积沙量的相关因子研究

本文在定位观测的基础上,较全面地研究了积少量与风速、下垫面、高度、沙源等相关因子的关系,从而进一步揭示了风沙活动规律,为防沙治沙和评价某一区域的风沙危害强度及定量研究地表风蚀量、养分损失提供了理论依据。

饮马河流域河道积沙量的估算方法

根据弯道环流水沙分流原理，论证了河道凹岸坍塌后，泥沙横向交换淤积在凸岸，并用几何法估算出凸岸积沙量．同时运用输沙率法和所面法对河段内悬移质、推移质泥沙的冲淤量进行了估算．这些估算方法的提出，为有计划地开采河沙资源，合理收费，提供了可靠的依据。该估算方法自１９８０年８月先后在饮马河流域九台辖区２０余处沙场试用，都取得可喜成效，与以往估算方法相比，精度明显提高。

两条尼龙阻沙网不同组合间距的积沙量对比分析

在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地垄间平沙地布设了两条尼龙阻沙网4种水平组合间距(2H、5H、10H、15H,H为阻沙网间距)的防沙实验,分析两条尼龙阻沙网的积沙量大小和空间分布,及其与阻沙网组合间距的关系。实验结果表明:1阻沙网积沙量与组合间距呈弱线性负相关,其中2H和5H积沙量最大,但两者差异不大,10H最小,15H居中,与常规认识不同。2不同组合模式的积沙量空间分配格局也明显不同,2H主要堆积在下风侧,而5H、10H、15H则均位于网间和下风侧,上风侧和下风侧积沙量与组合间距呈线性负相关,而网间积沙量与组合间距呈线性正相关。3两条尼龙阻沙网积沙量及其空间分布差异主要与特殊的近地表流场结构有关,但其分异机制还需要深入研究。

黑河中游荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块状植被区积沙量的空间异质性分析

基于2012-2013年黑河中游荒漠-绿洲过渡带斑块状植被区的野外观测资料,并结合临泽内陆河流域综合野外气象观测站资料,利用空间异质性方法对积沙量进行分析。分析结果表明:1)2012年和2013年各月积沙量均存在着明显的空间异质性,2012年各月(除8月外)的积沙量变异主要为随机变异(83.00%-93.04%),起沙风速、起沙风频率的增加或RDP/DP的减小,有利于积沙量的增加,而降雨及降雨过程对积沙量具有消减作用;2012年8月2013年各月的积沙量变异为结构性变异(88.38%-94.85%),变异主要受到表层土壤干湿状况,植被分布和走向、微地形变化的影响。2)2012年和2013年积沙量分布各有特点,2012年积沙量空间分布呈片状分布,从西北向东南递减;而2013年各月积沙量呈带状分布,临近样地中央的两条样带积沙量较高,与植被和微地形走向较为一致。3)积沙量的变异类型与模型类型具有一致性,2012年各月(除8月外)变异类型为随机变异,变异模型为Linear型;2012年8月2013年各月变异类型为结构性变异,变异模型为Exponential型。这种一致性与积沙过程相关,尤其与风蚀积沙的积累效应(经数月的风沙物质积累,在春季得到放大)有关。

临哈铁路典型防沙工程区阻风效率与积沙量特征

为掌握临哈铁路沿线风沙防护措施的防护效果,优化布设方案,选择临哈铁路K217、K585、K745及其支线天策线K16典型防沙工程区,采用样带同步观测法和测钎法,测定了每个区域的阻风效率和积沙量特征。结果表明:由铁路外侧向内侧,防沙工程对风的抑制效应逐渐增强。1.5 m高沙障积沙带、2.5 m深路堑、10 m和16 m高路堤导致风速增减的幅度分别为114%—69%、44%、160%—24%和190%—75%。网格防护区比阻沙栅栏防护区在1 m高度处的平均抑风效应更强,网格的高度和边长越大,其抑风效应越强。在严重沙害路段,大部分沙粒堆积在迎风侧中部的0.5 m网格内,在轻微沙害路段1.5 m阻沙栅栏处积沙量最大。因此建议在沙障配置中,中等和严重沙害路段以0.5 m高防沙网格为主,特别是在上风向沙源丰富的戈壁地区;在轻微沙害路段以多道1.5 m阻沙栅栏为主,网格措施为辅。

