表达·表征·互位:钢琴音乐创作中的模仿

中外音乐中存在模仿现象,二者既有不同又相互影响:中国传统音乐通过人类的感知体验,传达自然的意境、声音和情感,不仅是对自然的模仿,更是自然地表达天地万物的和谐美;而西方音乐大多是通过符号的建构、多层次的叙事结构来表征自然,强调作品的象征意义和语境。全球化时代,文化渗透与交融现象与日俱增,模仿为中外作曲家提供了新的灵感来源,音乐创作中不仅深化对自然声音和景象的再现,更是对人类情感、哲学和生命的深刻表达。当代优秀的中国作曲家在钢琴上捕捉中国传统音乐的美学特征,将本民族优秀的审美积淀进行现代转化,从而实现跨文化的艺术融合,进而实现钢琴音乐文化中民族精神的传承和创新。

指向“三会”发展的数学形类表征教学实践探究

数学核心素养主要集中在“三会”上,即“会用数学的眼光观察现实世界、会用数学的思维思考现实世界、会用数学的语言表达现实世界。”然而,怎样让“三会”落地生根,当前广大教师还缺少有效的实践策略。运用数学表征特别是“形类表征”可以让学生数学核心素养的发展找到“抓手”,获得“媒介”。基于相关理论和实践,在指向“三会”发展的数学形类表征教学实践中,应遵循如下理念与策略:引导学生善于从表征观察中发现问题、揭示本质、形成结构,以培养敏锐、深邃与长远的数学眼光;引导学生善于从表征思考中严密逻辑、协同创新,以培养高阶数学思维;引导学生善于从表征表达中迁移经验、类比联想、关联拓展,以培养严谨缜密、清晰准确与系统逻辑的数学语言。

大班幼儿的绘画记录及其支持策略

绘画表征是大班幼儿记录自己的经历、发现、想法的载体。文章分析了绘画记录对幼儿发展的意义,列举了幼儿运用绘画方式记录其一日生活中的主要内容,提出要正确认识幼儿绘画记录的价值,为幼儿提供绘画记录的时空、材料等支架,运用记录的资源组织分享幼儿交流达成经验共享,同时有效利用家园合作的平台,让绘画记录转化为促进幼儿健康成长的园本课程资源。

Cloning and Expression Patterns of a Metallothionein-like GenehtMT2 of Helianthus tuberosus

A novel cDNA sequencehtMT2, which encodes a type 2 metallothionein_like protein, was isolated from Helianthus tuberosus L. tuber cDNA library. The whole sequence is 509 bp, including an open reading frame (ORF) of 240 bp, a 5′ UTR of 62 bp and a 3′ UTR of 207 bp. Two genomic sequences covering the coding region ofhtMT2were cloned by PCR reaction. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic sequences htMTG_1 of 986 bp and htMTG_2 of 982 bp were both composed of three exons and two introns. The deduced protein consisted of 79 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 7.8 ku (kD). Amino_terminal and carboxy_terminal domains contained 8 and 7 cysteine residues respectively, separated by a central cysteine free spacer. Sequence alignment revealed that the predicted protein ofhtMT2 was homologous to type 2 metallothioneins (MTs) of plants. Southern blotting analysis indicated that htMT2was encoded by a small multi_gene family in H. tuberosus genome. Northern blotting analysis showed that htMT2 transcripts were detected in stems, leaves and leafstalks, but no transcripts were detected in roots. The expression level in stems was the highest among the above tissues. Transcripts in stems were significantly reduced by Cu 2+ treatment. Judging from the homologies between the deduced HtMT2 and other type 2 plant metallothioneins as well as responses to metal ions, we believe thatwere cloned by PCR reaction. Sequence analysis revealed that the genomic sequences htMTG_1 of 986 bp and htMTG_2 of 982 bp were both composed of three exons and two introns. The deduced protein consisted of 79 amino acid residues with a predicted molecular weight of 7.8 ku (kD). Amino_terminal and carboxy_terminal domains contained 8 and 7 cysteine residues respectively, separated by a central cysteine free spacer. Sequence alignment revealed that the predicted protein ofhtMT2 was homologous to type 2 metallothioneins (MTs) of plants. Southern blotting analysis indicated that htMT2was encoded by a small multi_gene family in H. tuberosus genome. Northern blotting analysis showed that htMT2 transcripts were detected in stems, leaves and leafstalks, but no transcripts were detected in roots. The expression level in stems was the highest among the above tissues. Transcripts in stems were significantly reduced by Cu 2+ treatment. Judging from the homologies between the deduced HtMT2 and other type 2 plant metallothioneins as well as responses to metal ions, we believe that[ShtMT2 encodes a new type 2 metallothionein.

