This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into...This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into those who had spent time abroad in an English-speaking country(CM A)and those who had not(CM NA),and 97 Hong Kong students,divided into those from an English-medium secondary school(Hong Kong EMI)and those from a Chinese-medium school(Hong Kong CMI).Linguistic proficiency was measured by a C-test,and pragmatic competence by a Metapragmatic Knowledge Test,an Irony Test and a Monologic Role Play.Group scores were compared using ANCOVAs to control for differences in proficiency.The results point to a continuum of pragmatic competence—EMI>CMI>CM A>CM NA—reflecting the groups’access to English in real-life contexts.The differences between the Hong Kong groups and the Chinese mainland groups were clearest in those tests measuring processing capacity(i.e.,Irony Response Time and the Monologic Role Play).CM A,but not CM NA,performed as well as the Hong Kong groups on measures of metapragmatic awareness.The results are discussed in terms of Bialystok’s(1993)distinction between analyzed representation and control of processing.展开更多
Three separate 5＇-flanking regions （1.1 kb, 1.9 kb and 2.2 kb） of crtO were cloned through walking upstream. Results of sequence analysis show that three 5＇-flanking regions of crtO might have some similar putati...Three separate 5＇-flanking regions （1.1 kb, 1.9 kb and 2.2 kb） of crtO were cloned through walking upstream. Results of sequence analysis show that three 5＇-flanking regions of crtO might have some similar putative cis-acting elements such as ABA （abscisic acid）-responsive element （ABRE）, C-repeat/dehydration responsive element （C-repeat/DRE）, light-responsive element （G-box, GAG-motif, I-box and ATC-motif）, wound-responsive element （WUN-motif）, auxin-responsive element （TGA-element）, MeJA-responsive element （TGACG-element） and MYB binding site （MBS）, except for typical TATA box or CCAAT box. These findings might mean diversiform regulatory patterns of crtO being in astaxanthin biosynthesis of Haematococcus pluvialis.展开更多
The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvia/is uniquely accumulates carotenoids in the cytoplasm and in late developmental stages turns deep-red in color because of accumulation of astaxanthin in the cytosol. The ...The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvia/is uniquely accumulates carotenoids in the cytoplasm and in late developmental stages turns deep-red in color because of accumulation of astaxanthin in the cytosol. The enzyme, isopentenyl pyrophosphate （IPP） isomerase, plays a key role in astaxanthin biosynthesis of H. pluvialis. In this paper, two separate 5＇-flanking regions （1.8 kb and 2.5 kb） of IPP isomerase gene was cloned through walking upstream firstly. Results of sequence analysis =showed that two separate 5＇-flanking regions of IPP isomerase gene might have similar putative cis-acting elements such as ABA （abscisic acid）-responsive element （ABRE）, drought-responsive element （DRE/C-repeat）, light-responsive element （G-box, GAG-motif, I-box and ATC-motif）, heat-shock element （HSE）, wound-responsive element （WUN-motif）, SA （salicylic acid）-responsive element （TCA-element）, auxin-responsive element （TGA-element）, MeJA （methyl jasmonate）-responsive element （TGACG-element）, enhancer-like element involved in anoxic specific inducibility （GC-motif） and MYB binding sites （MBS and MRE）, except for typical TATA box or CCAAT box, which exhibit diversiform transcriptional patterns of IPP isomerase gene in astaxanthin biosynthesis of Haematococcus pluvialis.展开更多
As the traditional methods and technical means cannot meet the quantitative research needs of the urban land use patterns, quantitative research methods for the urban land use pattern are established via the GIS （geo...As the traditional methods and technical means cannot meet the quantitative research needs of the urban land use patterns, quantitative research methods for the urban land use pattern are established via the GIS （geographic information system ） technique combined with the related theories and models. Taking the city of Nanjing as an example, a spatial database of urban land use and other environmental and socio-economic data is constructed. A multiple linear regression model is developed to determine the statistically significant factors affecting the residential land use distributions. To explain the spatial variations of urban land use patterns, the geographically weighted regression （GWR） is employed to establish spatial associations between these significant factors and the distribution of urban residential land use. The results demonstrate that the GWR can provide an effective approach to the exploration of the urban land use spatial patterns and also provide useful spatial information for planning residential development and other types of urban land use.展开更多
Down syndrome （DS） is the most common cause of cognitive impairment associated with a congenital chromosomal abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 21. Mental retardation and congenital heart defects are key features of...Down syndrome （DS） is the most common cause of cognitive impairment associated with a congenital chromosomal abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 21. Mental retardation and congenital heart defects are key features of DS, All DS individuals develop early-onset Alzheimer＇s disease-like neuropathology. Intersectin 1 gene is localized on human chromosome 21, the critical region of DS, and it has higher expression in the brain of DS patients than in normal individuals. So fully understanding functions of intersectin 1 is critical for revealing the pathogenesis of DS. Intersectin 1 protein has two isoforms： intersectin 1-L and intersectin 1-S. This review will focus 1 in the central nervous system. on the distribution, expression characters and functions of intersectin展开更多
