Localized wave solutions and interactions of the (2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation

This paper studies the(2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation.Based on an associated Hirota bilinear form,lump-type solution,two types of interaction solutions,and breather wave solution of the(2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation are obtained,which are all related to the seed solution of the equation.It is interesting that the rogue wave is aroused by the interaction between one-lump soliton and a pair of resonance stripe solitons,and the fusion and fission phenomena are also found in the interaction between lump solitons and one-stripe soliton.Furthermore,the breather wave solution is also obtained by reducing the two-soliton solutions.The trajectory and period of the one-order breather wave are analyzed.The corresponding dynamical characteristics are demonstrated by the graphs.

Dynamics of Nonlinear Waves in(2+1)-Dimensional Extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli Equation

Based on the Hirota bilinear method,this study derived N-soliton solutions,breather solutions,lump solutions and interaction solutions for the(2+1)-dimensional extended Boiti-Leon-Manna-Pempinelli equation.The dynamical characteristics of these solutions were displayed through graphical,particularly revealing fusion and ssion phenomena in the interaction of lump and the one-stripe soliton.

Bifurcations, Analytical and Non-Analytical Traveling Wave Solutions of (2 + 1)-Dimensional Nonlinear Dispersive Boussinesq Equation

For the (2 + 1)-dimensional nonlinear dispersive Boussinesq equation, by using the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems to study its corresponding traveling wave system, the bifurcations and phase portraits of the regular system are obtained. Under different parametric conditions, various sufficient conditions to guarantee the existence of analytical and non-analytical solutions of the singular system are given by using singular traveling wave theory. For certain special cases, some explicit and exact parametric representations of traveling wave solutions are derived such as analytical periodic waves and non-analytical periodic cusp waves. Further, two-dimensional wave plots of analytical periodic solutions and non-analytical periodic cusp wave solutions are drawn to visualize the dynamics of the equation.

Multiverse/Hyperverse Models: (4 + 1)-Dimensional Landscape (Black Saturns, Bousso-Hawking Nucleation, Gogberashvili Multiverses, Schwarzschild-De Sitter Nurseries) and a (3 + 1)-Dimensional Model for Dark Energy

We consider the Hyperverse as a collection of multiverses in a (4 + 1)-dimensional spacetime with gravitational constant G. Multiverses in our model are bouquets of thin shells (with synchronized intrinsic times). If gis the gravitational constant of a shell Sand εits thickness, then G~εg. The physical universe is supposed to be one of those thin shells inside the local bouquet called Local Multiverse. Other remarkable objects of the Hyperverse are supposed to be black holes, black lenses, black rings and (generalized) Black Saturns. In addition, Schwarzschild-de Sitter multiversal nurseries can be hidden inside those Black Saturns, leading to their Bousso-Hawking nucleation. It also suggests that black holes in our physical universe might harbor embedded (2 + 1)-dimensional multiverses. This is compatible with outstanding ideas and results of Bekenstein, Hawking-Vaz and Corda about “black holes as atoms” and the condensation of matter on “apparent horizons”. It allows us to formulate conjecture 12.1 about the origin of the Local Multiverse. As an alternative model, we examine spacetime warping of our universe by external universes. It gives data for the accelerated expansion and the cosmological constant Λ, which are in agreement with observation, thus opening a possibility for verification of the multiverse model.

DOA estimation of high-dimensional signals based on Krylov subspace and weighted l_(1)-norm

With the extensive application of large-scale array antennas,the increasing number of array elements leads to the increasing dimension of received signals,making it difficult to meet the real-time requirement of direction of arrival(DOA)estimation due to the computational complexity of algorithms.Traditional subspace algorithms require estimation of the covariance matrix,which has high computational complexity and is prone to producing spurious peaks.In order to reduce the computational complexity of DOA estimation algorithms and improve their estimation accuracy under large array elements,this paper proposes a DOA estimation method based on Krylov subspace and weighted l_(1)-norm.The method uses the multistage Wiener filter(MSWF)iteration to solve the basis of the Krylov subspace as an estimate of the signal subspace,further uses the measurement matrix to reduce the dimensionality of the signal subspace observation,constructs a weighted matrix,and combines the sparse reconstruction to establish a convex optimization function based on the residual sum of squares and weighted l_(1)-norm to solve the target DOA.Simulation results show that the proposed method has high resolution under large array conditions,effectively suppresses spurious peaks,reduces computational complexity,and has good robustness for low signal to noise ratio(SNR)environment.

