Application of Pruning Algorithm on Voice Service Platform of Cow Disease Diagnosis Expert System

Expert System （ES） is considered effective and efficient in agricultural production, as agricultural informationization becomes a main trend in agricultural development. ES, however, is applied unsatisfactorily in most rural areas of China and it has considerably affected and restricted the development of the agricultural informationization. This paper proposed a solution to voice service system of ES, which was suitable for the information transmission, and it especially could help the peasants in remote regions obtain knowledge from ES through the voice service system. As for the disadvantages of massive knowledge data and slow deduction, in this system the classification method could be adopted based on the decision tree. Designing pruning algorithm to ＂trim off＂ the unrelated knowledge to the users in query course would simplify the structure of the decision tree and accelerate the speed of deduction before the inference engine deduced the knowledge required by users.

Superoxide Dismutase and Malondialdehyde Levels in Serum of Dairy Cows with Perinatal Diseases

[Objective] To investigate the relationship between perinatal diseases and contents of superoxide dismutase （SOD） and malondialde- hyde （MDA） in serum of dairy cows. [ Method] A total of 38 dairy cows including 22 healthy cows, five cows with ketosis, four cows with fatty liver and seven cows with retained fatal placenta in perinatal period were selected. The contents of SOD and MDA in serum were respectively determined at different times ante partum and post partum. [Result] In the dairy cows with perinatal diseases, the SOD activity is lower and the MDA content was higher than that in the healthy dairy cows during perinatal period. [Conclusion] The antioxidant activity of dairy cows with perinatal diseases is lower than that of healthy dairy cows during perinatal period.

Comparative Effect of Foliar Application of Cow Dung, Wood Ash and Benlate on the Disease Initiation and Development of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Leaf Spot Disease Caused by Coniella musaiensis Var. Hibisci. in Makurdi, Central Nigeria

A study on the comparative effect of cow dung, wood ash and benlate for the control of leaf spot disease of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) was carried out following the preparation and foliar application of the materials on selected Roselle plants of the green and red accessions (Acc1 & Acc3) in the field. The cow dung was fermented for 14 days while sour milk was added to wood ash, dissolved and all filtered and labeled. The spraying commenced soon after the plants were thinned to one and was done weekly until after 50% of the plants had flowered. Results showed significant (p = 0.05) difference between benlate, the synthetic fungicide and the bio-fertilizers (cow dung and wood ash) for the two years of the study. Disease severity was significantly lower in the benlate than in the bio-fertilizers. There was no significant difference in yield between the treatments although higher yield was recorded in benlate. Though the bio-fertilizers could not suppress infection, they aided the growth of the plants by boosting luxuriant growth. The result showed that these bio-fertilizers cannot be used as substitute to the synthetic fungicide for the control of this leaf spot disease caused by Coniella musaiensis var. hibisci. However, since they give equally good yield the bio-fertilizers can still be used to minimize the reliance upon use of chemical fungicides.

Effect of Extending Voluntary Waiting Period on Health of Holstein Friesian Dairy Cows

The aim of this of this experimental study to investigate the effect of 3 voluntary waiting periods (VWP) on health of dairy cows. A total of 100 lactations of 100 Holstein Friesian cows with high milk production (average 9.442 ± 620 kg) were randomly (based on the ear tags digits of cows) distributed to 1 to 3 experimental groups with VWP of 50 (VWPG50;n = 32), 100 (VWPG100;n = 34) or 150 days (VWPG150;n = 34). Observations relating to diseases of the cows were made by the farm veterinarian and research personnel. Were defined eight disease: puerperal fever, retained fetal membranes, displaced abomasum, metritis, clinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, ovarian cysts, and claw diseases. The experimental days (ED) were from 4 days in milk (DIM) to 100 days after the next calving. The experiment was managed at Dairy Research Farm ?imnic-Craiova January 2018 to December 2022. A clear set of clinical signs were used to define a case at the diseases without the need for laboratory confirmation. Values of Lactational incidence risk (LIR) median postpartum days at diagnosis and pairwise comparison of proportion between VWPs were calculated. LIR for puerperal fiver, retained fetal membranes, displaced abomasum, clinical ketosis, clinical mastitis, ovarian cysts and claw disease were 4;5;2;8;8;and 4% respectively. Numerically, cows with VWP of 100 and150 days had more disease cases compared with VWP of 50 days. The differences between experimental groups of cows regarding proportions of cows with disease cases were not statistically significant. Any of the eight disorders reported in this study was analyzed independently to other health problems. For all enrolled cows (n = 100) VWP was extended until 100 or 150 days postpartum with no effect on the lactational incidence risk for the eight disorders analyzed.

