人造金刚石金属包覆膜内γ-(FeNi)(111)与Fe_3C(004)晶面上原子匹配关系与电子密度分析

用透射电子显微镜(TEM)检测了高温高压下铁基触媒合成金刚石外的金属薄膜,发现存在大量的合金相γ-(FeNi)与高碳相Fe3C,但未发现石墨与金刚石结构.γ-(FeNi)(111)晶面与Fe3C(004)晶面上的原子有对应匹配关系.应用余氏理论(EET)计算了γ-(FeNi)/Fe3C界面的共价电子分布,发现一级近似下两晶面的平均共价电子密度(简称电子密度)连续,符合程氏理论(TFDC)提出的“相邻晶面电子密度连续”的原子边界条件.分析认为,γ-(FeNi)与Fe3C分别是金属薄膜中形成金刚石的催化相和过渡相。

AlGaN/GaN中二维电子气研究新进展

AlGaN/GaN异质结是氮化物微波功率器件的基本结构之一,其优越性的关键是在异质界面上形成具有高面电子密度和高迁移率的二维电子气.给出了AlGaN/GaN异质结二维电子气的面电子密度、迁移率对氮化物材料性质、异质结结构参数和温度的依赖关系,以及两者内在矛盾等方面的研究现状,指出了该领域内仍需深入研究的问题,如面电子密度的温度特性、迁移率随合金层的变化关系以及迁移率随面电子密度的变化关系等.

第十七讲 薄膜与表面技术基础

另外，从降低应力的目的出发，在薄膜与基体的界面处，表面电子密度必须保持连续。因此，在材料筛选上，选择合适的薄膜材料可以在一定程度地防止高应力的产生；在沉积工艺上，如果采取能够减小薄膜和基体之间表面电子密度差的技术，可以有效地减小薄膜中的内应力。最近已经有研究者利用离子注入的方法，调整材料的表面电子密度，相关的实验结果证实，这确实能够很大程度地减小薄膜内的残余应力。

Internal stress analysis of electroplated films based on electron theory

Cu films on Fe, Ni and Ag substrates, Ni films on Fe and Ag substrates, Ag film on Cu substrate, Cr film on Fe substrate, Ag film on Ag substrate, Ni film on Ni substrate and Cu film on Cu substrate were deposited by electroplating. The average internal stress in all films, except Cr, was in-situ measured by the cantilever beam test. The interfacial stress is very large in the films with different materials with substrates and is zero in the films with the same material with substrates. The interfacial stress character obtained from the cantilever beam bending direction is consistent with that obtained from the modified Thomas–Fermi–Dirac electron theory.

Proton Dissociation from Surfaces of Variable Charge Soil andMnierals

Experiments on proton dissociation from the surfaces of goethite, amorphous Al oxide, kaolinite and latosolwere carried out, showing amphoteric behavior with reactions of proton dissociation-association on the surfaces andbuffering capacity in such a sequence as amorphous Al oxide > latosol > kaolinite > goethite. Dissociation con-stants of surface proton, pK_(sa) are significantly correlated with surface charge density, which has been proved with anelectrochemical model. Tbe intrinsic constants of proton dissociation, K_(sa)(int), gained by extrapolation to zero charconditions of plots of pK_(sa) against σ_o, could be used to estimate the acidity strength of variable charge surfaces. Thevalue of pK_(sa)(int) is 8.08 for goethite, 1 .2 for amorphous Al oxide, 6.62 for kaolinite and 5 .32 for latosol.

半导体量子器件物理讲座 第二讲 高电子迁移率晶体管(HEMT)

文章从异质界面的三角势阱中二维电子气的形成入手 ,计算了二维电子气的量子化能级及其面电子密度 .对HEMT器件材料结构参数的优化。

Electrokinetic phenomena of poly(vinyl butyral) hollow fiber membranes in different electrolyte solutions

The streaming potential of poly（vinyl butyral） （PVB） hollow fiber membrane was studied in different electrolyte solutions （including NaCl, KCl, CaCl2 and MgCl2）, the effects of ionic strength, ion valence and pH value on the streaming potential （SP） of the membrane were investigated. The zeta potentials and surface charge densities of the membrane were estimated on the basis of Helmholtz-Smoluchowski equation and Gouy-Chapmann theory. The results show that the PVB membrane has a weak negative charge due to the specific adsorption of ions. Moreover, the streaming potential, the zeta potential and the surface charge density of the membrane depend strongly on the salt concentration and the type and valence of ions. The iso-electric point （IEP） of the PVB membrane is arotmd 3.0 in the monovalent media （NaC1 and KC1） and 3.5 in divalent electrolytes （CaCl2 and MgCl2）. A few retentions were obtained for PVB membrane in low concentration solutions. This result verifies that the negative charged membrane surface can reject inorganic solutes by means of electrostatic repulsion effect even though the size of membrane pores is much larger than the size of salts.