3-Dimensional Kinematic Comparison of Arm Movements between an Individual with NGLY1 Deficiency and a Neurotypical Individual

NGLY1 Deficiency is an ultra-rare autosomal recessively inherited disorder. Characteristic symptoms include among others, developmental delays, movement disorders, liver function abnormalities, seizures, and problems with tear formation. Movements are hyperkinetic and may include dysmetric, choreo-athetoid, myoclonic and dystonic movement elements. To date, there have been no quantitative reports describing arm movements of individuals with NGLY1 Deficiency. This report provides quantitative information about a series of arm movements performed by an individual with NGLY1 Deficiency and an aged-matched neurotypical participant. Three categories of arm movements were tested: 1) open ended reaches without specific end point targets;2) goal-directed reaches that included grasping an object;3) picking up small objects from a table placed in front of the participants. Arm movement kinematics were obtained with a camera-based motion analysis system and “initiation” and “maintenance” phases were identified for each movement. The combination of the two phases was labeled as a “complete” movement. Three-dimensional analysis techniques were used to quantify the movements and included hand trajectory pathlength, joint motion area, as well as hand trajectory and joint jerk cost. These techniques were required to fully characterize the movements because the NGLY1 individual was unable to perform movements only in the primary plane of progression instead producing motion across all three planes of movement. The individual with NGLY1 Deficiency was unable to pick up objects from a table or effectively complete movements requiring crossing the midline. The successfully completed movements were analyzed using the above techniques and the results of the two participants were compared statistically. Almost all comparisons revealed significant differences between the two participants, with a notable exception of the 3D initiation area as a percentage of the complete movement. The statistical tests of these measures revealed no significant differences between the two participants, possibly suggesting a common underlying motor control strategy. The 3D techniques used in this report effectively characterized arm movements of an individual with NGLY1 deficiency and can be used to provide information to evaluate the effectiveness of genetic, pharmacological, or physical rehabilitation therapies.

MOLECULES AND NEW INTERACTIONAL STRUCTURES FOR A(2+1)-DIMENSIONAL GENERALIZED KONOPELCHENKO-DUBROVSKY-KAUP-KUPERSHMIDT EQUATION

Soliton molecules(SMs)of the(2+1)-dimensional generalized KonopelchenkoDubrovsky-Kaup-Kupershmidt(gKDKK)equation are found by utilizing a velocity resonance ansatz to N-soliton solutions,which can transform to asymmetric solitons upon assigning appropriate values to some parameters.Furthermore,a double-peaked lump solution can be constructed with breather degeneration approach.By applying a mixed technique of a resonance ansatz and conjugate complexes of partial parameters to multisoliton solutions,various kinds of interactional structures are constructed;There include the soliton molecule(SM),the breather molecule(BM)and the soliton-breather molecule(SBM).Graphical investigation and theoretical analysis show that the interactions composed of SM,BM and SBM are inelastic.

Interaction solutions and localized waves to the(2+1)-dimensional Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation with variable coefficient

This article investigates the Hirota-Satsuma-Ito equation with variable coefficient using the Hirota bilinear method and the long wave limit method.The equation is proved to be Painlevé integrable by Painlevé analysis.On the basis of the bilinear form,the forms of two-soliton solutions,three-soliton solutions,and four-soliton solutions are studied specifically.The appropriate parameter values are chosen and the corresponding figures are presented.The breather waves solutions,lump solutions,periodic solutions and the interaction of breather waves solutions and soliton solutions,etc.are given.In addition,we also analyze the different effects of the parameters on the figures.The figures of the same set of parameters in different planes are presented to describe the dynamical behavior of solutions.These are important for describing water waves in nature.

