自催化氧化还原技术处理PCB络合废水试验研究

针对PCB络合废水络合铜浓度高、COD难达标、可生化性差等特点,在研究铜对铁碳微电解和Fenton氧化的催化作用的基础上,采用催化铁内电解-Fenton催化氧化联合自催化氧化还原技术对PCB络合废水进行处理,并通过混凝实验进一步去除废水中污染物。零价铁可置换出络合铜中的铜,单质铜与零价铁可形成Fe-Cu催化还原体系,对Fenton氧化也具有催化作用,可有效提高废水的处理效果。通过单因素实验确定各工艺最佳反应条件,实验结果表明,催化铁内电解最佳工艺条件为:p H=2,反应时间为60 min,铁屑投加量为5 g/L;Fenton催化氧化最佳工艺条件为:p H=3,反应时间为60 min,H2O2投加量为15 m L/L;混凝实验PAM最佳投加量为10 mg/L。最佳工艺条件下废水COD和总铜去除率分别可达到94.5%和98.8%,B/C由0.12提高到0.32,废水可生化性得到显著提高,为后续处理创造了条件。

共存铁和锰氧化物氧化和固定Ce(Ⅲ)的机制

该研究通过批次和动态实验,考查含锰褐铁矿和合成针铁矿对Ce(Ⅲ)的氧化和固定作用,并在此基础上探讨共存铁和锰氧化物氧化和固定Ce的机制及地质意义。批次实验结果显示,含锰褐铁矿对Ce的氧化和固定有重要促进作用,在初始Ce浓度为6000μg/L,含锰褐铁矿添加量为1 g/L时,可在48 h实现对Ce的完全固定;初始Ce(Ⅲ)浓度在300~4500μg/L时,含锰褐铁矿对Ce(Ⅲ)氧化和沉淀的促进作用与Mn含量正相关,而合成针铁矿相对于无矿体系体现出抑制效应。动态实验结果显示,对高锰褐铁矿固定的Ce,其分布不受锰氧化物的制约,与铁氧化物的分布一致。对结果的分析表明Ce氧化和沉淀的过程为:吸附—氧化—CeO_(2)沉淀生成—CeO_(2)自催化氧化Ce(Ⅲ);锰和铁氧化物共存时,对Ce氧化和固定的贡献分别是:前者促进Ce氧化,后者通过静电吸附作用促进CeO_(2)的固定。研究对于解释“锰氧化物氧化Ce(Ⅲ)的能力强于铁氧化物,但二者共存时铁氧化物更易于固定Ce”这一地质现象有一定启示意义。

某铜厂洗净残渣的浸出工艺条件研究

为处理某火法炼铜厂的洗净残渣,提出了湿法两矿一步法。对本工艺中浸出机理进行了叙述。对此工艺中浸出部分的工艺条件进行了摸索,结果表明:温度、浸出时间、液固比分别为80℃、3h、5时浸出结果较好。在浸出过程中,溶液中铁离子的含量对铜锰的浸出起了至关重要的作用,机理有待于进一步研究,可能由于铁离子在反应中起了催化作用,反应呈现出自催化氧化反应的特征。

NO_x、SO_2液相反应研究进展——一种同时脱硫脱氮的新思路

从烟气脱硫脱氮的角度讨论了N0_x与SO_2在液相中的一系列反应,包括NO、NO_2溶于水与SO_3^(2-)、HSO_3^-水溶液间的反应,更为重要的是通过研究NO_2与HSO_3^(2-)反应制备羟胺二磺酸盐、硫酸羟胺的过程,即生产尼龙66的中间体已内酰胺的必备原料,提出了一种有意义的脱硫脱氮新思路:利用NO_x的氧化性与SO_2的还原性在水溶液中构造一自催化自氧化还原反应,并得到有用的工业原料硫酸羟胺.

In situ synthesis of Ti^(3+) self-doped mesoporous TiO_2 as a durable photocatalyst for environmental remediation

This study developed a facile approach for in situ synthesis of a Ti3＋ self-doped mesoporous TiO 2photocatalyst by an evaporation-induced self-assembly method using TiC l3,water,and F127 as the titanium precursor,solvent,and soft template agent,respectively. The as-prepared samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction,N2 adsorption-desorption measurements,ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,electron paramagnetic resonance,and transmission electron microscopy. The influence of different reaction parameters such as the dosage of F127 and calcination temperature on the photocatalytic performance of the resulting products was evaluated. The optimized product exhibited high photocatalytic activity and stability in the oxidation of nitric oxide in air and photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. The excellent photocatalytic performance of the Ti3＋ self-doped mesoporous TiO 2 photocatalyst is attributed to the cooperation between the mesoporous structure and self-doped Ti3＋ enhancing light absorption and effectively suppressing the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes.

