Assisted Cloning and Orthogonal Complementing of an Arbitrary Unknown Two-Qubit Entangled State

Based on A.K. Pati＇s original idea [Phys. Rev. A 61 （2000） 022308] on single-qubit-state-assisted clone, very recently Zhan has proposed two assisted quantum cloning protocols of a special class of unknown two-qubit entangled states [Phys. Lett. A 336 （2005） 317]. In this paper we further generalize Zhan＇s protocols such that an arbitrary unknown two-qubit entangled state can be treated.

Theoretical Study on Impact of Single Water Molecule on OH＋O3 Reaction

Quantum chemical calculations are performed to study the reactions of OH and ozone with- out and with water to estimate whether the single water molecule can decrease the energy barrier of the OH radical reaction with ozone. The calculated results demonstrate that the single water molecule can reduce the activated barrier of the naked OH＋Oa reaction with the value of about 4.18 kJ/mol. In addition, the transition state theory is carried out to determine whether the single water molecule could enhance the rate constant of the OH＋O3 reaction. The computed kinetic data indicate that the rate of the ozone reaction with the formed complexes between OH and water is much slower than that of the OH＋O3 reaction, whereas the rate constant of OH reaction with the formed H20---Oa complex is 2 times greater than that of the naked OH radical with ozone reaction. However, these processes in the atmosphere are not important because the reactions can not compete well with the naked reaction of OH with ozone under atmospheric condition.

Scattering Phase Correction for Semiclassical Quantization Rules in Multi-Dimensional Quantum Systems

While the scattering phase for several one-dimensional potentials can be exactly derived, less is known in multi-dimensional quantum systems. This work provides a method to extend the one-dimensional phase knowledge to multi-dimensional quantization rules. The extension is illustrated in the example of Bogomolny＇s transfer operator method applied in two quantum wells bounded by step potentials of different heights. This generalized semiclassical method accurately determines the energy spectrum of the systems, which indicates the substantial role of the proposed phase correction. Theoretically, the result can be extended to other semiclassical methods, such as Gutzwiller trace formula, dynamical zeta functions, and semielassical Landauer Buttiker formula. In practice, this recipe enhances the applicability of semiclassical methods to multi-dimensional quantum systems bounded by general soft potentials.

Generalized Quantum Games with Nash Equilibrium

We define generalized quantum games by introducing the coherent payoff operators and propose a simple scheme to illustrate it.The scheme is implemented with a single spin qubit system and a two-entangled-qubit system.The Nash Equilibrium Theorem is proved for the models.

Entangled States in a Single-Qubit Structure with SQUID Coupled with a Super-conducting Resonator

In this paper, the number-phase quantization scheme of the mesoscopic circuit, which consists of a singlequbit structure with superconducting quantum interference device coupled with a super-conducting resonator, is given. By introducing a unitary matrix and by means of spectral decomposition, the Hamiltonian operator of the system is exactly formulated in compact forms in spin-l/2 notation. The eigenvalues and the eigenstates of the system are investigated. It is found that using this system the entangled states can not only be prepared, but also be manipulated by tuning the magnetic flux through the super-conducting loop.

Dynamics of Quantum Discord in Asymmetric and Local Non-Markovian Environments

The non-Markovian decoherence of quantum and classical correlations is analytically obtained when two qubits are asymmetrically subjected to the bit flip channel and phase flip channel. For one class of initial mixed states, quantum correlations quantified by quantum discord decay synchronously with classical correlations. The discovery that the decaying rates of quantum and classical correlations suddenly change at the characteristic time is physically interpreted by the distance from quantum state to the closest classical states. In a large time interval, quantum correlations are greater than classical correlations. The quantum and classical correlations can be preserved over a longer period of time via the kernel characterizing the environment memory effects.

Linear and Nonlinear Optical Properties in Spherical Quantum Dots

We calculate the energy eigenvalues and the sate functions of one-electron Quantum Dot （QD） by using a combination of Quantum Genetic Algorithm （QGA） and Hartre-Fock-Roothaan （HFR） method. The linear and the third-order nonlinear optical absorption coefficients for the 1s-1p, 1p-1d, and 1d-1f transitions are examined as a function of the incident photon energy for three different values of the stoichiometric ratio. The results show that the stoichiometric ratio, impurity, relaxation time, and dot size have great influence on the optical absorption coefficients of QDs.

