柴油机喷嘴内线空化对喷雾影响的试验

设计3种不同尺寸的锥度孔透明喷嘴,在尽可能抑制壁面空化的情况下研究了喷油压力、喷嘴孔尺寸及针阀升程对喷嘴内线空化的出现规律、强度及瞬态特性的影响,进而对喷雾的影响.结果表明:在喷嘴低针阀升程时会存在起源于针阀锥面处的线空化,可轻易延伸至喷孔出口,形态粗壮,引致非常大的喷雾锥角,而随针阀的抬起,这类线空化消失,代之以孔与孔之间的线空化,空化形态较细,对喷雾锥角影响相对很小,这为柴油机启喷阶段和喷油末期喷雾锥角的骤增与波动提供了一种合理解释;喷雾锥角的波动与线空化发展程度及其延伸至喷孔出口处的空化厚度间存在强烈的依存关系;线空化对喷雾的影响存在迟滞现象,这与空化泡喷出喷孔后破裂及流体运动惯性有关.

柴油机锥度孔喷嘴内线空化及初始气泡对喷雾形态影响的可视化研究

柴油机喷嘴内的流动特性对喷雾雾化特性有直接影响,本文基于高速数码显微成像技术,使用真实尺寸渐缩孔透明喷嘴,在柴油机高压共轨试验台上获得了透明锥度孔喷嘴内的空化流动瞬态发展特性,捕获了锥度孔内的线空化和初始气泡,分析了线空化对喷雾锥角的影响以及启喷阶段初始气泡的产生机理。结合初始气泡形态,分析了五种喷雾头部结构的形成机理。研究发现:线空化是喷雾锥角不稳定变化的直接原因;近场喷雾头部结构与初始气泡的大小、数量及位置有直接关系。

柴油机喷嘴入口圆角对线空化影响的试验研究

柴油机喷嘴内的线空化是一种呈现线状形态的特殊空化现象,具有高瞬态性。本文利用自搭建的稳态试验台,设计了双孔min-SAC比例放大喷嘴。并在稳定喷射压力和固定针阀升程条件下开展了试验研究。研究表明,随着喷射压差的升高,喷嘴内部线空化程度随之增加;喷孔入口圆角会影响喷嘴内部涡旋运动,进而影响线空化的分布特征;在高针阀升程下,几何诱导空化对线空化有促进作用;当喷孔入口存在倒圆角时,喷嘴内几何诱导空化被明显抑制,线空化分布特征明显不同。

喷水推进器空化限制线制定方法

以某典型船用喷水推进器为研究对象,根据其性能曲线和喷水推进理论,归纳出关于制定空化限制线的正、反问题以及制定空化限制线的思路;通过数值模拟与分析,验证了该思路的可行性,并确定了空化限制线制定方法。数值计算结果与试验数据对比表明:建立的数值模型和计算结果是可信的;空化限制线Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ分别对应扬程下降量的1%、2%和20%,证实了空化限制线即为等汽蚀比转速线的结论。根据此方法,可以制定船用喷水推进器的空化限制线,实现其完整推进性能曲线图的绘制,指导喷水推进器的安全运行。

不同喷孔入口的柴油机喷嘴空化特性

柴油在柴油机喷嘴内部流动会直接影响其喷射和雾化,进而影响柴油机的性能和排放.线空化是柴油在喷嘴系统中脱离喷孔壁面后呈现线状形态的特殊空化现象.由于受到柴油机喷嘴真实尺寸的限制,使得燃油流动瞬间变化,同时线空化是随机性发生的,这两个现象使线空化试验的难度大大增加.本试验采用具有可视化记录功能的稳态实验装置,通过固定柴油机喷嘴内针阀升程并控制喷射压力使其全程处于稳定状态,研究不同喷孔入口的柴油机喷嘴在线空化现象中的形态分布特征.研究得出,喷射压力差对线空化影响较大,喷孔内部线空化分布长度与喷射压差呈正相关;此外,喷孔入口处的圆角结构会明显改变线空化在形成过程中的分布特征;几何诱导空化泡可以在涡旋运动的作用下聚集在漩涡中心从而促进线空化的发展;喷孔入口设置倒圆角结构可以明显抑制几何诱导空化和线空化的产生,从而提高柴油机的性能.

