Referring to GB5618-1995 about heavy metal pollution,and using statistical analysis SPSS,the major pollutants of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution were identified by variable clustering analysis.Assessment and ...Referring to GB5618-1995 about heavy metal pollution,and using statistical analysis SPSS,the major pollutants of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution were identified by variable clustering analysis.Assessment and classification were done to the mine area farmland heavy metal pollution situation by synthetic principal components analysis (PCA).The results show that variable clustering analysis is efficient to identify the principal components of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution.Sort and clustering were done to the synthetic principal components scores of soil sample,which is given by synthetic principal components analysis.Data structure of soil heavy metal contaminations relationships and pollution level of different soil samples are discovered.The results of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution quality assessed and classified with synthetic component scores reflect the influence of both the major and compound heavy metal pol- lutants.Identification and assessment results of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution can provide reference and guide to propose control measures of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution and focus on the key treatment region.展开更多
It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and ave...It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.展开更多
The formation mechanism of the discharge spot at a bottom of a lead wire in a fluorescent lamp at end-of-life is investigated. When the lamp at end-of life is ignited by applying high voltage, glow-like discharge is f...The formation mechanism of the discharge spot at a bottom of a lead wire in a fluorescent lamp at end-of-life is investigated. When the lamp at end-of life is ignited by applying high voltage, glow-like discharge is formed on the surface of the lead wire. A few seconds later, a bright spot is formed at the bottom 0fthe lead-wire. Then the stem glass on which the lead-wires are mounted begins to melt. High electric field is formed between the surface of the lead-wire and the stem glass surrounding the lead wire. Then discharge spot will be formed at the contact portion of the lead wire to the stem glass by this high electric field. To prevent discharge spot formation at the bottom of the lead wire, the metal ring is set to encircle the lead wire and is connected to the lead wire potential through a resistor. By this configuration, discharge spot formation is effectively suppressed. The mechanism for preventing hot discharge spot formation by the metal ring is discussed.展开更多
文摘Referring to GB5618-1995 about heavy metal pollution,and using statistical analysis SPSS,the major pollutants of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution were identified by variable clustering analysis.Assessment and classification were done to the mine area farmland heavy metal pollution situation by synthetic principal components analysis (PCA).The results show that variable clustering analysis is efficient to identify the principal components of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution.Sort and clustering were done to the synthetic principal components scores of soil sample,which is given by synthetic principal components analysis.Data structure of soil heavy metal contaminations relationships and pollution level of different soil samples are discovered.The results of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution quality assessed and classified with synthetic component scores reflect the influence of both the major and compound heavy metal pol- lutants.Identification and assessment results of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution can provide reference and guide to propose control measures of mine area farmland heavy metal pollution and focus on the key treatment region.
基金the Youth Program of the National Philosophical and Social Sciences Foundation "An Empirical Study on the Employment Effect and Income Distribution Effect of Minimum Wage Regulations"(Grant No.12CJY018)sponsored by the major programs of philosophical and social sciences research under the Ministry of Education "A Study on Raising the Ratio of Household Income to National Income"+1 种基金the International Development Research Center(IDRC)of Canadathe Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘It is generally believed in existing literature that China＇s minimum wage is too low and must be raised substantially. Such a view is highly misleading given the inconsistent statistical standards for minimum and average wages. In order to ensure comparability, this paper has adjusted the statistical scope for minimum and average wages respectively. If employees of urban private and self-employed businesses are included in calculating the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by about 0.06; if the minimum wage standards of various localities include personal contributions to social insurance and the housing fund, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by 0.008; if overtime pay is deducted from the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will further increase by around O. 06.In addition, if the median wage is used in place of the average wage, the minimum-to-average wage ratio will increase by at least 0.08. After these adjustments, China＇s minimum-to-average wage ratio for 2013 will increase from 0.28 to 0.49, which is within the range of between 0.40 and 0.60 that is recognized internationally as reasonable. Our analysis suggests that as far as the immediate interests of workers are concerned, it is more imperative to unify the statistical approaches for minimum and average wages in China than to raise the minimum wage standard. In order to achieve the expected effect, simply raising the minimum wage alone is not enough. What is also necessary is to enhance supervision and inspection on compliance by firms with the minimum wage policy, particularly the overtime pay regulations. An alternative is to replace monthly minimum wage with hourly minimum wage.
文摘The formation mechanism of the discharge spot at a bottom of a lead wire in a fluorescent lamp at end-of-life is investigated. When the lamp at end-of life is ignited by applying high voltage, glow-like discharge is formed on the surface of the lead wire. A few seconds later, a bright spot is formed at the bottom 0fthe lead-wire. Then the stem glass on which the lead-wires are mounted begins to melt. High electric field is formed between the surface of the lead-wire and the stem glass surrounding the lead wire. Then discharge spot will be formed at the contact portion of the lead wire to the stem glass by this high electric field. To prevent discharge spot formation at the bottom of the lead wire, the metal ring is set to encircle the lead wire and is connected to the lead wire potential through a resistor. By this configuration, discharge spot formation is effectively suppressed. The mechanism for preventing hot discharge spot formation by the metal ring is discussed.