We investigated the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA), ion uptake and transport and gas exchange in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. Net photosynthetic rates (P-n) ...We investigated the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA), ion uptake and transport and gas exchange in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. Net photosynthetic rates (P-n) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) were both significantly decreased upon an osmotic shock caused by PEG 6000 solution (osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or a saline, which was applied by 50 mmol/L Na+-salts (NaNO3 : NaHCO3 : NaH2PO4 = 5 : 4 : 1, pH 6.8, osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or by 50 mmol/L Cl--salts (KCl : NH4Cl = 1:1, osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa). However, salt-treated P. euphratica plants maintained typically higher TRN than those exposed to PEG. Xylem ABA concentrations increased rapidly following the PEG treatment, exhibiting peaking values at 1 h, then returning to pre-stress levels, followed by a gradual increase. Similarly, both Na+-treated and Cl--treated trees exhibited a rapid rise of ABA after salt stress was initiated. Notably, salt-treated plants maintained a relatively higher ABA than PEG-treated plants in a longer term. Collectively, results suggest that osmotic stress and ion-specific effects were both responsible for salt-induced ABA in P. euphratica : the initial rapid increase of xylem ABA appears to be a consequence of an osmotic shock, whereas specific salt effects seem to be responsible for ABA accumulation later on. Compared with Cl--treated trees, a higher inhibitory effect on gas exchange (P-n and TRN) was observed in Na+-salt plants, resulting from its long-sustained ABA and higher salt concentrations in the xylem. Displacement of membrane-associated Ca2+ by Na+ and the lesser capacity in Na+ compartmentation in root vacuoles likely contribute to the high influx of Na+ and Cl- in Na+-treated plants. Xylem K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were elevated by external Na+ -salts and Cl--salts, suggesting that P. euphratica maintained a higher capacity in nutrient uptake under saline conditions, which makes a contribution to its salinity tolerance.展开更多
文摘This study investigates the differences in pragmatic competence between Hong Kong and Chinese mainland university students.Participants included 19 native speakers of English,115 Chinese mainland students,divided into those who had spent time abroad in an English-speaking country(CM A)and those who had not(CM NA),and 97 Hong Kong students,divided into those from an English-medium secondary school(Hong Kong EMI)and those from a Chinese-medium school(Hong Kong CMI).Linguistic proficiency was measured by a C-test,and pragmatic competence by a Metapragmatic Knowledge Test,an Irony Test and a Monologic Role Play.Group scores were compared using ANCOVAs to control for differences in proficiency.The results point to a continuum of pragmatic competence—EMI>CMI>CM A>CM NA—reflecting the groups’access to English in real-life contexts.The differences between the Hong Kong groups and the Chinese mainland groups were clearest in those tests measuring processing capacity(i.e.,Irony Response Time and the Monologic Role Play).CM A,but not CM NA,performed as well as the Hong Kong groups on measures of metapragmatic awareness.The results are discussed in terms of Bialystok’s(1993)distinction between analyzed representation and control of processing.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (40706050 40706048)+4 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong University of Technology (4040306017)Start-up Foundation for Ph.D of Shandong University of Technology (4041-4050174041-405016)National Key Technology R&D program(11200602)Foundation of State Commonweal Institute (2060402/2)
文摘Three separate 5＇-flanking regions （1.1 kb, 1.9 kb and 2.2 kb） of crtO were cloned through walking upstream. Results of sequence analysis show that three 5＇-flanking regions of crtO might have some similar putative cis-acting elements such as ABA （abscisic acid）-responsive element （ABRE）, C-repeat/dehydration responsive element （C-repeat/DRE）, light-responsive element （G-box, GAG-motif, I-box and ATC-motif）, wound-responsive element （WUN-motif）, auxin-responsive element （TGA-element）, MeJA-responsive element （TGACG-element） and MYB binding site （MBS）, except for typical TATA box or CCAAT box. These findings might mean diversiform regulatory patterns of crtO being in astaxanthin biosynthesis of Haematococcus pluvialis.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation in China (NO. 30671126 40706050 and 40706048)+3 种基金National Key Technology R&D Program (No. 11200602)The Special Foundation of State-level and Public Interest Research Institute (No. 2060402/2)Natural Science Foundation in Shandong University of Technology (No. 4040306017) Start-up Foundation for Ph.D in Shandong University of Technology (No. 4041-405017 and 4041-405016)