柴油机原型喷嘴内瞬态流动的特性试验

柴油机喷嘴内的空化流动很大程度上影响燃油的雾化效果,继而影响整机的排放特性.笔者基于高速摄影技术和长工作距离显微成像技术,通过高压共轨试验系统研究原型喷嘴内的流动特性和喷雾特性.针对空化的发展进行了不同压力下的对比试验,结果表明:喷射压力越高,空化出现的时间越早,还存在喷油初期的气泡"释放"以及喷油末期的气泡"倒吸"现象;同时还观察到特殊的空化现象—线空化,并且发现线空化的出现与针阀的位置有很大关联,总结了两种不同形态的线空化发生规律.

Low-dimensional multi-spectral space for color reproduction based on nonnegative constrained principal component analysis

In order to overcome the shortcomings that the reconstructed spectral reflectance may be negative when using the classic principal component analysis （PCA）to reduce the dimensions of the multi-spectral data, a nonnegative constrained principal component analysis method is proposed to construct a low-dimensional multi-spectral space and accomplish the conversion between the new constructed space and the multispectral space. First, the reason behind the negative data is analyzed and a nonnegative constraint is imposed on the classic PCA. Then a set of nonnegative linear independence weight vectors of principal components is obtained, by which a lowdimensional space is constructed. Finally, a nonlinear optimization technique is used to determine the projection vectors of the high-dimensional multi-spectral data in the constructed space. Experimental results show that the proposed method can keep the reconstructed spectral data in [ 0, 1 ]. The precision of the space created by the proposed method is equivalent to or even higher than that by the PCA.

Two kinds of B-basis of the algebraic hyperbolic space

In this paper, two new kinds of B-basis functions called algebraic hyperbolic （AH） Bézier basis and AH B-Spline basis are presented in the space Гk=span{ l,t ……f^k-3,sinht,cosht}, in which K is an arbitrary integer larger than or equal to 3. They share most optimal properties as those of the Bézier basis and B-Spline basis respectively and can represent exactly some remarkable curves and surfaces such as the hyperbola, catenary, hyperbolic spiral and the hyperbolic paraboloid. The generation of tensor product surfaces of the AH B-Spline basis have two forms： AH B-Spline surface and AH T-Spline surface.

Nonlinear Current-Voltage Characteristics and Electroluminescence of cBN Crystal

The current-voltage（I-V） characteristics of cBN crystal sandwiched between two metallic electrodes are measured and found to be nonlinear. Over 20 samples are measured at room temperature with various electrodes, and the resulting curves are all similar in shape. When a voltage of about 560V is applied to the cBN crystal, the emitted light is visible to the naked eye in a dark room. We explain these phenomena by the space charge limited current and the electronic transition between the X and Г valleys of the conduction band.

Gamma Ray Radiation Effect on Bi2WO6 Photocatalyst

The development of Bi2WO6-based materials has become one of research hotspots due to the increasing demands on high-efficient photocatalyst responding to visible light.In this work,the effect of high energy radiation(γ-ray)on the structure and the photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6 nanocrystals was first studied.No morphological change of Bi2WO6 nanocrystals was observed by SEM underγ-ray radiation.However,the XRD spectra of the irradiated Bi2WO6 nanocrystals showed the characteristic 2θof(113)plane shifts slightly from 28.37o to 28.45o with the increase of the absorbed dose,confirming the change in the crystal structure of Bi2WO6.The XPS results proved the crystal structure change was originated from the generation of oxygen vacancy defects under high-dose radiation.The photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6 on the decomposition of methylene blue(MB)in water under visible light increases gradually with the increase of absorbed dose.Moreover,the improved photocatalytic performance of the irradiated Bi2WO6 nanocrystals remained after three cycles of photocatalysis,indicating a good stability of the created oxygen vacancy defects.This work gives a new simple way to improve photocatalytic performance of Bi2WO6 through creating oxygen vacancy defects in the crystal structure by-ray radiation.

3D optical vortices generated by micro-optical elements and its novel applications

In this paper we report on recent development in the areas of optical vortices generated by micro-optical elements and applications of optical vortices, including optical manipulation, radial polarization and secure free space optical communication

Analysis of Cavitation Performance of a 2-D Hydrofoil Based on Mixed-iterative Method

In order to study cavitation characteristics of a 2-D hydrofoil, the method that combines nonlinear cavitation model and mixed-iteration is used to predict and analyze the cavitation performance of hydrofoils. The cavitation elements are nonlinearly disposed based on the Green formula and perturbation potential panel method. At the same time, the method that combines cavity shape for fixed cavity length （CSCL） iteration and cavity shape for fixed cavitation number （CSCN） iteration is used to work out the thickness and length of hydrofoil cavitations. Through analysis of calculation results, it can be concluded that the jump of pressure and velocity potentially exist between cavitation end area and non-cavitations area on suction surface when cavitation occurs on hydrofoil. In certain angles of attack, the cavitation number has a negative impact on the length of cavitations. And under the same angle of attack and cavitation number, the bigger the thickness of the hydrofoil, the shorter the cavitations length.