不同砾石覆盖度床面蚀积过程的野外风洞实验研究

野外风洞实验表明,砾石床面具有捕沙和过沙的双重功能,砾石床面的输、阻性质是不同覆盖度与风动力耦合的结果。当砾石盖度小于20%时,床面基本以风蚀作用为主;当砾石覆盖度在30%～50%时,低风速条件下(<10 m/s),床面以强烈风积作用为主,高风速条件下(>12 m/s),床面以强烈风蚀为主,其间[(10～12)m/s]床面趋于蚀积平衡状态;当砾石覆盖度大于60%时,随着风速的增大,床面蚀积量变化不大。研究结果可应用于莫高窟顶沙砾质戈壁的风沙防治,为风沙工程增添新的思路和新技术。

敦煌莫高窟顶几种典型床面蚀积量变化过程的初步观测

通过对莫高窟窟顶自然和人工床面的风蚀、输导及堆积沙量变化的野外监测,初步观测结果表明:在偏西风作用下,自然状况下的戈壁床面阻截了来自鸣沙山40%的沙量,其余60%的沙量进入窟区;而偏东风又可将偏西风、偏南风作用下沉积于窟顶90%的沙量吹回到鸣沙山边缘。床面阻、输性质与沙源供给状况密切相关。沙源丰富时,风沙流以较饱和形式输送,易形成输沙床面性质;沙源匮乏时,风沙流多以不饱和形式输送,形成阻沙-输沙床面性质。砾石直径较大(>4cm)的床面主要呈现堆积性质,对偏西的风沙流阻滞功效比较明显,每100m阻沙率可达45%;偏东风作用下,每100m阻沙率可达19%;而砾石直径较小(1cm)的床面,主要以风沙输沙功能为主,是一个非堆积搬运床面。

三种被动式积沙仪积沙效率的野外实验研究

积沙仪积沙效率的高低直接影响近地表输沙率的测定 ,从而影响着风沙地貌的研究和风沙工程设计。对目前三种常用积沙仪在相同条件下 (同一下垫面、相同风速 )的积沙进行了野外观测。结果表明 :①相同条件下 ,楔形积沙仪积沙量远远大于其它两种 ;②近地面积沙量随高度分布上 ,楔形积沙仪能更好地反映风沙流结构 ;③与其它两种积沙仪相比 ,楔形积沙仪所采集沙子中的小粒径颗粒含量明显多于其它两种积沙仪结果 ,而较大粒径颗粒的含量呈相反趋势。造成这些差异的原因在于楔形积沙仪采用的流线型构造和网状结构 ,从而对风沙流的阻挡程度较小 。

将淖铁路全季节风沙特征分析

风沙灾害是新疆将淖铁路建设和运行的主要危害,设置12个采沙监测站,基于现场试验,系统性地分析将淖铁路风沙区全季节风沙特征,并提出将淖铁路沿线防沙治沙综合体系。结果表明:将淖铁路沿线积沙随沙源丰富程度增加而增加,并随着高度增加,沙量粒径减小,由不连续级配转变为连续级配;铁路沿线起沙风风速呈U型分布,起沙风方向整体以W、WNW及WSW为主;铁路沿线风沙特征受季节性变化的影响明显;风沙防护设计应尽量不破坏自然地表,进行动态防护,构建“固沙+阻沙”的综合防治体系。

灌木枝系结构与积沙效能野外观测

通过对油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、沙蒿(A.desertorum)、梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、花棒(Hedysarum scoparium)、白刺(Nitraria tangutorum)、红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)、沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)和两种仿真灌木的各级枝数量的观测,分析比较了灌木枝系结构与其积沙量关系。结果显示:半球形的仿真灌木积沙量最大;灌木积沙量与其总体分枝率成反比,但不同形状的灌木积沙量取决于枝系结构。积沙量较大的梭形和半球体灌木是内密外疏,而坛状灌木的内外疏而中间密的积沙量较大。灌木积沙量与枝系结构复杂程度有密切联系,且随着总体分枝率和逐步分枝率变异系数增大而增大。

