不同品种青花菜生育期变化规律研究

2011年是气候条件十分特殊的一年,在主要播种期播种的临海青花菜生育期严重提前,基地青花菜上市期严重偏离正常季节。研究发现,青花菜生育期变化存在环境敏感性,不同品种生育期变化敏感性不同,高温和多雨是其生育期变化的2个主导因素。

北乌头生长季营养器官内主要矿质元素变化规律

通过测定9个生育期北乌头根、茎、叶中矿质元素的质量分数,研究北乌头生长季各器官中矿质元素的变化规律及其在各器官中的分配规律,结果表明:北乌头中各营养元素质量分数从高到低的顺序为N、K、P、Ca、Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu;北乌头各器官营养元素质量分数存在明显的生育期变化,出苗期北乌头根和叶中N、P、K和Cu质量分数均显著降低,开花期根和叶中N、P和Cu质量分数均显著升高,果期北乌头叶片中P、Mg和Fe质量分数均显著升高;除Cu和P外,其他营养元素在北乌头叶中质量分数最高,并且多数营养元素在叶中分配比例较高;北乌头各器官中营养元素间存在一定相关关系,并以协同作用为主;北乌头有3个养分需求高峰期,即出苗期、开花期、结果期,且每个时期需求养分的种类也不同。

Temporal and Spatial Variation Characteristics of Precipitation during Crop Growing Season in Northeast China

[Objective] The aims were to understand variation characteristics of water resources and provide theoretical guidance for the formulation of agricultural irrigation methods.[Method] Taking the precipitation records during crop growing season（from April to September）observed by 177 weather stations from 1971 to 2008 in the three provinces of Northeast China（Heilongjiang,Jilin and Liaoning）as research data,annual change and spatial distribution characteristics of precipitation during crop growing season were analyzed by means of small grid interpolation and climatic trend rate.[Result] The precipitation during crop growing season general exhibited the decreasing trend and the precipitation trend rate was-8.6 mm/10a in Northeast China.In addition,there was lack of rain from 1971 to 1980 and relatively abundant of rain during 1981 and 1990 respectively.Moreover,the precipitation obviously exhibited decreasing trend from 1991 to 2008.But the decreasing trend was inconsistent in spatial distributions,that was,the precipitation slightly increased in relatively rainless areas and obviously decreased in relatively rainy areas.[Conclusion] The areas with obvious decreasing trend of precipitation during crop growing season are the main grain producing zones in Northeast China,so the problem of food production security caused by the precipitation changes should be paid enough attention.

Physio-Biochemical Changes in Jujube Fruits(Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao) at Mature Stage

The changes of physiological and biochemical indices in jujube fruits during the late development were investigated from 6-year-old jujube trees （Zizyphus jujuba Mill. cv. Lingwuchangzao）. The results showed that the flesh firmness decreased slowly from white-green stage to full-red stage, being significantly related with the developmental maturity of jujube fruits negatively, the correlation coefficient reached -0.980 3^＊＊. The contents of ascorbic acid and titratable acid in jujube fruits were significantly related with the developmental process of jujube fruits negatively or positively, the correlation coef- ficients were -0. 973 1^＊＊and ＋ 0. 974 6^ ＊ ＊ , respectively. The contents of soluble solids, total sugar, and sucrose increased with jujube ripening, while the relative sweetness of jujube fruits showed the same variation pattern, the correlation coefficients were 0. 996 6 ^＊ ＊ , 0. 988 0^＊＊ , and 0. 982 8 ^＊ ＊ , respectively. Before white-green stage during fruit development, the accumulation of monosaccharide was predominant in jujube fruits, following a fast accumulation of sucrose, indicating that the main component of sugars is sucrose at the crisp-ripe stage. Furthermore, the starch content of the flesh reached the peak at about thirty percentage of jujube maturity, being 51,54 mg/100 g.FW. The respiratory rates varied between 10 mg/（ kg.h） and CO2 26 mg/（ kg.h） after fruit turning red and before softening, indicating a non-climacteric respiratory type.