Generalized Wigner Functions for Damped Systems in Deformation Quantization

Quantization of damped systems usually gives rise to complex spectra and corresponding resonant states, which do not belong to the Hilbert space. Therefore, the standard form of calculating Wigner function （WF） does not work for these systems. In this paper we show that in order to let WF satisfy a ,-genvalue equation for the damped systems, one must modify its standard form slightly, and this modification exactly coincides with the results derived from a ＊-Exponential expansion in deformation quantization.

Notes on Quantitative Structure-Properties Relationships （QSPR） Part Four： Quantum Multimolecular Polyhedra, Collective Vectors, Quantum Similarity, and Quantum QSPR Fundamental Equation

The nature and origin of a fundamental quantum QSPR （QQSPR） equation are discussed. In principle, as any molecular structure can be associated to quantum mechanical density functions （DF）, a molecular set can be reconstructed as a quantum multimolecular polyhedron （QMP）, whose vertices are formed by each molecular DF. According to QQSPR theory, complicated kinds of molecular properties, like biological activity or toxicity, of molecular sets can be calculated via the quantum expectation value of an approximate Hermitian operator, which can be evaluated with the geometrical information contained in the attached QMP via quantum similarity matrices. Practical ways of solving the QQSPR problem from the point of view of QMP geometrical structure are provided. Such a development results into a powerful algorithm, which can be implemented within molecular design as an alternative to the current classical QSPR procedures.

Bacterial graphical user interface oriented by particle swarm optimization strategy for optimization of multiple type DFACTS for power quality enhancement in distribution system

This study proposes a graphical user interface(GUI) based on an enhanced bacterial foraging optimization(EBFO) to find the optimal locations and sizing parameters of multi-type DFACTS in large-scale distribution systems.The proposed GUI based toolbox,allows the user to choose between single and multiple DFACTS allocations,followed by the type and number of them to be allocated.The EBFO is then applied to obtain optimal locations and ratings of the single and multiple DFACTS.This is found to be faster and provides more accurate results compared to the usual PSO and BFO.Results obtained with MATLAB/Simulink simulations are compared with PSO,BFO and enhanced BFO.It reveals that enhanced BFO shows quick convergence to reach the desired solution there by yielding superior solution quality.Simulation results concluded that the EBFO based multiple DFACTS allocation using DSSSC,APC and DSTATCOM is preferable to reduce power losses,improve load balancing and enhance voltage deviation index to 70%,38% and 132% respectively and also it can improve loading factor without additional power loss.

DETERMINE OPTIMUM NUMBER OF COMPACT OVERLAPPED CLUSTERS USING FRLVQ TECHNIQUE

A method, named XHJ-method, is proposed in this letter to determine the number of clusters of a data set, which incorporates with the Fuzzy Reinforced Learning Vector Quantization (FRLVQ) technique. The simulation results show that this new method works well for the traditional iris data and an artificial data set, which contains un-equally sized and spaced clusters.

Experimentally Determining Bloch Parameters of Hamiltonian for Single-Qubit Systems

By considering the identification problem of unknown but fixed Hamiltonian H = S0σ0 ＋∑i=x,y,z Siσi where σi （i = x, y, z） are pauli matrices and σ0=I, we explore the feasibility and limitation of empirically determining the Hamiltonian parameters for quantum systems under experimental conditions imposed by projective measurements and initialization procedures. It may be unsurprising to physicists that one can not obtain the knowledge of So no matter what kind of projective measurements and initialization are permitted, but the observation draws our attention to the importance of the parameter identifiability under different experimental condition. It has also been revealed that one can obtain the knowledge of ｜Sz｜ and Sx^2＋Sy^2 at most when only the projective measurement {｜0/（0｜, ｜1/（1｜} is permitted to perform on and initialize the qubit. Further more, we demonstrated that it is feasible to distinguish ｜Sx｜, ｜Sy｜, and ｜Sz｜ even without any a priori information about Hamiltonian if at least two kinds of projective measurement or initialization procedures are permitted. It should be emphasized that both projective measurements and initialization procedures play an important role in quantum system identification.

Time Evolution,Dynamical Quantum Fluctuation and High-Order Squeezing Feature in Polariton System——Ⅰ

We have set up a new reduced model Hamiltonian for the polariton system, in which the nonlinear interaction contains the rotating term k l （ a ＋ b ＋ ab＋） and the attractive two-mode squeezed coupling - k2 （ a ＋ b＋ ＋ ab ） . The dynamical evolution of this system has been solved and the nonclassical features relevant to the second-order and high-order squeezing have been obtained in an analytical form. For the first time, in contrast to the existing result, we have confirmed for the phonon field that the attractive two-mode squeezed interaction will not only result in the second-order and high-order squeezing in X-component with the time evolution, but also in time average. Furthermore, the phenomena of collapse and revival of inversion will occur as well in the time evolution of the average number of photon and phonon, as also in the second-order and high-order squeezing of photon field, particularly, in the high-order squeezing of phonon field.