Tunable Self-assembled Weak Polyelectrolyte Brushes

The authors have investigated the pH and ionic strength response of self-assembled layers formed by adsorption of amphiphilic weak polyelectrolytes. Using the SFA （Surface Forces Apparatus） the authors measured force-distance profiles of poly （isoprene）-poly （acrylic acid） block copolymers adsorbed on mica. Also by Atomic Force Microscopy the authors captured single polyelectrolyte molecule adsorbed on a surface. The effect of salt concentration （Cs） and pH upon the height of the brush layers was explored mainly by measuring the forces between two adsorbed polyelectrolyte brushes. At pH = 4 our results are in good agreement with the scaling prediction L0 ∝Cs-1/3 Changing the pH from 4 to 10 causes a remarkable swelling of the polymer layer, but only a weak dependence on salt concentration was detected at the higher pH. This can be attributed to the degree of dissociation, which depends on the local pH value. At low pH the polyelectrolyte chains have a low charge density, while on increasing the pH the degree of dissociation rises, and the increased charge density is followed by swelling of the adsorbed layer. The local concentration of ions in the brush is now greater than that of pH = 4 and approximately equivalent to 0.3 M. So the swelling is only weakly dependent on salt concentration in the range 0.01-1.0 M. The results demonstrate the tunable nature of such self-assembled polyelectroiyte brushes whose height and range of interactions, can be systematically controlled by adjusting the pH and ionic strength of the medium.

Validation results of NmF2 and hmF2 derived from ionospheric density profiles of GNOS on FY-3C satellite

The first Global Navigation Satellite System Occultation Sounder(GNOS) which is compatible of both Bei Dou System(BDS)and Global Positioning System(GPS) was successfully launched into orbit onboard the Feng Yun 3 C satellite(FY-3 C) on September 23, 2013, and it has already gathered a large amount of ionosphere radio occultation(RO) data so far. However, the detailed analysis and validation of GPS ionosphere RO data have not been done up to now. Therefore, this paper discusses the configuration of the FY-3 C GNOS, the methods and results of GPS ionosphere occultation processment, the quality analysis of the GPS ionosphere RO products, and the precision consistency between the GNOS GPS ionosphere RO product and ionosonde data. The peak electron density(Nm F2) correlation coefficient is 0.97, the corresponding standard deviation is 16.08%. The peak value altitude(hm F2) correlation coefficient is 0.89, and the corresponding standard deviation is 23.79 km. The in-orbit operation of GNOS provides a basis data set for the monitoring, forecasting and research of ionosphere's space weather.

Coupling effects of Zn single atom and high curvature supports for improved performance of CO_(2) reduction

Single-atom catalysts(SACs)have emerged as one of the most competitive catalysts toward a variety of important electrochemical reactions,thanks to their maximum atom economy,unique electronic and geometric structures.However,the role of SACs supports on the catalytic performance does not receive enough research attentions.Here,we report an efficient route for synthesis of single atom Zn loading on the N-doped carbon nano-onions(ZnN/CNO).ZnN/CNO catalysts show an excellent high selectivity for CO_(2) electro-reduction to CO with a Faradaic efficiency of CO(FECO)up to 97%at -0.47 V(vs.reversible hydrogen electrode,RHE)and remarkable durability without activity decay.To our knowledge,ZnN/CNO is the best activity for the Zn based catalysts up to now,and superior to single atom Zn loading on the two-dimensional planar and porous structure of graphene substrate,although the graphene with larger surface area.The exact role of such carbon nano-onions(CNO)support is studied systematically by coupling characterizations and electrochemistry with density functional theory(DFT)calculations,which have attributed such good performance to the increased curvature.Such increased curvature modifies the surface charge,which then changes the adsorption energies of key intermediates,and improves the selectivity for CO generation accordingly.