粘土沙障及麦草沙障合理间距的调查研究

确定机械沙障障间距的基本原理是障间风蚀沙量等于积沙量。障间凹曲面面积与障间距及沙面坡度之间存在着显著的回归关系 ,运用这种回归关系就可以建立障间风蚀沙量等于积沙量的等式方程。在民勤沙区取样分别建立粘土沙障和麦草沙障的风蚀沙量等于积沙量的等式方程 ,计算出沙面坡度 0°～ 8°和 0°～ 1 0°的粘土沙障和麦草沙障间距分别是 2 53 1～ 1 85 9cm和 2 61 4～1 55 0cm ;粘土沙障高度应为适宜高度范围内的最小值 ;粘土沙障在障高为 1 5cm、沙面坡度 >8°时障间没有风蚀。麦草沙障在坡度>1 0°时障间没有风蚀 ;1 5cm高的粘土沙障和固沙有效高度 1 3cm的麦草沙障的最小间距分别是 1 85 9cm和 1 55 0cm ;若需要在固定就地沙面的基础上接纳外来流沙或者需要风蚀部分就地沙粒时 ,可将接纳沙量或风蚀沙量的平均厚度作为参数之一计算障间距 ;按照风蚀沙量≤积沙量的障间距设置的沙障 。

免耕与传统耕作对旱作农田土壤风蚀的影响研究——以玉米田为例

以旱作玉米地为研究对象,对免耕与传统耕作的农田积沙量、地表不同高度间积沙曲线、表层1 cm 深土壤粒径组成等内容进行了重点观测分析。结果表明:免耕对减少旱作玉米农田就地起沙的贡献率是非常巨大的,间接反映出沙质旱耕农田是很主要的沙源地之一,而以免耕对农田就地起沙的防效特别突出,在干旱风沙区是一项很值得推广的农耕措施。

卡拉贝利工程区植物的防风蚀效果

[目的]研究新疆卡拉贝利工程区植物防风固沙效果,为该地区的风沙治理措施提供理论依据,[方法]对该地区的植被进行了防风蚀效果的调查研究,主要收集了植被的盖度、冠幅、高度等植被特征和植被积沙特征的数据,采用SPSS等统计软件进行数据的统计分析,并利用曲线估计的方法建立植物形态与积沙量的回归模型,量化分析植物形态特征与植物积沙的关系。[结果]该地区植被以盐爪爪为主,并伴有少量骆驼刺、假木贼等植物;不同砾石覆盖度对植被的密度和盖度影响较大,对植物的高度、冠幅影响较小,且砾石覆盖度越高植被密度和盖度越低;植物积沙量、植物积沙丘的厚度与宽度均随着植物高度和冠幅的增加而呈指数增加;植物形态对积沙量增加的影响程度表现为:植物高度>纵向冠幅>横向冠幅。[结论]该地区植被具有一定的防风蚀能力,其防风蚀效果的大小与植被的形态以及地表砾石含量存在很大的关系。