Cow’s milk-induced gastrointestinal disorders:From infancy to adulthood

Milk is related to many gastrointestinal disorders from the cradle to the grave due to the many milk ingredients that can trigger gastrointestinal discomfort and disorders.Cow’s milk protein allergy(CMPA)is the most common food allergy,especially in infancy and childhood,which may persist into adulthood.There are three main types of CMPA;immunoglobulin E(IgE)-mediated CMPA,non-IgEmediated CMPA,and mixed type.CMPA appears before the first birthday in almost all cases.Symptoms may start even during the neonatal period and can be severe enough to simulate neonatal sepsis.CMPA(often non-IgE mediated)can present with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux,eosinophilic esophagitis,hemorrhagic gastritis,food protein-induced protein-losing enteropathy,and food protein-induced enterocolitis syndrome.Most CMPAs are benign and outgrown during childhood.CMPA is not as common in adults as in children,but when present,it is usually severe with a protracted course.Lactose intolerance is a prevalent condition characterized by the development of many symptoms related to the consumption of foods containing lactose.Lactose intolerance has four typical types:Developmental,congenital,primary,and secondary.Lactose intolerance and CMPA may be the underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms for many functional gastrointestinal disorders in children and adults.They are also common in inflammatory bowel diseases.Milk consumption may have preventive or promoter effects on cancer development.Milk may also become a source of microbial infection in humans,causing a wide array of diseases,and may help increase the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.This editorial summarizes the common milk-related disorders and their symptoms from childhood to adulthood.

卡洛芬注射液辅助治疗牛细菌性呼吸疾病的疗效研究

为评价卡洛芬注射液与泰拉霉素注射液联用治疗牛呼吸道疾病(bovine respiratory disease,BRD)的效果,并确定合理的给药剂量,试验选择64头患呼吸道疾病的牛,随机分为A、B两组,每组32头,其中A组皮下注射给予泰拉霉素注射液(推荐剂量2.5 mg/kg·bw),同时肌内注射给予卡洛芬注射液(II期临床试验确认剂量1.4 mg/kg·bw);B组只皮下注射给予泰拉霉素注射液(推荐剂量2.5 mg/kg·bw)。所有试验牛各种药均只给予1次。试验期间观察记录各组牛的临床症状,并对其进行评分;通过对各试验牛的炎症因子、致病菌、特定病原抗原/抗体的检测,评价卡洛芬注射液对牛呼吸道疾病的辅助治疗效果。试验结果显示,相比于单独使用泰拉霉素注射液,卡洛芬注射液与泰拉霉素注射液联用治疗BRD可以在更短时间内消除牛体内病原菌感染带来的炎症反应;泰拉霉素注射液单独使用或与卡洛芬注射液联用治疗BRD,给药3 d病牛的血清PCT浓度均明显下降(P<0.05),但两药联用的下降速度更加显著(P<0.05)。结果表明,临床上推荐卡洛芬注射液与泰拉霉素注射液联用,皮下注射,一次量为1.4 mg/kg·bw,可有效辅助治疗牛呼吸道疾病。

奶牛酮病早期预警技术的研究进展

近年来,奶牛养殖业进入快速发展时期,而养殖高成本、高发病率和低产出是阻碍奶牛养殖业持续发展的障碍。其中,奶牛酮病的发病率有逐年升高趋势,不同的胎次、产后天数、月份、泌乳量等风险因素均影响奶牛酮病的发生。目前,基于奶牛行为、奶牛生产性能测定数据、代谢组学技术和机器学习的酮病早期预警技术已经取得巨大进展。本文综述了奶牛酮病的发病规律和酮病早期预警技术,为奶牛围产期健康管理提供理论参考,对促进奶业提质增效、提高奶牛福利具有重要意义。

