从“被养”到“互养”的蜕变:老年教育模式与养老服务理念的新解读——以温州社区老年学习苑的建设为例

通过以温州社区老年学习苑的建设为具体研究对象,观察和分析在社区老年学习苑的建设过程中,老年人群参与社区老年教育的实际状况,并结合其他相关的社会事实,以此解读并提出老年教育模式和养老服务理念新变革的论点:从"被养"到"互养"的蜕变。

中国现代男作家关于“娜拉出走”的想象——重读《终身大事》、《泼妇》和《日出》

《终身大事》、《泼妇》和《日出》三部文学史意义大不相同的剧作 ,都参与了 2 0世纪中国文学的经典命题“娜拉出走”的书写。时代背景不同 ,叙述目的有异 ,借助三个文本对同一范式的歧异性阐释 ,可以解析出一条“娜拉”形象嬗变的清晰脉络。同时三位剧作者的男性身份对“娜拉”的想象和塑造也产生了潜在的影响。

柳亚子对士道的持守

柳亚子深受传统文化的濡染,是士道的坚定持守者。一方面,柳亚子基于自觉的被养意识,要求当政者优礼养士;另一方面,他以道抗势,显示了知识分子的刚健风骨。柳亚子对士道的持守有一个阶段性轨迹:在国共鏖兵之际,他对士道的持守为自己获得了较高的道德分值;新中国成立后,柳亚子对士道的持守发生一定的变化,由鸣而默。其所以如此,主要有两方面的原因:一是国共的角逐尘埃落定,二是“学而优则仕”的主观因素。柳亚子以反抗旧体制著称,并与中共领袖有深厚交谊,但他最终没有挣脱中国旧知识分子共同的历史宿命。柳亚子对士道的持守极具典型意义,这为知识分子研究,尤其是近现代知识分子研究提供了一个极好的视角与参照。

Effects of Vegetation Restoration in Different Types on Soil Nutrients in Southern Edge of Mu Us Sandy Land

In order to explore effects of vegetation on nutrients in soils, nutrients characters of soils under natural grass, closed grass, abandoned lands, forest lands returned from farmlands and fixed sandy areas in Mu Us Desert were researched. The results indicated that vegetations in varied types have different effects on organic matter, total N, available N and available P, among which the first three were all higher in soils under closed grass, forest lands returned from farmlands, and fixed sandy lands than those under natural grass and abandoned lands. This was totally contrary with contents of available P in soil. In addition, nutrients in soils at 0-20 cm were more influenced by vegetation, than those at 20-60 cm, and Caragana Korshinskii proved better in improving nutrients in soils.

R-apomorphine protects against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced nigrostriatal damage in rat

Objective The aim of the present study was not only to assess the retrograde degenerative changes in the dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra （SN） and ventral tegmental area （VTA） after injection of 6-hydroxydopamine （6-OHDA） into the striatum, but also to use this 6-OHDA model of Parkinson＇s disease to explore the possible neuroprotective effect of R-apomorphine （R-APt）. Methods The partial lesion was obtained by intrastriatal administration of 6-OHDA. R- APt administration （10 mg/kg, s.c.） started 15 min prior to lesioning and continued daily for another 22 days post surgery. Testing was carried out 5 weeks after lesioning. We investigated the histology and associated behavior and neurochemical changes. Structural and functional deficits were quantified by tyrosine hydroxylase （TH） / Nissl-staining cell number counting, striatal dopamine （DA） content determination and amphetamine-induced rotation analysis. Results R-APt- treatment attenuated the amphetamine-induced ipsiversive rotation 5 weeks after the lesion induction. R-APt administra- tion for 22 days significantly reduced the size of the lesion at the level of the SN from 50% （control group） to 69%. Moreover, the cell shape resembled that observed in the intact animals. R-APt treatment significantly increased the number of cells in both the lesion and the intact sides of VTA by 60%, suggesting selective neurotrophic effect of R-APt in this area. Finally, R-APt-treatment significantly attenuated the 6-OHDA-induced striatal DA depletion and normalized dihydroxyphenylacetic acid （DOPAC）/DA ratios. Conclusion We conclude that R-APt has neuroprotective and pos- sible neurotrophic effect on a striatal lesion with 6-OHDA, suggesting that this drug may have rescuing properties in patients with early stage Parkinson＇s disease. These effects are more pronounced in VTA and enhance with duration of treatment.

