电载荷下环氧树脂气隙局部放电行为研究

采用常压封装工艺制备带气泡的环氧树脂电容式封装件,通过高压电载荷实验,结合破坏性物理分析方法(DPA)、光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的能谱分析仪(EDS)等手段,对环氧树脂发生气隙放电前后的形貌结构、元素组成等进行了表征分析。结果表明:环氧树脂内部残留气泡在高压载荷下容易率先发生气隙局部放电现象,同时在放电附近引起一定程度的环氧树脂基体老化。在放电过程中,环氧树脂与电极界面的形貌、结构以及化学组成都发生了明显的变化,存在明显的氧化反应。该研究有助于改善环氧树脂等材料的绝缘性能及其应用领域的绝缘可靠性能。

铁电陶瓷PZT53复杂力电耦合行为的实验研究

通过实验研究了平行和垂直于极化方向的正应力对铁电陶瓷锆钛酸铅(PZT53)的电滞回线(E3-P3)和电致应变曲线(E-ε)的影响.实验发现平行于极化方向的压应力对PZT53陶瓷的电滞回线、电致应变曲线形状以及矫顽场大小都有明显的影响,但是垂直于极化方向的拉、压应力只对PZT53陶瓷的电致应变曲线形状有明显的影响,但对电滞回线形状和矫顽场大小都没有显著影响.采用畴翻转的模型详细解释了观察到的实验现象,所得结果为建立铁电陶瓷的多轴力、电耦合本构模型,提供了物理基础.

二冲程微型摆式内燃机载荷对其性能的影响

本文从能量角度出发,分析了二冲程微型摆式内燃机作为微型发电系统动力源时,系统载荷对内燃机的性能影响。通过分析指出,系统质量载荷由系统转动惯量形成,随质量载荷的增加,内燃机压缩比随之增加;而外载荷主要取决于电载荷系数,随外载荷的增加内燃机压缩比将减小。质量载荷利于提高内燃机输出功率,但受限于压缩比。在一定外载荷下,内燃机可获得最大输出功率。

Buckling behavior of micro metal wire on polymer membrane under combined effect of electrical loading and mechanical loading

The buckling behavior of a typical structure consisting of a micro constantan wire and a polymer membrane under coupled electrical-mechanical loading was studied. The phenomenon that the constantan wire delaminates from the polymer membrane was observed after unloading. The interfacial toughness of the constantan wire and the polymer membrane was estimated. Moreover, several new instability modes of the constantan wire could be further triggered based on the buckle-driven delamination. After electrical loading and tensile loading, the constantan wire was likely to fracture based on buckling. After electrical loading and compressive loading, the constantan wire was easily folded at the top of the buckling region. On the occasion, the constantan wire buckled towards the inside of the polymer membrane under electrical-compressive loading. The mechanisms of these instability modes were analyzed.

FINITE ELEMENT MODELING OF MODERATELY THICK COMPOSITE PLATE WITH PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORS AND ACTUATORS

A rectangular finite element for laminated plate with bonded and/or embedded piezoelectric sensors and actuators is developed based on the variational principle and the first order shear deformation theory. The element has four-node, 20-degrees-of-freedom with one potential degree of freedom for each piezoelectric layer to represent the piezoelectric behavior. The higher order derivation of deflection is obtained by using the normal rotation expressions to take the effects of transverse shear deformation into considerations. The finite element can accurately simulate the deformation of both thin and moderately thick plates. A Fortran program is written and a number of benchmark tests are exercised to verify its effectiveness. Results are compared well with the existing data. The unbalanced composite with piezoelectric layers is then analyzed by using the model. Results show that the changes of the ratio between the thickness of positive angle layers and the negative angle layers have an effect on the deformation of the structure under the same electric loading.