奶牛代谢病发病机制解析及植物提取物的防控作用

奶牛在养殖过程中易患各种疾病,极大的制约了养殖业的发展。植物提取物具有天然、绿色、毒副作用小等优点,引起了饲料行业的广泛关注。植物提取物作为一种来源广泛且含有生物碱、皂苷、单宁和多糖等多种生物活性物质的饲料添加剂,具有抗氧化、抗应激、提高免疫力、改善肠道健康等特殊生物调控作用,在奶牛养殖方面具有广阔的应用前景。本文围绕植物提取物对奶牛常见疾病的调控进行综述,旨在为植物提取物在奶牛疾病方面的研究和实际生产中的应用提供参考。

柴胡提取物对围产期奶牛主要代谢病保健效果的评估

试验旨在明确柴胡提取物对围产期奶牛的血液生化指标、代谢病发病率、抗氧化能力和乳品质的影响。随机选取产前21 d健康奶牛14头,随机分为2组,连续3 d分别肌肉注射0.06 kg/(头·d)的柴胡提取物(试验组)或等量的生理盐水(对照组)。试验期42 d。结果显示,产后21 d和28 d,试验组奶牛血浆葡萄糖(GLU)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,试验组奶牛酮病及脂肪肝发病率降低,但亚临床低钙血症发病率升高。分娩当天及产后14、21 d,试验组血浆甘油三酯(TG)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05);产后21 d,试验组奶牛血浆高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。产后7、14 d,试验组血浆超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);产后14 d,试验组总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。研究表明,注射柴胡提取物可有效提高奶牛机体抗氧化能力,改善肝脂代谢,降低奶牛脂肪肝与酮病发病率,但提高了亚临床低钙血症发病率。

奶牛蹄病发病原因及防治措施研究进展

当前我国畜牧行业呈现出规模化、集约化养殖模式发展趋势,蹄病作为奶牛三大疾病之一,危害我国奶牛业健康发展。该文通过整理分析,回顾了近年来关于奶牛蹄病的相关研究,归纳分析不同蹄病的发病原因和临床症状,提出从环境管理、饲料营养、遗传育种等方面进行综合防治,以期为我国奶牛业健康发展提供参考。

内蒙古地区规模化奶牛场主要疾病发生规律分析

为阐明奶牛疾病随月份的发生规律,收集了内蒙古41个规模化牧场18万头次青年牛、成母牛的疾病发病率、治愈率数据,把月份作为自变量,牧场作为重复,进行统计分析。结果表明:青年牛、成母牛的发病率和治愈率,以及产后真胃移位发病率均不受月份的影响(P>0.05);乳房炎、胎衣不下和酮病发病率随月份变化显著,发病率在夏季较高、春季较低(P<0.05);蹄病发病率随月份变化显著,发病率在秋季最高、春季最低(P<0.05);产后瘫痪发病率随月份变化显著,发病率在冬季最高,其他季节较低(P<0.05)。综合上述结果,奶牛疾病发病率随月份有明显变化,牧场应建立主要疾病的季节性防控机制,制定完备的冷热应激预防措施和管理措施,针对性降低疾病发生率。

奶牛蹄病病因分析与综合防控策略探讨

[目的]深入了解奶牛产业蹄病现状,综合研判发病原因、临床症状、诊断方法及防控措施,为奶牛蹄病预防和管理提供参考。[方法]观察不同规模场奶牛蹄病临床症状、诊断方法、饲养环境、饲料和遗传因素影响,提出综合防控措施。[结果]奶牛蹄病成因涉及环境、饲料、遗传因素。常见症状有蹄间隙炎症、步态异常等。诊断方法为临床检查、影像学诊断技术、实验室检测等。[结论]奶牛蹄病的发病机理复杂,根植于多重因素交织影响,建议进一步提高奶牛饲养管理水平,推广中西医结合的综合治疗策略,加强遗传改良技术的研发与应用,从而降低蹄病发生率,守护奶牛健康。