Characterization,tissue distribution,and expression of neuropeptide Yin olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

Neuropeptide Y(NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide of the neuropeptide Y family that plays key roles in the regulation of food intake. In this study,we focused on NPY m RNA expression changes around feeding time and during food deprivation in olive flounder. The olive flounder NPY m RNA levels were analyzed in different tissues and a high level of expression was detected in the brain. We also demonstrated a correlation between NPY expression levels in the brain and feeding schedule. NPY expression levels in olive flounder maintained on a daily scheduled feeding regimen increased shortly before feeding and decreased after the scheduled feeding time. Compared with the-1 h group before feeding,NPY expression in the 3 h group after feeding decreased significantly( P <0.05). Food deprivation led to an 81.7% decrease in NPY m RNA levels in the 24 h fasted group(P <0.05) and a 91.7% decrease in the 48 h fasted group(P <0.05). Therefore,our study demonstrates that NPY expression is associated with food intake in olive flounder. This result reveals the function of NPY in regulating food intake and its potential importance in olive flounder aquaculture.

Characteristics of a Terrain-Following Sigma Coordinate

This study quantifies the main characteristics of a terrain-following, G-coordinate through mathematical analyses of its covariant and contravariant basis vectors as well as the vertical coordinate of σ. A 3-D schematic of the σ-coordinate in a curvilinear coordinate system is provided in this study. The characteristics of the basis vectors were broken down into their ＂local vector charac- teristics＂ and ＂spatial distribution characteristics＂, and the exact expressions of the covariant; in addition, the con- travariant basis vectors of the G-coordinate used to eluci- date their detailed characteristics were properly solved. Through rewriting the expression of the vertical coordi- nate of G, a mathematical expression of all the cr-coor- dinate surfaces was found, thereby quantifying the so- called terrain-following characteristics and lack of flexi- bility to adjust the slope variation of G-coordinate sur- faces for the classic definition of G. Finally, an analysis on the range value of the vertical coordinate demonstrated that the general value range of G could be obtained by eliminating the G-coordinate surfaces below the Earth＇s surface. All these quantitative descriptions of the charac- teristics of G-coordinate were the foundation for improv- ing the G-coordinate or creating a new one.

A New Method of Semantic Network Knowledge Representation Based on Extended Petri Net

Abstract： It was discussed that the way to reflect the internal relations between judgment and identification, the two most fundamental ways of thinking or cognition operations, during the course of the semantic network knowledge representation processing. A new extended Petri net is defined based on qualitative mapping, which strengths the expressive ability of the feature of thinking and the mode of action of brain. A model of semantic network knowledge representation based on new Petri net is given. Semantic network knowledge has a more efficient representation and reasoning mechanism. This model not only can reflect the characteristics of associative memory in semantic network knowledge representation, but also can use Petri net to express the criterion changes and its change law of recognition judgment, especially the cognitive operation of thinking based on extraction and integration of sensory characteristics to well express the thinking transition course from quantitative change to qualitative change of human cognition.

Localization and characterization of the hypothetical protein CT440 in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells

The inclusion membrane proteins play potentially important roles in chlamydial biology and pathogenesis.Here we localized and characterized the hypothetical protein CT440 in Chlamydia trachomatis-infected cells.The open reading frame(ORF) encoding the CT440 protein from the C.trachomatis serovar D genome was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-6p and expressed as a glutathione-S-transferase(GST) fusion protein in E.coli XL1-Blue.The CT440 fusion protein was used to immunize mice to raise antigen-specific antibody.After verification by Western blot and immunofluorescence assay(IFA),the specific antibody was used to localize the endogenous CT440 protein and to detect its expression pattern in Chlamydia-infected cells.Cytosolic expression of CT440 in HeLa cells was also carried out to evaluate the effect of the CT440 protein on the subsequent chlamydial infection.The results showed that the hypothetical protein CT440 was localized in the C.trachomatis inclusion membrane,and was detectable 12 h after chlamydial infection.Expression of CT440 in the cytoplasm did not inhibit the subsequent chlamydial infection.In summary,we have identified a new inclusion membrane protein that may be an important candidate for understanding C.trachomatis pathogenesis.