青藏铁路南山口段沙害防治措施的效果

【目的】青藏铁路沙害段约占铁路全长的22.5%,是铁路安全运营的主要威胁。本研究通过实地调查不同沙害防护措施下的积沙量,分析其防护效益及空间布局影响,为合理布设防沙措施、有效降低铁路沙害、保障铁路安全运营提供科学依据。【方法】选择已部分布设沙害防治措施的青藏铁路南山口段,根据不同区段沙障的组合方式,设置无防护措施的对照区和4个不同措施组合防护区(Ⅰ区:无防护措施区;Ⅱ区:低立式聚乙烯(PE)网格沙障防护区;Ⅲ区:高立式栅栏沙障与低立式PE网格沙障共同防护区;Ⅳ区:高立式栅栏沙障防护区;Ⅴ区:高立式栅栏沙障与高立式PE阻沙网防护区),通过测定积沙体断面要素和平均深度,计算不同防护措施组合的年均单宽阻沙量,用于评价不同措施或措施组合的阻沙效果及空间布局的影响。【结果】1)在无防护措施的对照区对应铁路轨道没有积沙现象,同时目前也没有观察到明显磨损,可见,南山口地区沙害程度较轻,在此处布设沙障必要性不大,积沙较多的沙障甚至还可能发展成为沙源地,将沙引向铁路路基;2)在4个不同措施组合防护区中,Ⅲ区沙障内年均单宽阻沙量最大,为1.125 m^3·m^(-1),由此可推断,南山口段的年均单宽风沙流至少为1.125 m^3·m^(-1);3)Ⅳ区沙障内年均单宽阻沙量为0.978 m^3·m^(-1),约为Ⅲ区的87%,说明单个高立式栅栏沙障的拦沙效果也很好;4)Ⅴ区沙障内年均单宽阻沙量为0.782 m^3·m^(-1),仅为Ⅲ区的70%,说明高立式PE阻沙网的布设不仅没增强Ⅴ区沙障内的拦沙量,反而降低了同区内栅栏沙障的拦沙效益,分析认为主要是由于PE阻沙网的布设间距过小。5)结合阻沙效果与建设成本,本研究认为南山口段PE网格沙障的最优宽度为13 m,另外,在南山口设置一道栅栏沙障便可达到很好的防沙效果,还能使建设成本降低。【结论】南山口地区设置的沙障中:PE网格沙障宽度过大造成材料的浪费,布设宽度应以13 m为宜;PE阻沙网布设间距过小,使得拦沙作用很弱,且降低了同区内高立式栅栏沙障的拦沙效益;单个栅栏沙障在防护区中表现出很强的阻沙作用。研究认为南山口地区的沙害程度较轻,设置沙障必要性不大,如果设置沙障,可只设置1道栅栏沙障,既能达到很好的防沙效果,又能使建设成本降低。研究结果可为铁路轻度沙害地段科学、合理的布设防护措施提供依据。

Influencing factors of sediment deposition and their spatial variability in riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir,China

Many factors can affect the sediment deposition and soil erosion process in riparian zone, including terrain, sediment transport and water level fluctuations. Clarifying the factors influencing sediment deposition process in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoirs is an important problem to determine the key area of sediment deposition and its trend of development in the study area. In order to reveal the influence of these environmental factors on the sediment deposition in riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, this study investigated 1） the amount of deposited sediment in different environmental conditions, 2） the potential factors affecting sediment deposition in riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, 3） the relationship between the deposited sediment amount and these factors previously mentioned using correlation analysis, and 4） the influence of human activities considered as an additional factor. This study found that 1） slope gradient, elevation, inundating duration and human activities were the main factors influencing sedimentation in riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir, and 2） the impact of each factor varied with spaces. Specifically, in the upper reach from Jiangjin to Fuling, human activities such as gravel dredging, bank revetment and ports and wharfs constructing disturbed considerable amounts of deposited sediment, as a result, there was no natural law to dictate the distribution. In the middle reach from Fuling to Fengjie, slope gradient and inundating duration were the controlling factors, and the sediment deposition amount was greater in the areas with a gentler slope or lower elevation. Water flow on gentler slopes generally had lower velocity, resulting in more sediment to deposit. Sites with lower elevations would be drowned by sediment-laden flow with a longer duration resulting from hydrologic regime controlled by the operating strategy of the Three Gorges Reservoir, leading to a larger amount of sediment deposition. In the lower reach from Fengjie to Zigni, slope gradient was similar to the middle reach, performing a primary factor, while other factors showed little relationship with sediment amount.