采用强化学习的多轴运动系统时间最优轨迹优化

为实现多轴运动系统高速运动并解决电机动载荷过载的问题,提出了一种采用强化学习的时间最优轨迹优化方法。使用改进状态-动作-奖励-状态-动作(SARSA)算法和迭代交互法来寻找时间最优轨迹:通过改进SARSA算法与基于运动学模型建立的强化学习环境进行交互学习,找到满足运动学约束的初始策略轨迹;通过迭代交互法与真实环境进行交互学习,从而将电机动态载荷约束引入到强化学习环境中并对策略轨迹进行修正;最终得到满足电机动态载荷约束的时间最优轨迹。在自行搭建的两轴运动系统上进行验证,结果表明,改进SARSA算法优化得到的策略轨迹的速度和加速度曲线均在约束范围内,且经过10次迭代后的轨迹实际测量力矩曲线也在电机动载荷约束范围内,所提方法能够得到同时满足运动学约束和动力学约束的时间最优轨迹。

Characterization of Oxide Charge During Hot-Carrier Degradation of Ultrathin Gate pMOSFETs--Investigated by Charge Pumping Technique

The generation of oxide charge for 4nm pMOSFETs under hot-carrier stress is investigated by the charge pumping measurements.Firstly,the direct experimental evidences of logarithmic time dependence of hole trapping is observed for pMOSFETs with different channel lengths under hot-carrier stress.Thus,the relationships of oxide charge generation,including electron trapping and hole trapping effects,with different stress voltages and channel lengths are analyzed.It is also found that there is a two-step process in the generation of oxide charge for pMOSFETs.For a short stress time,electron trapping is predominant,whereas for a long stress time,hole trapping dominates the generation of oxide charge.

Photocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity over MoS_2/ZnIn_2S_4 microspheres

MoS2/ZnIn2S4composites with MoS2anchored on the surface of ZnIn2S4microspheres were synthesized by a two‐step hydrothermal process.The obtained samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy,high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy,X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy,Raman spectroscopy,ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance absorption spectroscopy,nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements,photoluminescence spectroscopy,and photoelectrochemical tests.The influence of the loading of MoS2on the photocatalytic H2evolution activity was investigated using lactic acid as a sacrificial reagent.A H2evolution rate of343μmol/h was achieved under visible light irradiation over the1wt%MoS2/ZnIn2S4composite,corresponding to an apparent quantum efficiency of about3.85%at420nm monochromatic light.The marked improvement of the photocatalytic H2evolution activity compared with ZnIn2S4can be ascribed to efficient transfer and separation of photogenerated charge carriers and facilitation of the photocatalytic H2evolution reaction at the MoS2active sites.

Analytical solutions of simply supported magnetoelectroelastic circular plate under uniform loads

In this paper, the axisymmetric general solutions of transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic media are expressed with four harmonic displacement functions at first. Then, based on the solutions, the analytical three-dimensional solutions are provided for a simply supported magnetoelectroelastic circular plate subjected to uniform loads. Finally, the example of circular plate is presented.

Multiple objective particle swarm optimization technique for economic load dispatch

A multi-objective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) approach for multi-objective economic load dispatch problem in power system is presented in this paper. The economic load dispatch problem is a non-linear constrained multi-objective optimization problem. The proposed MOPSO approach handles the problem as a multi-objective problem with competing and non-commensurable fuel cost, emission and system loss objectives and has a diversity-preserving mechanism using an external memory (call “repository”) and a geographically-based approach to find widely different Pareto-optimal solutions. In addition, fuzzy set theory is employed to extract the best compromise solution. Several optimization runs of the proposed MOPSO approach were carried out on the standard IEEE 30-bus test system. The results revealed the capabilities of the proposed MOPSO approach to generate well-distributed Pareto-optimal non-dominated solutions of multi-objective economic load dispatch. Com- parison with Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm (MOEA) showed the superiority of the proposed MOPSO approach and confirmed its potential for solving multi-objective economic load dispatch.