Poisson-Fokker-Planck model for biomolecules translocation through nanopore driven by electroosmotic flow

A non-continuous electroosmotic flow model(PFP model)is built based on Poisson equation,Fokker-Planck equation and Navier-Stokse equation,and used to predict the DNA molecule translocation through nanopore.PFP model discards the continuum assumption of ion translocation and considers ions as discrete particles.In addition,this model includes the contributions of Coulomb electrostatic potential between ions,Brownian motion of ions and viscous friction to ion transportation.No ionic diffusion coefficient and other phenomenological parameters are needed in the PFP model.It is worth noting that the PFP model can describe non-equilibrium electroosmotic transportation of ions in a channel of a size comparable with the mean free path of ion.A modified clustering method is proposed for the numerical solution of PFP model,and ion current translocation through nanopore with a radius of 1 nm is simulated using the modified clustering method.The external electric field,wall charge density of nanopore,surface charge density of DNA,as well as ion average number density,influence the electroosmotic velocity profile of electrolyte solution,the velocity of DNA translocation through nanopore and ion current blockade.Results show that the ion average number density of electrolyte and surface charge density of nanopore have a significant effect on the translocation velocity of DNA and the ion current blockade.The translocation velocity of DNA is proportional to the surface charge density of nanopore,and is inversely proportional to ion average number density of electrolyte solution.Thus,the translocation velocity of DNAs can be controlled to improve the accuracy of sequencing by adjusting the external electric field,ion average number density of electrolyte and surface charge density of nanopore.Ion current decreases when the ion average number density is larger than the critical value and increases when the ion average number density is lower than the critical value.Our numerical simulation shows that the translocation velocity of DNA given by the PFP model agrees with the experimental,results better than that given by PNP model or PB model.

Electrostatic Nonplanar Positron-Acoustic Shock Waves in Superthermal Electron-Positron-Ion Plasmas

The basic properties of the nonlinear propagation of the nonplanar （cylindrical and spherical） positronacoustic （PA） shock waves （SHWs） in an unmagnetized electron-positron-ion （e-p-i） plasma containing immobile positive ions, mobile cold positrons, and superthermal （kappa distributed） hot positrons and electrons are investigated both analytically and numerically. The modified Burgers equation （roBE） is derived by using the reductive perturbation method. The basic features of PA SHWs are significantly modified by the cold positron kinematic viscosity （U）, superthermal parameter of electrons （ke）, superthermal parameter of hot positrons （kp）, the ratio of the electron temperature to hot positron temperature （or）, the ratio of the electron number density to cold positron number density （μe）, and the ratio of the hot positron number density to cold positron number density （μph）. This study could be useful to identify the basic properties of nonlinear electrostatic disturbances in dissipative space and laboratory plasmas.

Implementation of the Earth-based planetary radio occultation inversion technique

The planetary radio occultation technique is one of the earliest suggested and achieved methods to detect the planetary atmosphere,and has been conducted by almost every deep space planetary probe.The principles,modules,inversion results and primary analysis of the SHAO Planetary Occultation observation Processing system(SPOPs) are presented in this paper.Utilizing open-loop and closed-loop Doppler residual data of the Mars Express radio occultation experiment provided by ESA PSA and NASA PDS,the temperature,pressure,molecular number density profiles of Martian atmosphere and electron density profiles of the ionosphere are successfully retrieved,and the results are validated by the released radio science level 04 products of the ESA MaRS group.This system can also process the atmosphere radio occultation observations of other planets and theirs natural satellites.The implementation of the planetary radio occultation technique is of significance to China's YH-1 Mars exploration project,as well as for future planetary exploration missions from China.

GaN-based LEDs for light communication

Rapid improvement in the efficiency of GaN-based LEDs not only speed up its applications for general illumination, but offer the possibilities for data transmission. This review is to provide an overview of current progresses of GaN-based LEDs for light communications. The modulation bandwidth of GaN-based LEDs has been first improved by optimizing the LED epilayer structures and the modulation bandwidth of 73 MHz was achieved at the driving current density of 40 A/cm2 by changing the multi-quantum well structures. After that, in order to increase the current density tolerance, different parallel flip-chip micro-LED arrays were fabricated. With a high injected current density of ~7900 A/cm2, a maximum modulation bandwidth of ~227 MHz was obtained with optical power greater than 30 mW. Besides the increase of carrier concentrations, the radiative recombination coefficient B was also enhanced by modifying the photon surrounding environment based on some novel nanostructures such as resonant cavity, surface plasmon, and photonic crystals. The optical 3 dB modulation bandwidth of GaN-based nanostructure LEDs with Ag nanoparticles was enhanced by 2 times compared with GaN-based nanostructure LEDs without Ag nanoparticles.Our results demonstrate that using the QW-SP coupling can effectively help to enhance the carrier spontaneous emission rate and also increase the modulation bandwidth for LEDs, especially for LEDs with high intrinsic IQE. In addition, we discuss the progress of the faster color conversion stimulated by GaN-based LEDs.