Estimation of Kinetic Parameters for Autocatalytic Oxidation of Cyclohexane Based on a Modified Adaptive Genetic Algorithm

A modified genetic algorithm of multiple selection strategies, crossover strategies and adaptive operator is constructed, and it is used to estimate the kinetic parameters in autocatalytic oxidation of cyclohexane. The influences of selection strategy, crossover strategy and mutation strategy on algorithm performance are discussed. This algorithm with a specially designed adaptive operator avoids the problem of local optimum usually associated with using standard genetic algorithm and simplex method. The kinetic parameters obtained from the modified genetic algorithm are credible and the calculation results using these parameters agree well with experimental data. Furthermore, a new kinetic model of cyclohexane autocatalytic oxidation is established and the kinetic parameters are estimated by using the modified genetic algorithm.

Selective aerobic oxidation promoted by highly efficient multi-nitroxy organocatalysts

Selective oxidation with molecular oxygen as the sole oxidant under mild conditions is of crucialimportance for the long‐term sustainable exploitation of available feedstocks and the formation ofrequired intermediates for organic synthesis and industrial processes.Among the developed oxidationprotocols,innovative strategies using hydroxyimide organocatalysts in combination with metallicor metal‐free cocatalysts have attracted much attention because of the good activities andselectivities of such catalysts in the oxo functionalization of hydrocarbons.This method is based onthe reaction using N‐hydroxyphthalimide,which was first reported by Ishii’s group in the1990s.Although the important and wide‐ranging applications of such catalysts have been summarizedrecently,there are no reviews that focus solely on oxidation strategies using multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts,which have interesting properties and high reactivities.This review covers the concisesynthetic methods and mechanistic profiles of known multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts and summarizessignificant advances in their use in efficient aerobic oxidation.Based on a combination of experimentaland theoretical results,guidelines for the future rational design of multi‐nitroxy organocatalystsare proposed,and the properties of various model multi‐nitroxy organocatalysts are predicted.The present overview of the advantages,limitations,and potential applications of multi‐nitroxyorganocatalysts can provide useful tools for researchers in the field of selective oxidation.

Maximum Hydrogen Production by Autothermal Steam Reforming of Bio-oil With NiCuZnAI Catalyst

Autothermal steam reforming （ATR） of bio-oil, which couples the endothermic steam reform- ing reaction with the exothermic partial oxidation, offers many advantages from a technical and economic point of view. Effective production of hydrogen through ATR of bio-oil was performed at lower temperature with NiCuZnAl catalyst. The highest hydrogen yield from bio-oil reached 64.3% with a nearly complete bio-oil conversion at 600℃, the ratio of steam to carbon fed （S/C） of 3 and the oxygen to carbon ratio （O/C） of 0.34. The reaction conditions in ATR including temperature, O/C, S/C and weight hourly space velocity can be used to control both hydrogen yield and products distribution. The comparison between the ATR and common steam reforming of bio-oil was studied. The mechanism of the ATR of bio-oil was also discussed.

Multi-objective optimization of p-xylene oxidation process using an improved self-adaptive differential evolution algorithm

The rise in the use of global polyester fiber contributed to strong demand of the Terephthalic acid （TPA）. The liquid-phase catalytic oxidation of p-xylene （PX） to TPA is regarded as a critical and efficient chemical process in industry [ 1 ]. PX oxidation reaction involves many complex side reactions, among which acetic acid combustion and PX combustion are the most important. As the target product of this oxidation process, the quality and yield of TPA are of great concern. However, the improvement of the qualified product yield can bring about the high energy consumption, which means that the economic objectives of this process cannot be achieved simulta- neously because the two objectives are in conflict with each other. In this paper, an improved self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm was proposed to handle the multi-objective optimization prob- lems. The immune concept is introduced to the self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm （SADE） to strengthen the local search ability and optimization accuracy. The proposed algorithm is successfully tested on several benchmark test problems, and the performance measures such as convergence and divergence metrics are calculated. Subsequently, the multi-objective optimization of an industrial PX oxidation process is carried out using the proposed immune self-adaptive multi-objective differential evolution algorithm （ISADE）. Optimization results indicate that application oflSADE can greatly improve the yield of TPA with low combustion loss without degenerating TA quality.

Catalyst-free and solvent-free oxidation of cycloalkanes(C5-C8) with molecular oxygen:Determination of autoxidation temperature and product distribution

Autoxidation of cycloalkanes （C5-C8） with molecular oxygen under catalyst-free and solvent-free conditions was conducted systematically for the first time, focusing on the autoxidation temperature and product distribution. The autoxidation of cyclopentane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane and cyclooctane occurs at 120 ℃, 130 ℃, 120 ℃, and 105 ℃ respectively, with obvious oxidized products formation. At 140 ℃, 145 ℃, 130 ℃ and 125 ℃, acceptable yields of the oxidized products could be obtained for them, and the oxidized product distributions were investigated in detail. The autoxidation of cycloalkanes follows the pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the apparent activation energies （Ea） for the autoxidation of cyclopentane and cyclohexane are 159.76 kJ. tool-1 and 86.75 kJ. mol-1 respectively. This study can act as an important reference in screen of suitable reaction temperature and comparison of the performance of various catalysts in the catalytic oxidation of cycloalkanes in the attempt to enhance the oxidized product selectivity.