奶牛肢蹄病的发病原因与防控要点分析

奶牛肢蹄病已成为现代奶牛饲养过程中,严重影响奶牛场经济效益的疾病之一。肢蹄病发生后,明显影响奶牛的运动和采食能力,影响奶牛产奶量和繁殖性能,严重者甚至被过早淘汰。本研究对奶牛肢蹄病的现状、发病原因等介绍分析,指出奶牛肢蹄病的发病原因有遗传因素、日粮营养因素、场地因素、管理因素、病原因素等,进而总结出防控本病的措施。在治疗方面,可以采取蹄部外用药和封闭疗法;在预防方面,要调整奶牛日粮结构,定期进行蹄浴,加强蹄部保健,加强日常管理工作,培育优良品种。

奶牛智慧健康管理系统在个体病例早期诊断中的应用

在奶牛养殖过程中,肢蹄病、产后虚弱等多种疾病的早期阶段均可见步态异常表现。作为奶牛健康状况的早期指示性指标,步态异常不仅可以提示奶牛个体健康状态的变化,还影响着奶牛福利、生产性能及繁殖效率,进而造成牧场更多的经济损失。本文剖析了奶牛步态异常的产生机理,并以此为基础,着重探讨了奶牛智慧健康管理系统通过对步态异常的揭发,实现个体疾病早期诊断的积极意义。凭借智能传感、多模态数据算法模型及“端-边-云”高性能计算能力,为牧场提供了新的疾病预警与健康评估手段。该系统旨在构建一个集全面生命体征监测、智能化分析与精准化辅助诊断于一体的现代化奶牛养殖体系,以克服传统人工诊断技术的局限,实现对奶牛疾病揭发的客观性、全面性、准确性和及时性。根据临床案例研究表明,牧场使用奶牛智慧健康管理系统后,疾病揭发数量是人工揭发的3~4倍,疾病揭发时间较人工揭发提前7~30天。该系统的应用能有效提升牛群健康水平,减少沉没成本,提升经济效益。

卵巢疾病引发奶牛不孕症的预防与治疗

不孕症是奶牛饲养过程中十分常见的生殖系统疾病,多发于分娩6个月后无法正常受孕或到达配种年龄而无法受孕的奶牛。引发奶牛不孕症的原因有很多,包括管理因素、繁殖技术因素等,以卵巢疾病因素为主,如卵巢静止、卵巢萎缩、持久性黄体、卵巢囊肿和卵巢炎等。发病后,奶牛以发情延迟、发情不正常、无法正常受精等为典型症状,不仅降低泌乳量,也会影响正常繁殖,最终影响养殖经济效益。本文聚焦奶牛卵巢疾病性不孕症,以卵巢疾病为切入点,总结诊断要点,根据目前卵巢疾病性不孕症流行情况提出治疗和预防方法,为提高奶牛不孕症治疗和预防效果提供理论指导,推动我国奶牛养殖业发展。

2023年临沂市奶牛乳房炎发病情况调查与分析

[目的]探索临沂市奶牛乳房炎发病规律,为科学有效防控本市奶牛乳房炎提供理论、实践依据。[方法]调查统计2023年1—12月该市22家规模化牧场(合作社)奶牛乳房炎发病情况。[结果]奶牛临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎发病率分别是16.2%、28.5%。在规模化养殖、合作社养殖2种饲养模式下,合作社养殖模式临床型乳房炎、隐性乳房炎发病率、瞎乳头率较高。冬季(11月至次年1月)发病率高于其他季节。随胎次、年龄增加,乳房炎发病率增高。该市奶牛隐性乳房炎主要致病菌为大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。其中,大肠埃希菌对头孢菌素类的头孢曲松和头孢拉定、四环素类的强力霉素和多西环素、青霉素类的氨苄西林和阿莫西林等抗生素敏感。金黄色葡萄球菌对头孢菌素类的头孢拉定和头孢曲松、青霉素类的阿莫西林和氨苄西林等抗生素敏感。[结论]建议该市规模化牧场(合作社)加强牛体卫生管理、乳头消毒,搞好牛舍、牛床、垫料、挤奶厅等环境卫生,加强干奶期管理,选择高敏药物及时有效控制隐性乳房炎,积极寻找替代疗法、改善防控措施,提高治疗效果。