Variation Dynamics of Total Nitrogen and Nicotine of Burley Tobacco at Various Growing Stages under Different Nitrogen Nutrition Levels

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the variation dynamics of total nitrogen and nicotine of burtey tobacco at various growing stages under different ni- trogen nutrition levels to provide reference for optimizing fertilization technologies for burley tobacco. [Method] Fresh burley tobacco leaves were collected at various growing stages and dried to measure the content of total nitrogen, protein and nico- tine by using INTEGRAL automated chemical analyzer and analyze the correlation with nitrogen application level. [Result] Regardless of the nitrogen application level, the content of total nitrogen and protein showed a downward trend since root ex- tending stage and reached the minimum at mature stage; the content of nicotine showed an upward trend since early vigorous growing stage and increased to the maximum at mature stage; the content of total nitrogen, protein and nicotine all in- creased after air curing; the content of total nitrogen, protein and nicotine showed positive correlation with nitrogen application level, while total nitrogen/nicotine was negatively correlated. The results indicate that nitrogen level is closely related to the total nitrogen and nicotine of burley tobacco at growing period and post-air curing, rational application of nitrogen is an important measure to regulate the content of total nitrogen and nicotine of tobacco. [Conclusion] This study provides scientific ba- sis for rational fertilization of burley tobacco.

新疆棉花黄萎病棉株与健康棉株内生古菌定量及其时空变化规律

【背景】现今棉花黄萎病严重阻碍棉花的稳定高产,妨碍棉花产业的发展。在生物防治中内生菌潜力巨大,但关于内生古菌含量在棉花黄萎病棉株的变化规律鲜有报道。【目的】研究不同生育期以及不同植棉地区黄萎病棉株和健康棉株内生古菌的分类学信息和数量变化规律。【方法】采用MiSeq高通量测序和TaqMan探针实时荧光定量PCR技术,对新疆棉花黄萎病棉株、健康棉株不同生育期和不同典型生态区的内生古菌进行定量分析。【结果】内生古菌在新疆各采样地和不同生育期的棉花黄萎病棉株、健康棉株内的群落组成相似。在不同生育期,新疆黄萎病、健康棉株内生古菌数量呈先增加后减少然后趋于平缓的趋势,蕾期达到最高值。在不同地区,新疆黄萎病棉株内生古菌数量在北疆地区最高,其次是东疆地区,最后是南疆地区。健康棉株则是南疆地区最高,东疆次之,北疆最低。【结论】新疆黄萎病棉株、健康棉株内生古菌数量在不同的生育期以及不同空间存在较大差异,整体变化趋势显著,可为后续研究提供相关理论支撑。

Impacts of Climate Change on Growth Period and Planting Boundaries of Spring Wheat in China under RCP4.5 Scenario

This article contributes to research on how climate change will impact crops in China by moving from ex-post empirical analysis to forecasting. We construct a multiple regression model, using agricultural observations and meteorological simulations by GCMs, to simulate the possible planting boundaries and suitable planting re- gions of spring wheat under RCP4.5 scenario for the base period 2040s and 2070s. We find that the south bound- ary of possible planting region for spring wheat spreads along the belt： south Shandong-north Jiangsu-north Anhui-central Henan-north Hubei-southeast Sichuan-north Yunnan provinces, and will likely move northward under RCP4.5 scenario in 2040s and 2070s, resulting in the decrease of possible planting area in China. Moreover, the sowing and harvest date of spring wheat in the base period shows a gradually delayed phenomenon from the belt： south Xinjiang - Gansu, to the Tibet Plateau. As a result, the growth period of spring wheat in China will shorten because of the impacts of climate change. These results imply that a variety of adaptations measures should be set up in response to changing climatic conditions, including developing the planting base for spring wheat, restricting the planting area of spring wheat in sub-suitable areas at risk while expanding the planting area of optimal crops.