Spatial pattern of soil carbon and nutrient storage at the Alpine tun-dra ecosystem of Changbai Mountain, China

In August 2003, we investigated spatial pattern in soil carbon and nutrients in the Alpine tundra of Changbai Moun-tain, Jilin Province, China. The analytical results showed that the soil C concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types; the soil C (including inorganic carbon) concentrations at layer below 10 cm are significantly (p<0.05) higher than at layer of 1020 cm among the different vegetation types; the spatial distribution of soil N concentration at top surface of 0-10 cm depth was similar to that at 1020 cm; the soil P concentrations at different depths were significantly (p<0.05) lower at Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that at other vegetation types; soil K concentration was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation and Lithic alpine tundra vegetation than that in Typical alpine tundra, Meadow alpine tundra, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetations.. However, the soil K had not significant change at different soil depths of each vegetation type. Soil S concentration was dramatically higher in Meadow alpine tundra vegetation than that in other vegetation types. For each vegetation type, the ratios of C: N, C: P, C: K and C: S generally decreased with soil depth. The ratio of C: N was significantly higher at 010 cm than that at 1020 cm for all vegetation types except at the top layer of the Swamp alpine tundra vegetation. Our study showed that soil C and nutrients storage were significantly spatial heterogeneity.

Distribution patterns of vegetation biomass and nutrients bio-cycle in alpine tundra ecosystem on Changbai Mountains,Northeast China

A study was conducted to test the correlation between biomass and elevation and the differences in concentration and storks of nutrients among five vegetation types （Felsenmeer alpine tundra vegetation-FA, Lithic alpine tundra vegetation-LA, Typical alpine tundra vegetation-TA, Meadow alpine tundra vegetation-MA, and Swamp alpine tundra vegetation-SA） on alpine tundra of Changbai Mountains, Jilin Province, China in growing seasons of 2003, 2004 and 2005. The biomass of 43 mono-species and soil nutrients in alpine tundra ecosystem were also investigated. Dominant species from Ericaceae （such as Rhododendron chrysanthum and Vaccinium jliginosum var. alpinum） were taken to analyze organ biomass distribution. Result showed that the biomass and elevation had a significant correlation （Biomass-237.3 in（Elevation） ＋494.36; R^2=0.8092; P〈0.05）. No significant differences were found in phosphorus and sulphur concentrations of roots, stems and leaves among the five vegetation types. There were significant differences in nitrogen and phosphorus stocks of roots, stems and leaves and in sulphur stock of stems and leaves among TA, MA, and SA vegetation types （p〈0.05）. The nutrient stock of five vegetations was averagely 72.46 kg.hm^-2, of which N, P, S were 48.55, 10.33 and 13.61 kg·hm^-2, respectively. Soil N and S concentrations in meadow alpine tundra soil type was significantly higher than those in other four soil types （Cold desert alpine tundra soil, Lithic alpine tundra soil, Peat alpine tundra soil, and Gray alpine tundra soil）. Phosphorous concentration in SA type was higher （p〈0.05） than in other types. Soil nutrient stock （0-20cm） was averagely 39.59 t.hm^-2, of which N, P, S were 23.74, 5.86, 9.99 t·hm^-2, respectively.

Effects of Three-dimensional Structure of Vegetation on Particle Size Distribution and Nutrient Content of Water-eroded Red Soil

Based on the vertical stratification type of vegetation in the 48 plots （15m×15 m） in Hetian Town, Changting County, Fujian Province, this study was conduct ed to determine the overall vegetation fractional coverage （VFC）, litter thickness, soi particle size distribution and nutrient content at different vertical level, analyze the correlations between vegetation characters and soil properties, and compare the dif ferences in the VFC, litter thickness, soil particle size distribution and nutrient con- tent among different erosion degrees and vertical structure types. The result., showed that the VFC and litter thickness were all negatively related to erosion de gree; they were positively related to soil organic matter content, total nitrogen con- tent and total phosphorus content, but not significantly correlated with soil tota potassium content. When the VFC was higher than 50% and litter thickness wa.＇ higher than 20 ram, the water and soil could be effectively conserved; and the plan litter showed better water and soil conservation effect than the upper vegetation o~ canopy layer. In the vertical structure types of different vegetations, the forest-shrub grass, forest-shrub, shrub-grass and pure grass all could promote vegetation growth improve soil structure and maintain soil fertility.