电-热-力耦合载荷下非均匀组织Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu微焊点拉伸力学性能研究

电子封装微焊点往往在电、热、力等多种载荷共同作用下服役,且具有鲜明的组织不均匀特征。研究电-热-力耦合载荷下电流密度和温度对电子封装组织不均匀线型Cu/Sn-58Bi/Cu微焊点拉伸力学性能及其尺寸效应的影响。结果表明,较低温度和较低电流密度情况下,随焊点高度降低,Cu基底对钎料的力学约束增强,焊点拉伸强度提高,断裂发生在钎料体内,呈韧性断裂,与室温无电流情况下的力学行为和断裂模式一致。钎料内Sn相与Bi相电流密度非均匀分布所致的局部电流拥挤现象使两相间的温度梯度明显增加,因此由热膨胀系数差异所致的相界面应变失配和界面应力增大,致使焊点强度低于室温无电流加载时的值。随着温度和电流密度升高,Sn相与Bi相界面及钎料与IMC层界面的应变失配和界面应力加剧,导致焊点拉伸强度进一步下降;同时,断裂位置从钎料基体内逐渐转移至钎料/IMC层界面处,断裂模式由韧性断裂转为韧-脆混合断裂。

A method for real power transfer allocation using multivariable regression analysis

A multivariable regression(MVR) approach is proposed to identify the real power transfer between generators and loads.Based on solved load flow results,it first uses modified nodal equation method(MNE) to determine real power contribution from each generator to loads.Then,the results of MNE method and load flow information are utilized to determine suitable regression coefficients using MVR model to estimate the power transfer.The 25-bus equivalent system of south Malaysia is utilized as a test system to illustrate the effectiveness of the MVR output compared to that of the MNE method.The error of the estimate of MVR method ranges from 0.001 4 to 0.007 9.Furthermore,when compared to MNE method,MVR method computes generator contribution to loads within 26.40 ms whereas the MNE method takes 360 ms for the calculation of same real power transfer allocation.Therefore,MVR method is more suitable for real time power transfer allocation.

Study on longitudinal wind load calculation method of cables for cable-stayed bridge

Along with the expanding of span of cable-stayed bridge,wind load becomes a more and more important controlling factor for bridge the design.A very large proportion of the wind load acting on cables has exceeded that acting on deck.There was not any detailed prescript in Chinese code for calculation of longitudinal wind load on cables due to lack of theoretical research and experiment,and conservative simplified calculation was adopted during design,which leads to conservative and uneconomical design of structures.To resolve this problem,cable force experiment was carried out during the design of Sutong Bridge.By comparing with international research results,the calculation formula of longitudinal wind drag coefficient for cables was advanced to fill the blank of bridge wind resistant code of China,and has already been adopted in the Highway Bridge Wind Resistant Design Code(JTG/T D60-01-2004)with great significance for bridge engineering.

Measurement-based approach for identification of static load model of electric power system

The validity of electric power system simulation or prediction models depends on static load model. Measurement- based approach is the unique method to identify them adequately. The measured power depends on both load reaction to supply voltage alteration and random process of load alteration Basically, there is no any universal method that can single out the inherent static load model from experimental data. The paper offers a proprietary technique which is the particular solution of the task. The technique considers the selection of neighboring measurement pairs with the supply voltage altering significantly be-tween them, the exclusion of selected pairs by load power factor and subsequent selection of the inherent static load model presented as the polynomial load model. The usage of the technique to identify static load model at “Fenster” industrial enterprise （in Borisov city） is presented. The ideas considered in the paper can be used for future development of static load model identification methods with the data obtained during both active experiment and in other operating models of electric power systems.