Interaction solutions for the second extended(3+1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation

Based on the Hirota bilinear method,the second extended(3+1)-dimensional Jimbo–Miwa equation is established.By Maple symbolic calculation,lump and lump-kink soliton solutions are obtained.The interaction solutions between the lump and multi-kink soliton,and the interaction between the lump and triangular periodic soliton are derived by combining a multi-exponential function or trigonometric sine and cosine functions with quadratic functions.Furthermore,periodiclump wave solution is derived via the ansatz including hyperbolic and trigonometric functions.Finally,3D plots,2D curves,density plots,and contour plots with particular choices of the suitable parameters are depicted to illustrate the dynamical features of these solutions.

Lie symmetry analysis and invariant solutions for the(3+1)-dimensional Virasoro integrable model

Lie symmetry analysis is applied to a(3+1)-dimensional Virasoro integrable model and the corresponding similarity reduction equations are obtained with the different infinitesimal generators.Invariant solutions with arbitrary functions for the(3+1)-dimensional Virasoro integrable model,including the interaction solution between a kink and a soliton,the lump-type solution and periodic solutions,have been studied analytically and graphically.

Resonant interactions among two-dimensional nonlinear localized waves and lump molecules for the(2+1)-dimensional elliptic Toda equation

The(2+1)-dimensional elliptic Toda equation is a high-dimensional generalization of the Toda lattice and a semidiscrete Kadomtsev–Petviashvili I equation.This paper focuses on investigating the resonant interactions between two breathers,a breather/lump and line solitons as well as lump molecules for the(2+1)-dimensional elliptic Toda equation.Based on the N-soliton solution,we obtain the hybrid solutions consisting of line solitons,breathers and lumps.Through the asymptotic analysis of these hybrid solutions,we derive the phase shifts of the breather,lump and line solitons before and after the interaction between a breather/lump and line solitons.By making the phase shifts infinite,we obtain the resonant solution of two breathers and the resonant solutions of a breather/lump and line solitons.Through the asymptotic analysis of these resonant solutions,we demonstrate that the resonant interactions exhibit the fusion,fission,time-localized breather and rogue lump phenomena.Utilizing the velocity resonance method,we obtain lump–soliton,lump–breather,lump–soliton–breather and lump–breather–breather molecules.The above works have not been reported in the(2+1)-dimensional discrete nonlinear wave equations.

Hyper Catastrophe on 4-Dimensional Canards

When discovering the potential of canards flying in 4-dimensional slow-fast system with a bifurcation parameter, the key notion “symmetry” plays an important role. It is of one parameter on slow vector field. Then, it should be determined to introduce parameters to all slow/fast vectors. It is, however, there might be no way to explore for another potential in this system, because the geometrical structure is quite different from the system with one parameter. Even in this system, the “symmetry” is also useful to obtain the potentials classified by R. Thom. In this paper, via the coordinates changing, the possible way to explore for the potential will be shown. As it is analyzed on “hyper finite time line”, or done by using “non-standard analysis”, it is called “Hyper Catastrophe”. In the slow-fast system which includes a very small parameter , it is difficult to do precise analysis. Thus, it is useful to get the orbits as a singular limit. When trying to do simulations, it is also faced with difficulty due to singularity. Using very small time intervals corresponding small , we shall overcome the difficulty, because the difference equation on the small time interval adopts the standard differential equation. These small intervals are defined on hyper finite number N, which is nonstandard. As and the intervals are linked to use 1/N, the simulation should be done exactly.

