考虑电力市场化交易的电碳表计量及实现方法研究

电力间接碳排放是电力用户碳排放的主要来源之一,碳排放流是计算电力间接碳排放的重要方法。目前,基于碳排放流的计量理论尚未考虑电力市场化交易的影响,缺乏相应工程应用的实现方法,参与电力市场化交易的用户难以准确获得其用电量所对应的间接碳排放量。为解决这一难题,该文研究碳排放流理论的分布式电能实现方法,考虑电力市场化交易对交易双方及相关用户碳排放因子的影响,提出含电力市场化交易的电力系统源、网、荷全过程电碳排放量计量方法;并研究存在绿电交易、储能等情况下的电碳排放因子特点及计算方法。基于上述理论,研制了电碳表及其相关系统,并利用电碳表系统对某地电网部分实际拓扑进行分析,验证了所提方法的有效性及电碳表的实用性。

电力碳排放计量网络溯源方法及计量分析

碳排放流理论在电力间接碳排放量计量中有效应用,电碳表等计量装置已试点部署,形成电力碳排放计量网络(简称电碳计量网络)。电碳计量网络具有数字化、网络化的特征,是一种新的计量方式,目前尚未有针对电碳计量网络的溯源研究及分析。该文在基于电能的碳排放流理论实现方法基础上,首先讨论用户碳排放量的计量属性,再通过对电碳计量网络中通信线路不确定度、电碳表不确定度、电碳计量算法不确定度的研究,提出电碳计量网络整体溯源方法,并对溯源方法进行分析,得出普遍贡献、电能有限影响、逐级递减3条结论,可为电碳计量网络的实际应用提供理论支撑,最后,利用实验室中部署的电碳表系统验证了文中提出的溯源方法及结论的有效性。

Influence of surface treatment of carbon fiberson electrochemical crystallization of calcium phosphate

Electrodeposition technique was used to coat calcium phosphate on carbon fiber which can be used to reinforce hydroxyapatite. The differences between fibers treated with and without nitric acid in electrodeposition were evaluated. The X-ray diffractometry results show that CaHPO4·2H2O is obtained as the kind of calcium phosphate coating on carbon fiber. The scanning electron microscopy photographs and deposit kinetic curve indicate that the influences of the functional group attained by nitric acid treatment, the crystal morphology and crystallization of the coating layers on the fiber with and without treatment rate are obviously different. The functional group, especially the acidic group, can act as nucleation centers of electrochemical crystallization.

Effect of Electrochemical Treatment in Aqueous Ammonium Bicarbonate on Surface Properties of PAN-based Carbon Fibers

The surface properties of PAN-based carbon fibers electrochemically treated in aqueous ammonium bicarbonate before and after treatment were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis (DCAA). The results of characterization indicated that the oxygen and nitrogen contents in carbon fiber surface were significantly increased by electrochemical treatment, and amide groups was introduced onto it, which was related with the electrolyte. The AFM photographs illustrated that the roughness of the fiber surface was also increased. The wettibality of the fibers was improved after treatment because the surface energy especially the polar part of it was increased.

Tunable activity of electrocatalytic CO dimerization on strained Cu surfaces:Insights from ab initio molecular dynamics simulations

Controlling catalytic activities through surface strain engineering remains a hot topic in electrocatalysis studies.Herein,ab initio molecular dynamics(AIMD)simulation associated with free energy sampling technology were performed to study the energetics of the key step of producing C2 products in electrocatalytic reduction of CO or CO_(2),i.e.CO dimerization,on strained Cu(100)with an explicit aqueous solvent model.It is worth mentioning that when compressive strain reaches a certain extent,the surface of Cu(100)will undergo reconstruction.We showed that,from tensile to compressive strain,the free energy barrier of CO dimerization decreased,suggesting that the activity of CO dimerization increases.It was also found that some of the reconstructed surfaces showing the lowest free energy barriers but might be less stable can be stabilized in the presence of adsorbed O or CO.Upon detailed quantitative analysis on the charges of surface Cu atoms,we found that the free energy barriers were strongly correlated with the charge of Cu atoms where the OCCO intermediate adsorbs.When the surfaces structures of Cu(100)were altered under compressive strain,the electronic structure of surface Cu atoms was monitored and thus the activity of electrocatalytic CO dimerization can be tuned.

Effect of Properties of Carbon Materials on Performance of VRLA Batteries

In the present study, the relationship between properties of different carbon materials and their impact on performance of VRLA （valve regulated lead acid） battery was studied. The material properties undertaken for the study are： surface area, conductivity and water absorption of the carbon. The electrode morphology revealed the uniform distribution of active material when high surface area carbon was added to NAM （negative active material）. The porosity of the plate also exhibited changes with respect to type of carbon materials added. The study further revealed that, the addition of high surface area carbon （-1,400 m^2/g） improves the charge acceptance of the battery with higher loading. Further improvement in charge acceptance was observed with addition of graphite to higher surface area carbon. Nevertheless, the float current of the battery got affected due to graphite loading and found there was no impact on shelf life of the battery in all the cases. The study demonstrates the need for customized ＂carbon formulation＂ to obtain the maximum performance out of the battery.