Expression, characterization, and antimicrobial ability of T4 lysozyme from methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha A16

Lysozyme is an enzyme that is essential for protection against bacterial infections.In this study,a T4 lysozyme gene was cloned into the yeast expression vector pPIC9K under the control of the Pichia pastoris glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter (pGAP).A Hansenula polymorpha-derived ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-targeting element was inserted into the expression vector and was critical for stable DNA integration into the H.polymorpha chromosome.Recombinant T4 lysozyme was successfully expressed in the yeast H.polymorpha A16;0.49 g L-1 secreted recombinant T4 lysozyme was obtained 72 h after incubation in culture broth that had an initial pH of 6.0.Recombinant T4 lysozyme showed lytic activity against the cell walls of the gram positive bacteria,Micrococcus lysodeikticus,and the gram negative bacteria Xanthomonas campestris pv.malvacearum and Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae.The zone of inhibition assay was used to evaluate antimicrobial activity.Mass spectrometry showed the N-terminal sequence of recombinant T4 lysozyme was identical to that of the native enzyme.SDS-PAGE indicated that the molecular mass of recombinant T4 lysozyme was 18.7 kD which corresponds to a monomer of the native enzyme.SDS-PAGE without 0.2 mol L-1 dithiothreitol treatment detected two bands (15 and 31 kD) suggesting that some recombinant T4 lysozyme formed interand intra-molecular disulfide bonds which resulted in loss of enzyme activity.