Phase Behavior of Ionic Liquid with Thiophene Based Binary System Predicted Using COSMO-RS Model

In this work, the COSMO-RS （conductor like screening model for real solvent） model algorithm was derived from the modified Rachford rice method. It could be more helpful to investigate the phase behavior of binary systems with the help of quantum chemical calculation at 6-31G＊ basis set. COSMO-RS was used to predict solubility of binary mixture involving non-ILs （ionic liquids）, and ILs systems are： benzyl ethylamine ＋ glycerol system （Type-Ⅰ）, nitro methane ＋ cyclohexane system （Type-Ⅱ）, dipropylamine ＋ water system （Type-Ⅲ）, 1,2-ethanediol ＋ thiophene system （Type-Ⅳ）, [1,2-DMIM] [salicylate] ＋ thiophene （Type-Ⅳ）, and [EMIM] [NO3] ＋ thiophene （Type-Ⅳ）. Totally 15 cations with 27 anions were used for generating 405 binary LLE （liquid liquid equilibrium） systems involving thiophene. However, the predicted COSMO-RS values are consisting with the reported experimental values. Furthermore, the immiscibility gap at 298.15 K was determined and compared for various ILs. It was found that l-butylpyrrolidinium, l-octylquinolinium, 1-octylpyridinium and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium based cations are most suitable for thiophene extraction from any liquid mixture.

Physical Problems of Quantum Calculation： A Novel Approach

The manuscript deals with the possibility of application of collective behavior of quantum particles to realize the quantum calculation procedure. The above collective behavior is likely resulted from interelectron correlations, characteristic for strongly correlated systems containing atoms with unoccupied 3d-, 4f- and 5f- shells. Among such systems can be the heterospin systems, complexes of paramagnetic ions of transition metals with organic radicals, because for such objects, spin-spin interaction between unpaired electron spins of different paramagnetic centers is typical. To apply the aforementioned possibility for the organization of real quantum calculations, it is necessary to synthesize such paramagnetic molecules （paramagnetic clusters）, where the entangled states will be realized naturally by self-organization of atoms incorporated in these molecules, i.e., without additional external effect of q-bits on the system. The specified self-organization may be due to intramolecular processes and, in particular, intramolecular rearrangement called valence tautomerism, which leads to heterogeneous magnetic states, i.e., to phase layering in paramagnetic cluster owing to interelectron correlations. The states realized during the phase layering can be used for coding the digits. Since such states correspond to specific structures of para-magnetic molecule, they can exist as much as long under certain conditions. In turn, it means that the account of the interelectron correlations, which take place in strongly correlated compounds, allows （at least, in principle） one to create elementary quantum bit of the information capable of modeling the elementary logical operations. Creation of a network of such quantum bits combined in a certain sequence should be considered as a practical step on a way to experimental realization of the idea of quantum computer creation. The group consisting of three quantum points can make the basis of quantum computer. In such a gate, quantum points can be connected via the interaction modeled by spin-spin interaction, characteristic for ABX system in NMR spectroscopy. The tunnel effect, which can be easily realized and controlled, can act as an indicator of bonding in such a block. The calculation procedure can be organized assuming that the initial state of the group corresponds to 1. Infringement of such a state indicates to zero （or, on the contrary）. Thus, the calculation in the binary system becomes organized. The creation of a network on the basis of combination of such processors in certain sequence should be considered as a practical step on a way to experimental realization of the idea of the quantum computer creation.