Similarities and differences in inherent mechanism and characteristic frequency between the one-dimensional poroelastic model and the layered White model

The similarities and differences in inherent mechanism and characteristic frequency between the onedimensional(1D)poroelastic model and the layered White model were investigated.This investigation was conducted under the assumption that the rock was homogenous and isotropic at the mesoscopic scale.For the inherent mechanism,both models resulted from quasi-static flow in a slow P-wave diffusion mode,and the differences between them originated from saturated fluids and boundary conditions.On the other hand,for the characteristic frequencies of the models,the characteristic frequency of the 1D poroelastic model was first modified because the elastic constant and formula for calculating it were misused and then compared to that of the layered White model.Both of them moved towards higher frequencies with increasing permeability and decreasing viscosity and diffusion length.The differences between them were due to the diffusion length.The diffusion length for the 1D poroelastic model was determined by the sample length,whereas that for the layered White model was determined by the length of the representative elementary volume(REV).Subsequently,a numerical example was presented to demonstrate the similarities and differences between the models.Finally,published experimental data were interpreted using the 1D poroelastic model combined with the Cole-Cole model.The prediction of the combined model was in good agreement with the experimental data,thereby validating the effectiveness of the 1D poroelastic model.Furthermore,the modified characteristic frequency in our study was much closer to the experimental data than the previous prediction,validating the effectiveness of our modification of the characteristic frequency of the 1D poroelastic model.The investigation provided insight into the internal relationship between wave-induced fluid flow(WIFF)models at macroscopic and mesoscopic scales and can aid in a better understanding of the elastic modulus dispersion and attenuation caused by the WIFF at different scales.

Erratum to: Experimental Study on the Wavelengths of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Freak Waves [China Ocean Engineering, 2023, 37(1), 154−164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-023-0013-7]

In the original publication of the article(Cui and Pan,2023),the organization“National Engineering Research Center for Port Hydraulic Construction Technology,M.O.T.,Tianjin Research Institute of Water Transport Engineering,Tianjin 300456,China”should be corrected as:“National Engineering Research Center of Port Hydraulic Construction Technology,Tianjin Research Institute for Water Transport Engineering,M.O.T.,Tianjin 300456,China”.

Identifying the enhancement mechanism of Al/MoO_(3) reactive multilayered films on the ignition ability of semiconductor bridge using a one-dimensional gas-solid two-phase flow model

Energetic Semiconductor bridge(ESCB)based on reactive multilayered films(RMFs)has a promising application in the miniature and intelligence of initiator and pyrotechnics device.Understanding the ignition enhancement mechanism of RMFs on semiconductor bridge(SCB)during the ignition process is crucial for the engineering and practical application of advanced initiator and pyrotechnics devices.In this study,a one-dimensional(1D)gas-solid two-phase flow ignition model was established to study the ignition process of ESCB to charge particles based on the reactivity of Al/MoO_(3) RMFs.In order to fully consider the coupled exothermic between the RMFs and the SCB plasma during the ignition process,the heat release of chemical reaction in RMFs was used as an internal heat source in this model.It is found that the exothermal reaction in RMFs improved the ignition performance of SCB.In the process of plasma rapid condensation with heat release,the product of RMFs enhanced the heat transfer process between the gas phase and the solid charge particle,which accelerated the expansion of hot plasma,and heated the solid charge particle as well as gas phase region with low temperature.In addition,it made up for pressure loss in the gas phase.During the plasma dissipation process,the exothermal chemical reaction in RMFs acted as the main heating source to heat the charge particle,making the surface temperature of the charge particle,gas pressure,and gas temperature rise continuously.This result may yield significant advantages in providing a universal ignition model for miniaturized ignition devices.