Hand-eye-vision based control for an inspection robot's autonomous line grasping

In order to ensure that the off-line arm of a two-arm-wheel combined inspection robot can reliably grasp the line in case of autonomous obstacle crossing,a control method is proposed for line grasping based on hand-eye visual servo.On the basis of the transmission line's geometrical characteristics and the camera's imaging principle,a line recognition and extraction method based on structure constraint is designed.The line's intercept and inclination are defined in an imaging space to represent the robot's change of pose and a law governing the pose decoupling servo control is developed.Under the integrated consideration of the influence of light intensity and background change,noise(from the camera itself and electromagnetic field)as well as the robot's kinetic inertia on the robot's imaging quality in the course of motion and the grasping control precision,a servo controller for grasping the line of the robot's off-line arm is designed with the method of fuzzy control.An experiment is conducted on a 1:1 simulation line using an inspection robot and the robot is put into on-line operation on a real overhead transmission line,where the robot can grasp the line within 18 s in the case of autonomous obstacle-crossing.The robot's autonomous line-grasping function is realized without manual intervention and the robot can grasp the line in a precise,reliable and efficient manner,thus the need of actual operation can be satisfied.

Spatio-temporal Changes of ≥10℃ Accumulated Temperature in Northeastern China since 1961

The objective of this study was to provide reliable basis for decision making for national food security and layout and structure adjustment of grain production in the northeastern China. The data of mean daily air temperature of 1961-2009 from 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China were chosen in this study. Using statistical methods and isoline method, the spatio-temporal changes of various decadal ≥10℃accumulated temperature and the climatic means of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature were studied in this paper. The results showed that 1） The geo- graphical distribution of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature in the northeastern China could be influenced directly by the latitude, longitude and altitude. If latitude moved one degree northward, the average decrease amplitude of the climatic means was 101.9℃ in the study area. 2） The means of decadal ≥10℃ accumulated temperature rose since the 1980s, and their increase amplitudes became larger in the 1990s and the 2010s obviously. Compared with those of the 1980s, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 100℃ in the mountainous and plain areas in the 1990s; compared with those of the 1990s, ≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased by about 200℃ in the Hulun Buir High Plain and the Songnen Plain, and 100℃ in the Sanjiang Plain and the Liaohe Plain in the 2010s. 3） The means of the decada ≥10℃accumulated temperature for 106 meteorological stations in the northeastern China increased with the rate of 145.57℃/10yr in 1961-2009.4） The climatic means of ≥10℃ accumulated temperature increased from 1961-1990 to 1971-2000 and 1981-2009. Compared with the climatic mean of 1971-2000, that of 1981-2009 had increased by above 50℃ in most of the study area, even up to 156℃. Compared with the climatic mean of 1961-1990, that of 1981-2009 increased by above 100℃ in most parts of the study area, even up to 200℃. 5） The maximum northward shift, eastward and westward extension amplitudes of3100℃, 3300℃ and 3500℃ isolines were larger among all isolines for the climatic means of the three phases. Compared with the positions of the isolines of 1961-1990, those amplitudes of 31000C isoline of 1981-2009 were 145 km, 109 km and 64 km, respectively; those of 3300℃ isoline were 154 km, 54 km and 64 km, respectively; and the maximum northward shift of 3500℃ isoline was about 100 km.

