The use of credit default swaps （CDSs） has become increasingly popular over time. Between 2002 and 2007, gross notional amounts outstanding grew from below S2 trillion to nearly S60 trillion. The recent crisis has r...The use of credit default swaps （CDSs） has become increasingly popular over time. Between 2002 and 2007, gross notional amounts outstanding grew from below S2 trillion to nearly S60 trillion. The recent crisis has revealed several shortcomings in CDS market practices and structure. In addition, management of counterparty risk has proved insufficient, as has in some instances the settlement of contracts following a credit event. However, past problems should not distract from the potential benefits of these instruments. In particular, CDSs help complete markets, as they provide an effective means to hedge and trade credit risk. CDSs allow financial institutions to better manage their exposures, and investors benefit from an enhanced investment universe. The purpose of this paper is to present a complete and practical exposition of the CDS market and to explore how the development of the CDS market has played an important role in the credit risk markets. Currently, the CDS market is transforming into a more stable system. Various measures are being put in place to help enhance market transparency and mitigate operational and systemic risk. In particular, central counterparties have started to operate, which will eventually lead to an improved management of individual as well as system-wide risks.展开更多
The disposal of urban or hospital waste in open landfills is the easiest way to throw back of them without environmental concerns. MTEs （Metal Trace Elements） are the most toxic mineral elemems. This study evaluates...The disposal of urban or hospital waste in open landfills is the easiest way to throw back of them without environmental concerns. MTEs （Metal Trace Elements） are the most toxic mineral elemems. This study evaluates the impact of MTE on a neighboring human population or playing near a municipal dump. Two panels were composed of adult men and children （males under sixteen years old）. Four trace metal elements were analyzed： copper, lead, cadmium and zinc. The site of the study was the municipal waste dump in Marrakech （Morocco）. The results reveal abnormal concentrations of these MTEs in blood and hair of adults and children.展开更多
Analysis of bottom sediments in water reservoir Kolifiany from the aspect of Cd and Pb contents, the determination of observed heavy metal contents in different parts of carp body （meat muscle, liver and kidney） and...Analysis of bottom sediments in water reservoir Kolifiany from the aspect of Cd and Pb contents, the determination of observed heavy metal contents in different parts of carp body （meat muscle, liver and kidney） and the evaluation of hygienic status and suitability of fish meat for the human consumption were performed. For analysis, each tissue sample was dissolved in a solution of nitric acid p.a. （HNO3：HzO = 2：1）; sediment sample in solution of acids （HF-HNO3-HCIO4） and analyzed for presence of Cd, Pb by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer （AAS） Varian Duo 240FS and 240Z. Our results confirmed hygienic harmless of bottom sediments in water reservoir Kolifiany. The Cd, Pb contents in sediments represent no risk within their input into the fish organisms. The Cd content in fish meat is lower than maximum available amount given by legislative norms, and the contents of Pb in fish meat too. The results of Cd, Pb content determination in carp body confirmed that fish muscles belong to suitable foodstuff for the human consumption.展开更多
文摘The use of credit default swaps （CDSs） has become increasingly popular over time. Between 2002 and 2007, gross notional amounts outstanding grew from below S2 trillion to nearly S60 trillion. The recent crisis has revealed several shortcomings in CDS market practices and structure. In addition, management of counterparty risk has proved insufficient, as has in some instances the settlement of contracts following a credit event. However, past problems should not distract from the potential benefits of these instruments. In particular, CDSs help complete markets, as they provide an effective means to hedge and trade credit risk. CDSs allow financial institutions to better manage their exposures, and investors benefit from an enhanced investment universe. The purpose of this paper is to present a complete and practical exposition of the CDS market and to explore how the development of the CDS market has played an important role in the credit risk markets. Currently, the CDS market is transforming into a more stable system. Various measures are being put in place to help enhance market transparency and mitigate operational and systemic risk. In particular, central counterparties have started to operate, which will eventually lead to an improved management of individual as well as system-wide risks.
文摘The disposal of urban or hospital waste in open landfills is the easiest way to throw back of them without environmental concerns. MTEs （Metal Trace Elements） are the most toxic mineral elemems. This study evaluates the impact of MTE on a neighboring human population or playing near a municipal dump. Two panels were composed of adult men and children （males under sixteen years old）. Four trace metal elements were analyzed： copper, lead, cadmium and zinc. The site of the study was the municipal waste dump in Marrakech （Morocco）. The results reveal abnormal concentrations of these MTEs in blood and hair of adults and children.
文摘Analysis of bottom sediments in water reservoir Kolifiany from the aspect of Cd and Pb contents, the determination of observed heavy metal contents in different parts of carp body （meat muscle, liver and kidney） and the evaluation of hygienic status and suitability of fish meat for the human consumption were performed. For analysis, each tissue sample was dissolved in a solution of nitric acid p.a. （HNO3：HzO = 2：1）; sediment sample in solution of acids （HF-HNO3-HCIO4） and analyzed for presence of Cd, Pb by the atomic absorption spectrophotometer （AAS） Varian Duo 240FS and 240Z. Our results confirmed hygienic harmless of bottom sediments in water reservoir Kolifiany. The Cd, Pb contents in sediments represent no risk within their input into the fish organisms. The Cd content in fish meat is lower than maximum available amount given by legislative norms, and the contents of Pb in fish meat too. The results of Cd, Pb content determination in carp body confirmed that fish muscles belong to suitable foodstuff for the human consumption.