高温发汗自润滑技术及其理论研究

要在中国国家自然科学基金项目《高温汗腺式自扩散润滑技术及其理论研究》（No．50275110）和《高温润滑胞体结构形态及其功能控制机理研究》（No．50775168），以及中国国家教育部博士学科点专项基金项目《高温发汗润滑胞体的多胞结构稳定性研究》（No．20070497105）的共同资助下，通过数理建模和科学试验，研究了高温发汗自润滑材料（HTSSI。c）的润滑机理、机械性能、润滑特性及其控制理论；提出了胞体结构及其强韧性模型，研究了其孔结构形态与制备工艺间互耦性；为了拓宽材料的应用范围，研究了复合润滑体组分及其复合技术；并以此制备出HTSSLC和构建了其理论与技术体系。高温发汗自润滑是基于生物体汗腺结构和发汗原理提出的自润滑原理及其技术；HTSSLC是由汗腺式有序孔胞结构的金属陶瓷硬相基体（胞壁）和熔渗在胞孔中的多元润滑体（胞核）组成的复合体，其润滑机理是复合体胞核中的润滑物质在高温摩擦热应力驱动下沿基体有序微孔通道扩散（析出）至摩擦表面，实现自补偿润滑。基于人体汗腺结构及高温发汗自润滑概念，构建了描述汗腺式微孔结构特征的汗腺式微孔分布表征模型（PSDM），并基于模型分析了烧结过程中孔隙演化规律及形成条件、材料组分和工艺参数对微孔结构形态的影响以及孔结构形态、尺寸、孔径分布与孔隙度问互耦合关系；为了验证模型的有效性，利用TiHz与CaCO。分解温度差的物化性能，以TiHz＋CaC03的复合体为复合造孔剂，辅以AlzO。为惰性弥散质点，采用二次造孔法（DSP-FT）在真空条件下制备出了与模型理论相吻合的汗腺式有序微孔结构TiC-Cr-W-Mo-V系基体。由于复合造孔剂在首次分解时，Till2分解出H2和rri，H2在烧结体内形成初始孔隙，rrj则活化烧结过程，增强了烧结体的强度；而在液相烧结温度范围内进行的CaCOs二次分解，可使C02气体在液相中形成气孔通道，在烧结体表面形成开口气孔，使得金属陶瓷基体具有高强和有序微孔结构形态。为了在微孔中复合出具有扩散活性和良好润滑性的复合润滑体，开展了软金属与金属陶瓷基体的润湿性、互溶性及真空熔浸工艺研究，实现了润滑体的优化组分设计及其在基体中梯度分布的熔浸可控性，制备出具有硬质相胞壁、软质相复合润滑胞核及有序微孔胞管的高温发汗自润滑胞体结构材料。围绕构建高温发汗自润滑胞体材料的强韧性设计和工况适应性预测的理论基础，以材料特性指导强韧性设计为目标，基于胞孔结构特征，建立了胞体接触状态的几何表征模型；引入了可表征正三角形、正四边形及正六边形等孔结构形态的特征值λ（λ－R。／R。，R。为基础胞元多边形外壁的内切圆半径；R为多边形胞孔的内切圆半径；λ取值范围为0％A〈1）；推导出相对密度广义表达式（GERD）和孔隙率广义表达式（GEP）；建立了可表征各种孔结构形态的有序孔结构几何表征模型（OPSGM），探讨了λ对材料接触强度的影响规律，得出了当A〈0．4时，可将多胞体材料看成连续介质体的结论；建立了厚壁单胞体接触力学模型（CMMTWCS），研究了不同多胞结构体及其分布形态的接触稳定性特征，以及切向力对接触应力分布的影响及胞体形态对切向力的敏感性；采用胞壁等效曲梁计算方法（ECBCM）求解了其接触力学问题，通过试验验证了模型及其算法的正确性；ECBCM不仅拓宽了经典Hertz接触理论，而且避免了当量弹性模量法中求解超越方程的困难，解决了混合理论法无法求解孔洞周围局部应力分布的难题。研究表明，孔隙率的增大对接触压力的分布影响不大，而对胞壁弯曲变形和局部应力分布影响很大，因此，影响厚壁胞体压缩强度的主要因素是胞壁弯曲变形引起的胞体内（尤其是孔口）应力分布。围绕构建HTSSLC的组分设计及润滑控制的理论基础，开展了材料细观力学特征及其相组分对其润滑性影响的研究}基于材料的硬质相和软质相复合特征，建立了基于α因子（α为反映材料中各相组分体积百分比因子）的面向颗粒增强型复合材料的弹性模量修正Hirsch模型（MHMEM），研究了α与材料中各相成份体积百分比和弹性模量的函数关系；理论结果与试验结果的一致性证明，SEEMEM精度高，避免了对试验数据的依赖，可有效地拓宽到均匀复合材料的弹性模量计算中；推导出无须区分基体相和增强相的颗粒增强型均质复合材料热膨胀系数计算模型（TECMPRC），研究了其微观等效弹性模量、线膨胀系数、热特性、微应力应变规律等细观力学行为；研究了润滑胞体孔隙率与胞核变形量之间的相关性、工作温度对胞核变形量的影响以及胞核组分对润滑体析出量的影响。研究表明，孔隙率及工作温度对胞核变形量有较大影响，而胞核组分及变形量又影响其润滑元素析出量；这种互耦性在很大程度上取决于胞体的组分设计其热参数性能。为了探讨高温发汗自润滑机理，在高温摩擦学试验基础上，开展了润滑体析出机理分析、磨损表面形貌分析、表面膜厚度测量及膜中元素分布形态的研究，探讨了摩擦过程中工况参数与润滑体组分对其摩擦磨损特性的影响；研究了以Pb，Sn，Ag，Cu等软金属元素为组分的复合润滑体析出过程及成膜机理；观察和分析了在严重擦伤部位的润滑元素浓度分布形态。结果表明，高温发汗自润滑的典型特征是其胞核中的润滑元素能在高温摩擦热一应力驱动下沿有序微孔析出，并富集在摩擦表面；其分布形态是擦伤越严重的部位，其润滑元素析出的浓度越大；基于工程表面摩擦越严重部位的摩擦热一应力越大的事实，这种润滑元素在摩擦热应力驱动下向摩擦表面扩散实现其自润滑的机理，揭示了其择优自补偿润滑的功能特征。围绕构建HTSSLC的润滑控制与零件寿命设计的理论基础，以润滑控制为研究对象，基于高温发汗润滑机理及其摩擦过程中表面形貌特征变化趋势，建立了元胞自动机模型（CA）；研究了高温摩擦过程中的材料摩擦系数、表面形貌、接触应力及摩擦温度场动态过程，揭示了摩擦过程中润滑体析出一润滑膜形成、破坏、再形成的动态演变规律；基于高温发汗润滑表面膜覆盖率（CRLF）与润滑性能之间的耦合关系，建立了其覆盖率计算模型，揭示了摩擦副表面形貌、润滑层结构及材料参数、环境温度对润滑膜覆盖率的影响。研究表明，润滑膜覆盖率随材料基体孔隙率，润滑层深度和环境温度增加而增大；减小摩擦表面粗糙度，可以提高摩擦表面边界润滑膜的覆盖率；实现了以摩擦表面粗糙度、熔渗孔隙率、润滑层深度、材料热膨胀系数及工作温度为自变量的高温发汗自润滑膜覆盖率的预测计算。为了拓宽HTSSILC的温度使用范围，基于BN和C具有的相似物理特性和晶体结构，在基于经验电子理论（EET）对BN及BNC复合物的价电子结构进行分析的基础上，设计和制备出BNC硅油复合胶体，并作为高温发汗润滑液将其复合进金属陶瓷基体，取得了在300℃的温度下其摩擦系数仅为0．13的工程效果。卜述研究表明：制备出的内贯通有序微孔胞体结构形态的金属陶瓷基体具有接触强度与尺度优势，可存储具有不同特性的复合润滑粒子体作为润滑剂；因而，该基体是摩擦学功能材料的理想载体，通过在载体中熔浸（或浸渍）具有不同性能的润滑体可组成新的发汗润滑功能体，解决特殊工况领域的自补偿润滑问题。