Spatial and Temporal Variations of Daily Ranges of the Geomagnetic Vertical Component in the Chinese Mainland

In this paper, we use the daily ranges of the vertical magnetic intensity of approximately 76 geomagnetic stations from January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2010 to analyze the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges. The results are summarized as follows: (1) Temporally, we use regressive analysis and FFT analysis to analyze the data. The results show that the Z component daily ranges of all stations have an obvious cyclical variation, the computed Fourier spectra of all data sets have clearly resolved the required periodicities in the data, in the form of distinct peaks at days 365, 183, 22, and 73, and the power spectra of day 365 is the highest in all periods. (2) In terms of spatial variation, the daily ranges show nonlinear variation with latitude in China. The results show the existence of a point of inflexion (maximal value point) nearby at about 25°N, the daily ranges of Z rise from 15°~25°N and have a good linear decrease variation along with 25°~50°N. (3) Compared with the spatial and temporal variations of Z daily ranges with the Sq current inversion, we found that the spatial and temporal characteristics of Z ranges are decided mainly by the spatio-temporal evolution of the Sq current system. (4) If the latitudes of the maximum amplitudes of variation of the vertical component in the geomagnetic quiet days are roughly taken as the latitudes corresponding to the foci of Sq overhead current system, we can see that these latitudes of foci become higher in summer, are lowest in winter and highest during Equinoxes, displaying conspicuous monthly and daily variations. For two successive geomagnetic quiet days, the latitudes of foci may vary ten degrees.

Kernelized fourth quantification theory for mineral target prediction

This paper presents a nonlinear multidimensional scaling model, called kernelized fourth quantifica- tion theory, which is an integration of kernel techniques and the fourth quantification theory. The model can deal with the problem of mineral prediction without defining a training area. In mineral target prediction, the pre-defined statistical cells, such as grid cells, can be implicitly transformed using kernel techniques from input space to a high-dimensional feature space, where the nonlinearly separable clusters in the input space are ex- pected to be linearly separable. Then, the transformed cells in the feature space are mapped by the fourth quan- tifieation theory onto a low-dimensional scaling space, where the sealed cells can be visually clustered according to their spatial locations. At the same time, those cells, which are far away from the cluster center of the majority of the sealed cells, are recognized as anomaly cells. Finally, whether the anomaly cells can serve as mineral potential target cells can be tested by spatially superimposing the known mineral occurrences onto the anomaly ceils. A case study shows that nearly all the known mineral occurrences spatially coincide with the anomaly cells with nearly the smallest scaled coordinates in one-dimensional sealing space. In the case study, the mineral target cells delineated by the new model are similar to those predicted by the well-known WofE model.

Loaded antenna in half lossy space base on HDGA

Antenna loads can modify the current distribution on the wires, thus improving antenna characteristics in the process. However, it is difficult to calculate appropriate loads of antenna near the ground because in half lossy space there are inherent situational complexities. This paper optimizes loads of antenna near the ground base using a half-determlned genetic algorithm. The numerical results show the HDGA has a quicker convergent speed and a better convergent value than the SGA.

Dynamic analysis on methanation reactor using a double-input–multi-output linearized model

A double-input–multi-output linearized system is developed using the state-space method for dynamic analysis of methanation process of coke oven gas.The stability of reactor alone and reactor with feed-effluent heat exchanger is compared through the dominant poles of the system transfer functions.With single or double disturbance of temperature and CO concentration at the reactor inlet,typical dynamic behavior in the reactor,including fast concentration response,slow temperature response and inverse response,is revealed for further understanding of the counteraction and synergy effects caused by simultaneous variation of concentration and temperature.Analysis results show that the stability of the reactor loop is more sensitive than that of reactor alone due to the positive heat feedback.Remarkably,with the decrease of heat exchange efficiency,the reactor system may display limit cycle behavior for a pair of complex conjugate poles across the imaginary axis.

Nonlinear Control Model of Synchronous Motor with Excitation and Damper Windings

In this paper, a new control method for synchronous motor with excitation and damper windings is presented. It is based on one type of nonlinear control; feedback linearization control. To make a realization in the sense of electric drive, symmetricM space vector PWM （pulse width modulation） is applied. Estimation of damper winding currents via Lyapunov function for the whole estimated system is done. The aim of control is to make tracking system for rotor speed and square of stator flux. Simulation of motor starting to predefined operating points is done, and also maintaining these points during step change of load torque is obtained. Simulations give good results.

LoLocalized Spatial Soliton Excitations in(2+1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Schrdinger Equation with Variable Nonlinearity and an External Potential

We report on the localized spatial soliton excitations in the multidimensional nonlinear Schrodinger equation with radially variable nonlinearity coefficient and an external potential. By using Hirota＇s binary differential operators, we determine a variety of external potentials and nonlinearity coefficients that can support nonlinear localized solutions of different but desired forms. For some specific external potentials and nonlinearity coefficients, we discuss features of the corresponding （2＋1）-dimensional multisolitonic solutions, including ring solitons, lump solitons, and soliton clusters.