Synthesis and Characterization of Hollow Titanium Silicalite Zeolite(HTS)

29Si-NMR and 1H-NMR were used to follow up the basic hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate （TOES） and the results showed that species of monomer, dimer, trimer, cyclic and polymer silicates were formed. The monomer and dimer were favorable for the high activity of zeolite. XRD, 13C CP/MAS and 29Si NMR were used to trace the crystallization process of hollow titanium silicalite zeolites （HTS）. The results showed that the induction period of HTS was 80 min, and subsequently it took next 10 min to form HTS and the remaining time of the crystallization period might function for cleaning up the pores and/or washing off the impurities from the HTS zeolite. The catalytic oxidation performance of HTS zeolite is different from that of the acid activity of zeolite in which the conventional definition of crystallinity does not reflect the catalytic oxidation activity proportionally. The synthesized HTS samples were character- ized by XRD, FT-IR, UV-Vis and Raman spectra. It was confirmed that Ti was incorporated into the zeolite framework. The synthesized HTS samples revealed good repeatability and high activity for oxidation of phenol into diphenol.

Free-Radical Conjugated Oxidation of Natural Methane by Hydrogen Peroxide

There has been carried out the process of noncatalytic oxidation of natural methane in the presence of hydrogen peroxide at the temperatures 840-880 ℃ what permitted to obtain hydrogen with high yield of hydrogen （74%） with inconsiderable quantity of CO （0.4%） in converted gas. As observed in the experiment, a variation of H2O2 concentration in the aqueous solution and other basic parameters of the process may induce the synthesis of gas with given H2：CO ratio for its further application in methanol or ammonia synthesis. In the latter process low CO concentration is required. Compared with the common high-temperature conversion of natural gas and further carbon oxide conversion on a catalyst, the current process promotes process simplification： the reaction is implemented at relatively low temperature （860-900 ℃ instead of 1400-1600 ℃for existing non-catalytic processes of methane conversion） and an additional unit for catalytic conversion of carbon oxide is excluded （in NH3 production）. The mechanism of chemical conjugation in the CH4-H2O2-H2O system was elucidated and the inducing effect of H2O2 decomposition on the desired （secondary） reaction was quantitavely estimated. An adequate kinetic model was formulated on the basis of the proposed free-radical scheme.

Construction and evaluation of nitric oxide generating vascular graft material loaded with organoselenium catalyst via layer-by-layer self-assembly

A new biomimetic material for artificial blood vessel with in situ catalytic generation of nitric oxide(NO) was prepared in this study. Organoselenium immobilized polyethyleneimine as NO donor catalyst and sodium alginate were alternately loaded onto the surface of electrospun polycaprolactone matrix via electrostatic layer-by-layer self-assembly. This material revealed significant NO generation when contacting NO donor S-nitrosoglutathione(GSNO). Adhesion and spreading of smooth muscle cells were inhibited on this material in the presence of GSNO, while proliferation of endothelial cells was promoted. In vitro platelet adhesion and arteriovenous shunt experiments demonstrated good antithrombotic properties of this material, with inhibited platelet activation and aggregation, and prevention of acute thrombosis. This study may provide a new method of improving cellular function and antithrombotic property of vascular grafts.

Self-Assembly and Photocatalysis of Mesoporous TiO2 Nanocrystal Clusters

Mesoporous nanocrystal clusters of anatase TiO2 with large surface area and enhanced photocatalytic activity have been successfully synthesized. The synthesis involves the self-assembly of hydrophobic TiO2 nanocrystals into submicron clusters, coating of these clusters with a silica layer, thermal treatment to remove organic ligands and improve the crystallinity of the clusters, and finally removing silica to expose the mesoporous catalysts. With the help of the silica coating, the clusters not only maintain their small grain size but also keep their mesoporous structure after calcination at high temperatures （with BET surface area as high as 277 m2/g）. The etching of SiO2 also results in the clusters having high dispersity in water. We have been able to identify the optimal calcination temperature to produce TiO2 nanocrystal clusters that possess both high crystallinity and large surface area, and therefore show excellent catalytic efficiency in the decomposition of organic molecules under illumination by UV light. Convenient doping with nitrogen converts these nanocrystal clusters into active photocatalysts in both visible light and natural sunlight. The strategy of forming well-defined mesoporous clusters using nanocrystals promises a versatile and useful method for designing photocatalysts with enhanced activity and stability.