文摘The unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvia/is uniquely accumulates carotenoids in the cytoplasm and in late developmental stages turns deep-red in color because of accumulation of astaxanthin in the cytosol. The enzyme, isopentenyl pyrophosphate （IPP） isomerase, plays a key role in astaxanthin biosynthesis of H. pluvialis. In this paper, two separate 5＇-flanking regions （1.8 kb and 2.5 kb） of IPP isomerase gene was cloned through walking upstream firstly. Results of sequence analysis =showed that two separate 5＇-flanking regions of IPP isomerase gene might have similar putative cis-acting elements such as ABA （abscisic acid）-responsive element （ABRE）, drought-responsive element （DRE/C-repeat）, light-responsive element （G-box, GAG-motif, I-box and ATC-motif）, heat-shock element （HSE）, wound-responsive element （WUN-motif）, SA （salicylic acid）-responsive element （TCA-element）, auxin-responsive element （TGA-element）, MeJA （methyl jasmonate）-responsive element （TGACG-element）, enhancer-like element involved in anoxic specific inducibility （GC-motif） and MYB binding sites （MBS and MRE）, except for typical TATA box or CCAAT box, which exhibit diversiform transcriptional patterns of IPP isomerase gene in astaxanthin biosynthesis of Haematococcus pluvialis.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51378099)
文摘As the traditional methods and technical means cannot meet the quantitative research needs of the urban land use patterns, quantitative research methods for the urban land use pattern are established via the GIS （geographic information system ） technique combined with the related theories and models. Taking the city of Nanjing as an example, a spatial database of urban land use and other environmental and socio-economic data is constructed. A multiple linear regression model is developed to determine the statistically significant factors affecting the residential land use distributions. To explain the spatial variations of urban land use patterns, the geographically weighted regression （GWR） is employed to establish spatial associations between these significant factors and the distribution of urban residential land use. The results demonstrate that the GWR can provide an effective approach to the exploration of the urban land use spatial patterns and also provide useful spatial information for planning residential development and other types of urban land use.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Development Program of China(No.2006CB705600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.30700253,No.30800355)+1 种基金Research Project of Tianjin Medical University(No.2006KY21)2008 Scien-tific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chi-nese Scholars.
文摘Down syndrome （DS） is the most common cause of cognitive impairment associated with a congenital chromosomal abnormality, trisomy of chromosome 21. Mental retardation and congenital heart defects are key features of DS, All DS individuals develop early-onset Alzheimer＇s disease-like neuropathology. Intersectin 1 gene is localized on human chromosome 21, the critical region of DS, and it has higher expression in the brain of DS patients than in normal individuals. So fully understanding functions of intersectin 1 is critical for revealing the pathogenesis of DS. Intersectin 1 protein has two isoforms： intersectin 1-L and intersectin 1-S. This review will focus 1 in the central nervous system. on the distribution, expression characters and functions of intersectin
文摘We investigated the osmotic stress and ion-specific effects on xylem abscisic acid (ABA), ion uptake and transport and gas exchange in one-year-old seedlings of Populus euphratica Oliv. Net photosynthetic rates (P-n) and unit transpiration rates (TRN) were both significantly decreased upon an osmotic shock caused by PEG 6000 solution (osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or a saline, which was applied by 50 mmol/L Na+-salts (NaNO3 : NaHCO3 : NaH2PO4 = 5 : 4 : 1, pH 6.8, osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa) or by 50 mmol/L Cl--salts (KCl : NH4Cl = 1:1, osmotic potential = -0.24 MPa). However, salt-treated P. euphratica plants maintained typically higher TRN than those exposed to PEG. Xylem ABA concentrations increased rapidly following the PEG treatment, exhibiting peaking values at 1 h, then returning to pre-stress levels, followed by a gradual increase. Similarly, both Na+-treated and Cl--treated trees exhibited a rapid rise of ABA after salt stress was initiated. Notably, salt-treated plants maintained a relatively higher ABA than PEG-treated plants in a longer term. Collectively, results suggest that osmotic stress and ion-specific effects were both responsible for salt-induced ABA in P. euphratica : the initial rapid increase of xylem ABA appears to be a consequence of an osmotic shock, whereas specific salt effects seem to be responsible for ABA accumulation later on. Compared with Cl--treated trees, a higher inhibitory effect on gas exchange (P-n and TRN) was observed in Na+-salt plants, resulting from its long-sustained ABA and higher salt concentrations in the xylem. Displacement of membrane-associated Ca2+ by Na+ and the lesser capacity in Na+ compartmentation in root vacuoles likely contribute to the high influx of Na+ and Cl- in Na+-treated plants. Xylem K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations were elevated by external Na+ -salts and Cl--salts, suggesting that P. euphratica maintained a higher capacity in nutrient uptake under saline conditions, which makes a contribution to its salinity tolerance.