Generalized Quantum Master Equation:A Tutorial Review and Recent Advances

The generalized quantum master equation(GQME)provides a general and exact approach for simulating the reduced dynamics in open quantum systems where a quantum system is embedded in a quantum environment.Dynamics of open quantum systems is important in excitation energy,charge,and quantum coherence transfer as well as reactive photochemistry.The system is usually chosen to be the interested degrees of freedom such as the electronicstates in light-harvesting molecules or tagged vibrational modes in a condensed-phase system.The environment is also called the bath,whose influence on the system has to be considered,and for instance can be described by the GQME formalisms using the projection operator technique.In this review,we provide a heuristic description of the development of two canonical forms of GQME,namely the time-convoluted Nakajima-Zwanzig form(NZ-GQME)and the time-convolutionless form(TCL-GQME).In the more popular NZ-GQME form,the memory kernel serves as the essential part that reflects the non-Markovian and non-perturbative effects,which gives formally exact dynamics of the reduced density matrix.We summarize several schemes to express the projection-based memory kernel of NZ-GQME in terms of projection-free time correlation function inputs that contain molecular information.In particular,the recently proposed modified GQME approach based on NZ-GQME partitions the Hamiltonian into a more general diagonal and off-diagonal parts.The projection-free inputs in the above-mentioned schemes expressed in terms of different system-dependent time correlation functions can be calculated via numerically exact or approximate dynamical methods.We hope this contribution would help lower the barrier of understanding the theoretical pillars for GQME-based quantum dynamics methods and also envisage that their combination with the quantum computing techniques will pave the way for solving complex problems related to quantum dynamics and quantum information that are currently intractable even with today’s state-of-the-art classical supercomputers.

Crossed Molecular Beams and Theoretical Studies of the O(~3P)+1,2-Butadiene Reaction:Dominant Formation of Propene+CO and Ethylidene+Ketene Molecular Channels

Detailed understanding of the mechanism of the combustion relevant multichannel reactions of O(3P) with unsaturated hydrocarbons (UHs) requires the identification of all primary reaction products, the determination of their branching ratios and assessment of intersystem crossing (ISC) between triplet and singlet potential energy surfaces (PESs). This can be best achieved combining crossed-molecular-beam (CMB) experiments with universal, soft ionization, mass-spectrometric detection and time-of-flight analysis to high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations of triplet/singlet PESs and RRKM/Master Equation computations of branching ratios (BRs) including ISC. This approach has been recently demonstrated to be successful for O(3P) reactions with the simplest UHs (alkynes, alkenes, dienes) containing two or three carbon atoms. Here, we extend the combined CMB/theoretical approach to the next member in the diene series containing four C atoms, namely 1,2-butadiene (methylallene) to explore how product distributions, branching ratios and ISC vary with increasing molecular complexity going from O(3P))+propadiene to O(3P)+1,2-butadiene. In particular, we focus on the most important, dominant molecular channels, those forming propene+CO (with branching ratio ∽0.5) and ethylidene+ketene (with branching ratio ∽0.15), that lead to chain termination, to be contrasted to radical forming channels (branching ratio ∽0.35) which lead to chain propagation in combustion systems.

Variation in soil properties in a transformed ecosystem in Southwestern Nigeria

Variation in soil properties as a result of the conversion of the tropical rainforest to a monospecific plantation of teak, tectona grandis, was examined in Akure forest reserve in Southwestern Nigeria. Comparison was made in the active rooting zone of 50 cm soil depth. It was discovered that there were no significant differences in the physical properties except in the value of organic matter content at the top 10 cm layer but chemical properties such as the pH and organic carbon changed significantly at the top 10 cm layer. Differences in other chemical properties, such as the available P, exchangeable cations K, Ca and Mg, the exchangeable acidity and the cation exchange capacity were minor. This showed that no nutrient was limiting or was likely to be limiting in the soil for subsequent short rotation of plantation development.

Adaptive output feedback formation tracking for a class of multiagent systems with quantized input signals

A novel adaptive output feedback control approach is presented for formation tracking of a multiagent system with uncertainties and quantized input signals. The agents are described by nonlinear dynamics models with unknown parameters and immeasurable states. A high-gain dynamic state observer is established to estimate the immeasurable states. With a proper design parameter choice, an adaptive output feedback control method is developed employing a hysteretic quantizer and the designed dynamic state observer. Stability analysis shows that the control strategy can guarantee that the agents can maintain the formation shape while tracking the reference trajectory. In addition, all the signals in the closed-loop system are bounded. The effectiveness of the control strategy is validated by simulation.

Quantifying Spontaneously Symmetry Breaking of Quantum Many-Body Systems

Spontaneous symmetry breaking is related to the appearance of emergent phenomena, while a non-vanishing order parameter has been viewed as the sign of turning into such symmetry-breaking phase. We study the spontaneous symmetry breaking in the conventional superconductor and Bose–Einstein condensation with a continuous measure of symmetry by showing that both the many-body systems can be mapped into the many spin model. We also formulate the underlying relation between the spontaneous symmetry breaking and the order parameter quantitatively. The degree of symmetry stays unity in the absence of the two emergent phenomena, while decreases exponentially at the appearance of the order parameter which indicates the inextricable relation between the spontaneous symmetry and the order parameter.