GLP-1受体激动剂对心血管作用的研究进展

胰高血糖素样肽-1(glucagon-like peptide-1,GLP-1)由肠道内分泌细胞产生。GLP-1受体激动剂(GLP-1 receptor agonists,GLP-1RAs)促进葡萄糖相关的胰岛素分泌和抑制胰高血糖素分泌。GLP-1RAs还能抑制胃排空、食物摄入和限制体质量增加。在过去的十年中,GLP-1RAs对心血管系统影响的研究已经取得重大进展。口服小分子GLP-1RAs具有潜在优势,可以提高该类药物的应用。该文综述了GLP-1RAs在心血管疾病治疗中的多种作用,为GLP-1RAs的心血管获益提供新见解。

山姜素调节VEGF/SphK1/S1P信号通路对膝骨关节炎大鼠血管生成的影响

目的探讨山姜素(APT)调节血管内皮生长因子/鞘氨醇激酶1/1磷酸鞘氨醇(VEGF/SphK1/S1P)信号通路对膝骨关节炎(KOA)大鼠血管生成的影响。方法采用改良的Videman法构建KOA大鼠模型,将90只大鼠分为对照组(Control组)、模型组(Model组)、山姜素低剂量组(L-APT组)、山姜素高剂量组(H-APT组)、山姜素高剂量组+慢病毒阴性对照组(APT+NC组)、山姜素高剂量组+过表达SphK1慢病毒组(APT+SphK1组),每组15只。HE染色观察大鼠软骨组织病理变化;酶联免疫吸附试验测定软骨组织白细胞介素(IL)-1β、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、IL-6、基质金属蛋白酶-13(MMP-13)水平;TUNEL检测软骨组织细胞凋亡情况;免疫组化检测血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、CD31蛋白表达情况;Western blot检测血管内皮生长因子受体2(VEGFR2)、磷酸化VEGFR2(p-VEGFR2)、SphK1、S1P蛋白水平。结果与Control组比较,Model组大鼠出现病理损伤,细胞凋亡率、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、MMP-13、VEGF阳性表达、CD31阳性表达和p-VEGFR2、SphK1、S1P蛋白表达水平增加(P<0.05);与Model组比较,L-APT组、H-APT组病理损伤明显减轻,细胞凋亡率、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、MMP-13、VEGF阳性表达、CD31阳性表达和pVEGFR2、SphK1、S1P蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05);与APT+NC组比较,APT+SphK1组软骨组织病理损伤加重,细胞凋亡率、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6、MMP-13、VEGF阳性表达、CD31阳性表达和p-VEGFR2、SphK1、S1P蛋白表达水平增加(P<0.05)。结论APT通过抑制VEGF/SphK1/S1P信号通路抑制KOA大鼠血管生成。

1-甲基环丙烯结合水杨酸处理维持百香果甲基环丙烯结合水杨酸处理维持百香果果实贮藏品质

为延长百香果的贮藏期并保持贮藏过程中的品质,对比研究2 mmol/L水杨酸(salicylic acid,SA)、1 mmol/L 1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)、1-MCP结合SA处理对紫色百香果果实采后贮藏期间品质、活性氧、抗氧化酶指标的影响。百香果果实经SA、1-MCP和1-MCP结合SA处理后,一定程度抑制乙烯的释放和脂氧合酶(li-poxygenase,LOX)活性,促进几丁质酶(chitinase,CHI)和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶(β-1,3-glucanase,GLU)的活性,增强抗氧化和抗病性作用,降低腐烂率。但因SA可以增强呼吸,故导致凹陷和失重,加快总酸流失;1-MCP抑制呼吸作用,增强超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性,有利于控制失重和凹陷,但其对过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性的影响不利于控制衰老。1-MCP结合SA对POD活性,CHI活性以及GLU活性的正向影响强于单独使用1-MCP或SA处理。因此,1-MCP结合SA通过提高百香果果实的抗氧化能力和抗病能力,降低百香果果实的凹陷、失重和腐烂率,且可有效避免单独使用1-MCP或SA处理的不良作用,协同维持百香果果实采后贮藏品质。