Polarons in Bi12.47Al0.53O19.5

Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of bismuth aluminate, Bi12.47Al0.53O19.5 （BAO）, were investigated in the frequency range from 1 Hz to 1 MHz in the temperature range from 420 K to 5 K. In the temperature range from 360 K to 220 K the real part of the complex ac electrical conductivity and dielectric constant follow the universal dielectric response （UDR）, being typical for hopping or tunneling of localized charge carriers. A detailed analysis of the temperature dependence of the UDR parameter s in terms of the theoretical model for tunneling of small polarons revealed that below 360 K this mechanism governs the charge transport in this material. The characteristic parameters for polarons, W∞, ιo, and ι0 were determined.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti-4Al-1.5Mn Resistance Spot Welding Joints

Ti-4Al-1.5Mn dual phase titanium alloy sheet was spot welded by pneumatic resistance spot welder.The effects of different welding parameters on shear load and nugget diameter were studied.The results show that the maximum shear load of solder joint increases first and then decreases with the increase of electrode pressure and welding current,while the nugget diameter increases with the increase of electrode pressure and welding current.Electrode pressure of 0.20 MPa and welding current of 46 A are the optimal process parameters,under which the maximum shear load of solder joint reaches 8.80 kN.The microstructure of nugget zone is coarse acicular martensite,and the solder joints fail in a mixed mode of intergranular brittle-ductile fracture.

Spin-Polarized Carriers Injection from Ferromagnetic Metal into Organic Semiconductor

Charge carriers in organic semiconductor are different from that of traditional inorganic semiconductor. Based on three-current model, considering electrical field effect, we present a theoretical model to discuss spin-polarized injection from ferromagnetic electrode into organic semiconductor by analyzing electrochemical potential both in ferromagnetic electrode and organic semiconductors. The calculated result of this model shows effects of electrode＇s spin polarization, equilibrium value of polarons ratio, interracial conductance, bulk conductivity of materials and electrical field. It is found that we could get decent spin polarization with common ferromagnetic electrode by increasing equilibrium value of polarons ratio. We also find that large and matched bulk conductivity of organic semiconductor and electrode, small spin-dependent interracial conductance, and enough large electrical field are critical factors for increasing spin polarization.

Wavelet time series MPARIMA modeling for power system short term load forecasting

The wavelet power system short term load forecasting(STLF) uses a mulriple periodical autoregressive integrated moving average(MPARIMA) model to model the mulriple near periodicity, nonstationarity and nonlinearity existed in power system short term quarter hour load time series, and can therefore accurately forecast the quarter hour loads of weekdays and weekends, and provide more accurate results than the conventional techniques, such as artificial neural networks and autoregressive moving average(ARMA) models test results. Obtained with a power system networks in a city in Northeastern part of China confirm the validity of the approach proposed.

Influences on Generation of White Etching Crack Networks in Rolling Bearings

In rare cases rolling bearings fail by WEC （white etching crack） damage before reaching their calculated rating life, if so called additional loads are applied on the bearing in addition to the normal Hertzian stress （PHz）. A number of additional loads have been identified by means of tests with rolling bearings. These can be small direct currents as a result of electrostatic charge or large alternating currents from inverter-fed drives that unintentionally flow through the bearing. WEC damages can also be initiated by a pure mechanical additional load which is dependent on factors including the bearing kinematics but also on the dynamics of the drive train. The current state of knowledge on this subject is presented and taken as the basis for developing a hypothesis on the WEC damage mechanism. If load situations critical for WEC cannot be avoided, the risk of WEC can be considerably reduced by the selection of suitable materials and coatings as well as, in some cases, of suitable lubricants.

A Viable Megawatt-Class Space Power Plant under Rankine Cycle

The aim of the article concerns to the achieved research results regarding the viability of a megawatt-class space power plant based on the Rankine cycle for which the main objectives are to highlight the key issues responsible for improving the Rankine cycle efficiency. Two working fluids are studied （water and ammonia） on the basis of its well known characteristics. Cycles operating under top and bottom temperatures approaching the state of the art technology associated to cooling fluid reservoirs are key to improve the efficiency. With such strategy, the achieved thermal efficiency increases more than 20% with respect to conventional power plants. Mentioned benefits associated to the strategy based on the reduction of the required payload capacity, the condenser radiation surface and the power plant mass represent the main advantages of the proposed innovation techniques.