山东滨州地区某规模奶牛养殖场奶牛蹄病流行病学及治疗情况调查

[目的]为了解山东滨州地区奶牛蹄病流行病学及治疗情况。[方法]于2022年6—9月对山东滨州地区某规模奶牛养殖场5086头奶牛进行蹄病发病调查,对比复方中草药疗法与抗生素疗法的治疗效果。[结果]调查奶牛中有1114头奶牛患有蹄病,总发病率为21.90%,发病率占比最高的3种类型是变形蹄、疣性皮炎和腐蹄病。复方中草药治疗组患病奶牛的有效率、治愈率分别为86.67%、73.33%。抗生素治疗组患病奶牛的有效率、治愈率分别为66.67%、53.33%。[结论]山东滨州地区奶牛场奶牛蹄病发病率较高,尤其是变形蹄、疣性皮炎和腐蹄病。养殖户应根据该地区奶牛蹄病的发病特点,制定科学合理的综合防治管理措施,对奶牛蹄病采用复方中草药治疗效果优于抗生素。

2023年临沂市奶牛蹄病发病情况与防治效果调查

[目的]掌握临沂市奶牛蹄病发病情况,为提高防控效果提供理论和实践依据。[方法]调查统计临沂市22家规模化牧场(合作社)2023年1—12月奶牛蹄病发病情况,分析发病原因,调查治疗经过,提出防控建议。[结果]2023年临沂市规模化牧场(合作社)奶牛蹄病发病率7.8%。常见蹄病8种,变形蹄发病率最高,占全部蹄病的29.8%,其次是蹄叶炎。从发病年龄和胎龄看,成年奶牛发病率高于青年奶牛,且随胎次增加,蹄病发病率明显上升,症状加重。从发病季节看,奶牛蹄病以3月、6—9月发病率最高。奶牛因病淘汰时,蹄病占比最高,而不定期蹄浴和修蹄是规模化牧场奶牛蹄病发生的重要诱因。从治疗效果看,变形蹄、指(趾)间赘生、蹄底刺伤治愈率较高;腐蹄病、蹄底溃疡、白线病临床治疗效果较差。[结论]受生活环境、兽医卫生状况等饲养管理情况、TMR日粮营养状况影响,临沂市规模化牧场奶牛蹄病发病率较高。应加强饲养管理,逐步改善养殖环境、卫生状况,提高TMR日粮质量,降低蹄病发病率。

青岛地区奶牛肢蹄病发病状况、影响因素调查及综合防控对策

[目的]掌握青岛地区奶牛肢蹄病发病状况,为防控提供依据。[方法]2021—2022年对青岛地区30家规模化奶牛场肢蹄病情况开展调查,统计发病状况,分析影响因素。[结果]2022年青岛地区规模化奶牛场奶牛肢蹄病发病率22.63%,低于2021年的24.94%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。2021年和2022年奶牛肢蹄病发病中,均以蹄皮炎发病率最高,分别达12.17%、10.69%,发病率最低的为腐蹄病。不同规模奶牛场间比较发现,2021年和2022年发病率最高的均为小规模奶牛场。青岛地区奶牛肢蹄病发病时间主要集中在12月至次年3月及6—8月。[结论]青岛地区规模化奶牛场奶牛肢蹄病发病率受到养殖规模及卫生状况影响,应根据实际情况及时调整,做好综合防控,降低发病率。

临沂市奶牛主要寄生虫病的流行现状与对策

为提高奶牛寄生虫病防控效果,笔者对临沂市6个不同规模奶牛场、10个散养奶牛合作社寄生虫病流行现状进行随机抽样调查。被调查的629头奶牛中,球虫、新蛔虫、隐孢子虫、莫尼茨绦虫和片形吸虫等体内寄生虫阳性奶牛133头,阳性率21.1%。对546头荷斯坦牛、西门塔尔牛体表寄生虫随机抽样调查中,体表寄生虫螨、牛皮蝇蛆、牛虱、蜱虫等感染89头,感染率16.3%,其中螨虫感染占62.9%。本文在分析临沂市奶牛场常见寄生虫病病原与流行特点、临床症状基础上,提出相应防控对策和驱虫程序。