Calculation Method for Effect of Silt Sediment on Lifting Force of Hydraulic Gate

In this paper, silt sediment is considered to be Bingham body, which is made up of coarse and fine particles in front of a hydraulic gate. The coarse and fine particles provide friction and shear stress in the course of opening the gate. They constitute together the adhesion force of the sediment. Based on this viewpoint, this paper puts forward a formula for the effect of silt sediment on the lifting force. The formula includes gate weight, down-suction force, sealing rubber friction, plus-weight, water-column pressure, plus-silted-sediment weight and rolling(or sliding)-bearing friction. Finally, the verification results show that the formula has certain reliability and the calculation accuracy can meet the need of practical engineering.

Long-Term Impact of Extra Sediment on Notches and Incised Meanders in the Hoshe River, Taiwan

The extra sediment load induced by typhoons and rainstorms in the Heshe River, Taiwan, are the principal reason for severe sediment-related disasters. The total sediment load during Typhoon Morakot in 9009 was 31 x lo6 m3, accounting for 95% of the annual sediment discharge. Large amounts of sediment load entered the Hoshe River, causing the braiding index （BI） to increase. Subsequently, the BI became positively correlated with the channel width in the Hoshe River. The specific typhoon and rainstorm events decreased after Typhoon Morakot, the sediment input decreased, inducing the fluvial morphology of the braided river to develop into a meandering river. The extra sediment load induced the deposition depth to increase and produce a headward deposition in the main channel and its tributaries. In addition, the river bend and the topographical notch restrained the sediment from moving downstream and being stored locally, indirectly increasing the erosion density of the river banks from 2.5 to lo.5 times.

Nematode Community Structure and Diversity Pattern in Sandy Beaches of Qingdao,China

We investigated the diversity and structure of free-living marine nematode communities at three sandy beaches representing typical intertidal environments of a temperate zone in Qingdao,Shandong Province,China.Average nematode abundance ranged from 1006 to 2170 ind.10 cm-2,and a total of 34 nematode genera were recorded,of which only 8 were common in all the studied beaches.Pielou's evenness and Shannon-Wiener diversity index were the lowest at the second beach where nematode abundance was the highest.The highest species diversity index coincided with the lowest nematode abundance at Shilaoren beach.Sediment median grain size,sorting coefficient,and chlorophyll-a content were essential for differentiation in nematode abundance and species diversity,whereas taxonomic diversity of nematode was homogeneous across the three beaches.In 0–20 cm sediment profile,nematode abundance declined abruptly with depth,whereas nematode diversity changed gently with obvious difference in 16–20 cm layer.Sediment granulometry and chlorophyll-a content were the two foremost factors which influenced the vertical distribution pattern of nematode generic diversity.Non-selective deposit feeders constituted the most dominant trophic group,followed by epistratum feeders.Bathylaimus(family:Tripyloididae) dominated at the second and Yangkou beach,while Theristus(family:Xyalidae) prevailed at Shilaoren beach.Omnivores and predators became important at Shilaoren beach because of the high proportion of Enoplolaimus.Even though,nematode community of the studied beaches did not differ significantly from each other.

Short-and long-term sediment transport in western Bohai Bay and coastal areas

Sediment cores （-40-100 cm） were collected at 12 locations in the western Bohai Bay, the Haihe River estuary, the Yongding River estuary and the Tianjin Harbor, China, during 24-26 July 2007, and analyzed for ^7Be and ^210pb activities. Due to localized hydrodynamic patterns and frequent disturbance from dredging activities, steady-state sedimentation features were not observed in this study. As demonstrated in the VBe and ^210pb profiles, the temporal and spatial variations of these radionuclides support a non-steady state depositional environment in the study area. By comparing ^7Be and ^210pb inventories in the sediments with those of the atmospheric source, we found that： 1） sediments dredged from the Tianjin Harbor or eroded from nearby estuarine and coastal areas are retained in the western Bohai Bay for relatively short intervals （several months）, as reflected in the relatively high ^7Be inventories in the western Bohai Bay; 2） over the long-term （years to decades）, ^210Pb inventories in the sediments imply that there is a net on-shore transport of sediments, and the sediments are mass-balanced in the entire study area. Overall, our results suggest that the sediments are retained in the estuaries and the western Bohai Bay despite local variability in sediment dynamics and disturbance due to human activities.