Evaluation of soil nutrients under Eucalyptus grandis plantation and adjacent sub-montane rain forest

A study was conducted to evaluate the status of soil nutrients under E. grandis plantation in comparison with that in its adjacent submontane rain forest. Twenty sequare plots, with an area of 20 m×20 m for each, were established in both of E.grandis plantation and its adjacent sub-montane rain forest, independently. Soil samples were collected from each square plot, at five points （at the four comers and at the center） of each plot. The collected soil samples were mixed to make a composite and representative sample for each plot, independently. The analyses were done in a soil laboratory following appropriate methods. The analysis result indicated that there were no significance differences between E. grandis plantation and its adjacent sub-montane rain forest in the level of major soil nutrients （total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg）, pH and total carbon of soils （p 〈 0.05）. There were significance differences between two sites of forest soils in percentage of clay particles, and exchangeable Na content. E. grandis plantation was found improving soil nutrients and total carbon as compared with that of its adjacent submontane rain forest.

Iron Regulation of Wetland Vegetation Performance Through Synchronous Effects on Phosphorus Acquisition Efficiency

Iron-rich groundwater flowing into wetlands is a worldwide environmental pollution phenomenon that is closely associated with the stability of wetland ecosystems. Combined with high phosphorus(P) loading from agricultural runoff, the prediction of the evolution of wetland vegetation affected by compound contamination is particularly urgent. We tested the effects of anaerobic iron-rich groundwater discharge in a freshwater marsh by simulating the effect of three levels of eutrophic water on native plants(Glyceria spiculosa(Fr. Schmidt.) Rosh.). The management of wetland vegetation with 1–20 mg/L Fe input is an efficient method to promote the growth of plants, which showed an optimum response under a 0.10 mg/L P surface water environment. Iron-rich groundwater strongly affects the changes in ecological niches of some wetland plant species and the dominant species. In addition, when the P concentration in a natural body of water is too high, the governance effect of eutrophication might not be as expected. Under iron-rich groundwater conditions, the δ^(13)C values of organs were more depleted, which can partially explain the differences in δ^(13)C in the soil profile. Conversely, the carbon isotope composition of soil organic carbon is indicative of past changes in vegetation. The results of our experiments confirm that iron-rich groundwater discharge has the potential to affect vegetation composition through toxicity modification in eutrophic environments.

Deposition of Nutrients From Harmattan Dust in Ghana, West Africa

In order to measure dust's nutrient input on farmland in different agro-ecological zones, Harmattan dust was sampled by mats with plastic straw in Ghana between 2002–2006. The inputs of total nutrients by Harmattan dust in Ghana per Harmattan period were about 1–2 kg Ca ha-1, 0.5–2 kg K ha-1, 0.5–1.5 kg Mg ha-1and less than 0.5 kg P ha-1. Compared with the annual input of nutrients by precipitation, the dust accounted for 10% or less of Ca, Mg and K but approximately 20%–40% of P. The input of nutrients by dust was only valid for areas with vegetation, because in areas with none or sparse vegetation, loss of soil due to wind erosion and hereby loss of nutrients might be significant. In farmland areas with bare and vegetated fields there seemed to be an internal redistribution of the nutrients and not a net gain of nutrients from outside the area(long-range transported dust). The input of P by dust might be of some importance in the traditional shifting cultivation systems, while the inputs of other three nutrients of Ca, Mg and K were so low that they must be considered insignificant. In the intensive agriculture systems with huge inputs of manures and fertilizers the nutrient input by dust is insignificant and could be neglected.