Guanine-regulated proton transfer enhances CO_(2)-to-CH_(4) selectivity over copper electrode

Electrocatalytic CO_(2) reduction has attracted growing attention as a promising route to realize artificial carbon recycling.Proton transfer plays an essential role in CO_(2) reduction and dramatically impacts product distribution.However,the precise control of proton transfer during CO_(2) reduction remains challenging.In this study,we present a well-controlled proton transfer through the modification of several purines with similar molecular structures,and reveal a direct correlation between surface proton transfer capability and CO_(2) reduction selectivity over Cu electrode.With a moderate proton transfer capability,the guanine modification can remarkably boost CH_(4) production and suppress C2 products formation.In-situ ATR-SEIRAS suggests a weakened^(*)CO intermediate adsorption and a relatively low local pH environment after the guanine modification,which facilitates the^(*)CO protonation and detachment for CH_(4) generation.

A DFT+U study of the structures and reactivities of polar CeO_2(100) surfaces

Density functional theory calculations corrected by on-site Coulomb interactions were carried out o study the structures of polar CeO2 （100） surfaces as well as activities during catalytic CO oxidation. The stabilities of various CeO2 （100） termination structures are discussed, and calculated energetics are presented. The most stable Ce〇2 （100） surface was obtained by removing half the outermost full layer of oxygen and the surface stability was found to decrease as the exposed oxygen concentration was increased. Assessing the reaction pathways leading to different final products during CO oxidation over the most stable CeO2 （100） surface, we determined that the formation of carbonate species competed with CO2 desorption. However, during CO oxidation on the less stable CeO2 （100） surfaces having more exposed oxygen, the CO is evidently able to react with surface oxygen, leading to CO2 formation and desorption. The calculation results and electronic analyses reported herein also indicate that the characteristic Ce 4/ orbitals are directly involved in deter-mining the surface stabilities and reactivities.

The Design of Intelligent Watt-hour Meter based STM32 System

In view of limitalions function, cost and application in domestic meter at present, this paper was designed the low power consumption, low cost smart meters and PC system based on microprocessor MSP430F4794. It supports multi rate, step rate and power factor influence factor of electricity metering method, and can realize the real-time clock, timing backup data, monitoring the temperature and humidity of the environment and other functions, has the ability to forecast the next period of time energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions of electrical appliances. Combined with the PC software, the backup data of smart meters to report, detailed list, and the data curve method is presented to the user, and facilitate to analysis of user. The whole embedded in smart meters and the host computer system provides a good human-computer interface, can realize the user personalized service configuration and software calibration function.

What are the practical limits for the specific surface area and capacitance of bulk sp^2 carbon materials?

The possible practical limits for the specific surface area and capacitance performance of bulk sp^2 carbon materials were investigated experimentally and theoretically using a variety of carbon materials. We find the limit for the specific surface area to be 3500–3700 m^2 g^(-1), and based on this, the corresponding best capacitance was predicted for various electrolyte systems. A model using an effective ionic diameter for the electrolyte ions was proposed and used to calculate the theoretical capacitance. A linear dependence of experimental capacitance versus effective specific surface area of various sp^2 carbon materials was obtained for all studied ionic liquid, organic and aqueous electrolyte systems. Furthermore, excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental capacitance was observed for all the tested sp^2 carbon materials in these electrolyte systems, indicating that this model can be applied widely in the evaluation of various carbon materials for supercapacitors.

Effect of surface area and heteroatom of porous carbon materials on electrochemical capacitance in aqueous and organic electrolytes

A series of porous carbon materials with wide range of specific surface areas and different heteroatom contents had been prepared using polyaniline as carbon precursor and KOH as an activating agent. Effect of surface area and heteroatom of porous carbon materials on specific capacitance was investigated thoroughly in two typical aqueous KOH and organic 1-butyl-3- methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/acetonitirle electrolytes. The different trends of capacitance performance were observed in these two electrolytes. Electrochemical analyses suggested that the presence of faradaic interactions on heteroatom-enriched carbon materials in organic environment is less significant than that observed in aqueous electrolytes. Thus, in aqueous electrolyte, a balance between surface area and heteroatom content of activated porous carbon would be found to develop a supercapacitor with high energy density. In organic electrolyte, the capacitance performance of porous carbon is strongly dependent on the surface area. The results may be useful for the design of porous carbon-based supercapacitor with the desired capacitive performance in aqueous and organic electrolytes.

Microcapsules with compact wall from hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon composite surfactants for electrophoretic display

The components and their concentration ratio of surfactant mixture in aqueous solution of gelatin and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) are very important during the preparation of stable microcapsules for electrophoretic display.In this work,hydrocarbon/fluorocarbon composite surfactant was introduced for the first time into the capsule wall to improve the chemical resistance and barrier property of the microcapsules.By investigating surface tension and zeta potential of NaCMC with the mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/perfluoro-nonene oxy benzene sulfonate (OBS),we found that both the presence of hydrophobic interaction and the hydrogen bonding between NaCMC and SDS/OBS enhanced the adsorption of NaCMC at the oil/water interface and thus facilitated the formation of capsule wall.The morphology,particle size,surface free energy and thermal stability of the obtained microcapsules were characterized.The results showed that optically transparent microcapsules with uniform size,smooth surface and compact wall can be obtained by adjusting the pH value of the reaction system and the concentration ratio of SDS/OBS.Based on the prepared microcapsules,a matrix display prototype operated at 9 V direct current in static driven mode was fabricated.