The global star formation law of galaxies revisited in the radio continuum

We study the global star formation law, the relation between the gas and star formation rate （SFR） in a sample of 130 local galaxies with infrared （IR） luminosities spanning over three orders of magnitude （109-1012 Lo）, which includes 91 normal spiral galaxies and 39 （ultra）luminous IR galaxies [（U）LIRGs]. We derive their total （atomic and molecular） gas and dense molecular gas masses using newly available HI, CO and HCN data from the literature. The SFR of galaxies is determined from total IR （8-1000 μm） and 1.4 GHz radio continuum （RC） luminosities. The galaxy disk sizes are defined by the de-convolved elliptical Gaussian FWHM of the RC maps. We derive the galaxy disk-averaged SFRs and various gas surface densities, and investigate their relationships. We find that the galaxy disk-averaged surface density of dense molecular gas mass has the tightest correlation with that of SFR （scatter -0.26 dex）, and is linear in log-log space （power-law slope of N=1.03±0.02） across the full galaxy sample. The correlation between the total gas and SFR surface densities for the full sample has a somewhat larger scatter （-0.48 dex）, and is best fit by a power-law with slope 1.45±0.02. However, the slope changes from -1 when only normal spirals are considered, to -1.5 when more and more （U）LIRGs are included in the fitting. When different CO-to-H2 conversion factors are used to infer molecular gas masses for normal galaxies and （U）LIRGs, the bi-modal relations claimed recently in CO observations of high-redshift galaxies appear to also exist in local populations of star-forming galaxies.

Generalized Poisson-Boltzmann Equation Taking into Account Ionic Interaction and Steric Effects

Generalized Poisson l3oltzmann equation which takes into account both ionic interaction in bulk solution and steric effects of adsorbed ions has been suggested. We found that, for inorganic cations adsorption on negatively charged surface, the steric effect is not significant for surface charge density 〈 0.0032 C/dm2, while the ionic interaction is an important effect for electrolyte concentration 〉 0.15 tool/1 in bulk solution. We conclude that for most actual cases the original PB equation can give reliable result in describing inorganic cation adsorption.

Ultrathin Ni(OH)2 layer coupling with graphene for fast electron/ion transport in supercapacitor

Integration of fast electrochemical double-layer capacitance and large pseudocapacitance is a practical way to improve the overall capability of supercapacitor,yet remains challenging.Herein,an effective cyanogel synthetic strategy was demonstrated to prepare ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanosheets coupling with conductive reduced graphene oxide(rGO)(rGO-Ni(OH)2)at ambient condition.Ultrathin Ni(OH)2 nanosheet with 3–4 layers of edge-sharing octahedral MO6 maximally exposes the active surface of Faradic reaction and promotes the ion diffusion,while the conductive rGO sheet boosts the electron transport during the reaction.Even at 30 A g−1,the optimal sample can deliver a specific capacitance of 1119.52 F g−1,and maintain 82.3%after 2000 cycles,demonstrating much higher electrochemical capability than bare Ni(OH)2 nanosheets.A maximum specific energy of 44.3 W h kg^−1(148.5 W kg^−1)is obtained,when assembled in a two-electrode system rGO-Ni(OH)2//rGO.This study provides an insight into efficient construction of two dimensional hybrid electrodes with high performance for the new-generation energy storage system.

Ion specificity in NaCl solution confined in silicon nanochannels

Ion specificity of Na＋ and C1- ions for NaCI solution confined in silicon nanochannels is investigated with molecular dynamics （MD） simulations. The MD simulation results demonstrate that ion specificity for Na＋ and C1- ions exhibits clearly in na- nochannels with high surface charge density. The two types of ions show different density distributions perpendicular to the channel surface due to the ion specificity when they act as countefions near negatively and positively charged surfaces, respec- tively. Both the two counterion distributions cannot be predicted by Poisson-Boltzmann equation within 0.75 nm near the sur- face. In addition, the ion specificity is also demonstrated through affecting the water density distributions. In the nanochannel with negatively charged surfaces, the presence of the Na＋ ions reduces the number of water peaks in water density distribution profile. In comparison, when the C1- ions act as counterions near positively charged surfaces, they do not affect the number of the water peaks. Besides the influence on the water density distribution, ion specificity also exhibits through affecting the wa- ter molecule orientation in the adsorbed layer. It is found that C1- ions make the water molecules in the adsorbed layer align more orderly than Na~ ions do when the two types of ions act as the counterions near the positively and negatively charged surfaces with the same surface charge density.