糖尿病视网膜病变患者SDF-1、HO-1及MDA水平变化及与IL-6、TNF-α、CRP的相关性

目的 分析糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)患者基质细胞衍生因子(SDF-1)、血红素加氧酶-1(HO-1)及丙二醛(MDA)水平变化及与白介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、C反应蛋白(CRP)的相关性。方法 选取2020年5月至2023年1月解放军总医院收治的131例DR患者为DR组,另选取同期在本院住院的2型糖尿病患者100例为非DR组。比较两组SDF-1、HO-1、MDA水平;比较两组IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平;比较不同分期DR患者SDF-1、HO-1、MDA水平;采用Logistic回归分析影响DR发生的相关因素,分析DR组患者SDF-1、HO-1、MDA水平与IL-6、TNF-α、CRP的相关性。结果 DR组SDF-1、HO-1水平比非DR组低,MDA水平比非DR组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DR组IL-6、TNF-α、CRP水平均比非DR组高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);SDF-1、HO-1水平:Ⅰ~Ⅱ期>Ⅲ~Ⅳ期>Ⅴ~Ⅵ期,MDA水平:Ⅰ~Ⅱ期<Ⅲ~Ⅳ期<Ⅴ~Ⅵ期,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经Logistic多因素分析显示,性别为女、BMI≥24 km/m2、合并患有高血压、高血脂、IL-6>1.17 mg/mL、TNF-α>30 ng/L、CRP>10 ng/mL、SDF-1>2 ng/mL、HO-1<125 ng/mL、MDA>4.06μmol/mL均是影响DR发生的独立危险因素(P<0.05);血清炎性因子IL-6、TNF-α、CRP与SDF-1、HO-1呈负相关,与MDA呈正相关,且均为中度相关(P<0.05)。结论 SDF-1、HO-1、MDA、IL-6、CRP、TNF-α水平与DR的发生、发展有一定关系,通过检测上述指标水平可为进一步探讨DR的发病机制和治疗方法提供新的思路。

铁抑素-1对糖尿病中晚期小鼠肝肾组织的保护作用

糖尿病是一种发病率高且并发症多的代谢性疾病,其中2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)占比较大。目前研究表明,T2DM伴随着肝、肾等脏器损伤引起并发症,严重危害人体健康。铁死亡通过芬顿反应产生大量活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS),ROS累积会激活缺氧诱导因子-1α(hypoxia inducible factor-1,HIF-1α),从而引发血管内皮生长因子(vascular endothelial growth factor,VEGF)水平升高,铁死亡抑制剂——铁抑素-1(ferrostatin-1,Fer-1)具有强抗氧化能力,所以基于缺氧诱导因子-1α/血管内皮生长因子(HIF-1α/VEGF)信号通路,探讨Fer-1对糖尿病中晚期小鼠肝、肾组织的保护作用。实验以21~22周龄db/db小鼠作为糖尿病中晚期模型,铁死亡抑制剂Fer-1为干预药物。db/m小鼠为空白对照组,连续4周测量体重、血糖,实验中还对各组小鼠进食量、饮水量进行记录;测定血清中丙氨酸氨基转移酶(alanine aminotransferase,ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶(aspartate aminotransferase,AST)水平,测定肝肾组织中ROS、谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)活性以及尿蛋白含量,并用苏木素-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色处理肝、肾组织切片,光镜观察病理学形态,再通过Western印迹法分别检测肝、肾组织中HIF-1α、VEGF和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶4(glutathione peroxidase 4,GPX4)蛋白质水平。在db/db组小鼠中发现,Fer-1(1 mg·kg^(-1),ig)可明显减少进食量和饮水量,降低小鼠血清中的ALT、AST水平、肝肾组织中ROS生成量以及尿蛋白水平,显著升高GSH活性,显著改善了肝、肾的病理组织状况,并且明显抑制肝肾组织中HIF-1α和VEGF蛋白质指标、提高GPX4蛋白水平。Fer-1虽不能改变糖尿病小鼠的体重和降低血糖,但能对糖尿病中晚期小鼠的肝、肾组织发挥保护作用,其作用机制可能与HIF-1α/VEGF和GPX4有关。