Metadynamic Recrystallization of the As-cast 42CrMo Steel after Normalizing and Tempering during Hot Compression

The existing researches of hot ring rolling process are mainly based on forged billet. Compared with the existing process, the new ring casting-rolling compound forming process has significant advantages in saving materials and energy, reducing emission and reducing the production cost. The microstructure evolution of the casting materials during hot deformation is the basis of the research of the new process. However, the researches on the casting materials are rare. The metadynamic recrystallization of the as-cast 42CrMo steel after normalizing and tempering during the hot compression is investigated. The tests are performed on the Gleeble-1500 thermal-mechanical simulator. The influence rule of the deformation parameters on the metadynamic recrystallization is obtained by analyzing the experimental data. The kinetic model of the rnetadynamic recrystallization is deduced. The analysis results show that the metadynamic recrystallization fraction increases with the increase of the deformation temperature and the strain rate. The metallographic experiments are used to investigate the influence rule of the deformation parameters on the grain size of the metadynamic recrystallization. The experimental results show that the grain of the metadynamic recrystallization could be refined with the increase of the strain rate and the decrease of the deformation temperature during hot compression. The occurrence of the metadynamic recrystallization during the hot deformation is more difficult in as-cast 42CrMo steel than in forged 42CrMo steel. The research can provide the foundation for the further research of the hot deformation behaviors of the as-cast structure and theoretical support for the new ring casting-rolling compound process.

Study on Contact Fatigue Life and Failure Mechanism of Subquenched 42CrMo Steel

The effect of undissolved ferrite amount in subcritically quenched 42CrMo steel on contact fatigue properties and failure mechanism were studied. The amount of undissolved ferrite in the steel were 0%,3%,10%,15% and 20% in volume fraction, respectively. The experimental results show that the existence of undissolved ferrite can increase the contact fatigue life The contact fatigue life can be prolonged with increasing the amounts of undissolved ferrite The grain size can be fined by using subcritical quenching process and the area of phase boundaries can also be greatly increased. The stress relaxation and grain refinement due to occurring of plastic deformation are main reasons for improving the fatigue life. The existence of undissolved ferrite can increase the crack initiation period. Under the experiment conditions, when the amount of undissolved ferrite is 10%, the longest contact fatigue life can be the obtained.

Vacuum brazing of TiAl to 42CrMo steel with Ag-Cu-Ti filler metal

Vacuum brazing of TiAl to 42CrMo steel was carried out at 8601000℃ for 5min using Ag-33Cu- 4.5Ti （mass fraction, %） filler metal. Formation phases and microstructures of the joints were investigated by SEM and EPMA. The strength of the joints were evaluated by means of tensile tests. The results show that five interfacial formation phases occur in the brazing seam: AlCuTi and AlCu2Ti compounds, Ag solid solution, Ag-Cu eutectic phase and the reaction layer of TiC adjacent to the steel. The tensile strength of the brazed joints changes with the chang of brazing temperature. When the brazing temperature is 900℃, the tensile strength of the joint is 347MPa. TiAl turbine and 42CrMo steel shaft was brazed and the strength of TiAl/42CrMo turbine rotor was evaluated by means of tensile test, when the tensile load reached 100kN the joint of the rotor kept well.

Heat Treatment Properties of 42CrMo Steel for Bearing Ring of Varisized Shield Tunneling Machine

The heat treatment properties of 42CrMo steel for bearing ring of varisized shield tunneling machine were investigated by optical microscope （OM）, scanning electron microscope （SEM）, transmission electron microscope （TEM）, and impact tests. The addition of 0.03 wt% C into 42CrMo steel can increase the hardness. But it reduces the impact energy by 46 J because of the appearance of coarser carbides in the matrix and the carbides along the austenite grain boundary. The addition of 0.40 wt% Mn into 42CrMo steel can improve hardenability. However, the toughness of steel is also reduced by 26 J mainly because of the coarsening of carbides and the strengthening of matrix. Both hardenability and toughness of 42CrMo steel can be improved by adding 1.49 wt% Ni and reducing 0.32 wt% Cr. The depth of hardening layer can be raised to 45 mm, and the impact energy at -20 ℃ is 120 J. Thus, it is concluded that a good combination of hardness, hardenability, and toughness of 42CrMo steel can be achieved by alloying with adding some content of C and Ni. Detailed content of C and Ni should be on the requirements of heat treatment properties of steel for bearing ring of varisized shield tunneling machine.

Phase change materials as quenching media for heat treatment of 42CrMo4 steels

In the present work,paraffin phase change material is used as quenchant for the heat treatment of 42CrMo4 alloy and compared with water,air,and CuO doped paraffin.The samples were prepared based on ASTM E 8M-98 standard for tensile test and then heated up to 830°C,kept for 4 h in an electric resistance furnace and then quenched in the mentioned media.Elastic modulus,yield strength,ultimate tensile strength,elongation,and modulus of toughness were determined according to the obtained stress?strain curves.Moreover,the hardness and microstructural evolution were investigated after the heat treatment at different media.The samples quenched in paraffin and CuO-doped paraffin are higher in ultimate tensile strength(1439 and 1306 MPa,respectively)than those quenched in water(1190 MPa)and air(1010 MPa).The highest hardness,with a value of HV 552,belonged to the sample quenched in CuO-doped paraffin.The microstructural studies revealed that the non-tempered steel had a ferrite/pearlite microstructure,while by quenching in water,paraffin and CuO-doped paraffin,ferrite/martensite microstructures were achieved.It is also observed that using the air as quenchant resulted in a three-phase bainite/martensite/ferrite microstructure.

Analysis of Valence Electron Structure in Compound Layer of Steel 42CrMo Plasma Nitrided with Rare Earth Addition

The valence electron structure (VES) in compound layer of steel plasma-nitrided at 560°C with rare earth (RE) addition was calculated based on the empirical electron theory (EET) of solids and molecules and BLD method. The results show that the presence of RE atoms diffused into surface layer leads to an increase of phase structure factor, which explains the catalyzing and micro-alloying effects of RE.

42CrMo钢激光-电磁感应复合淬火过程应力与变形研究

目的提高激光强化风电机组轴承的尺寸稳定性,对激光-电磁感应复合淬火过程中的应力演化过程进行分析,并研究工艺参数对淬火变形的影响规律。方法通过考虑淬火相关的工艺过程、材料参数、热源输入及边界条件,使用COMSOL软件建立42CrMo钢激光-电磁感应复合淬火数学温度-组织-应力场多物理场耦合模型,研究淬火过程中的温度、组织和应力变化过程,并进行复合淬火实验验证。通过改进边界条件,建立轴承试件的淬火模型,通过改变相关工艺参数包括激光功率、感应功率和扫描速度,研究工艺对轴承淬火变形的影响规律,并与实际轴承实验结果进行对比。结果经实验测试结果和模型结果对比,感应和激光的温度相对误差分别为5.48%和9.69%,淬硬层深度的相对误差为5.66%,工件中心点应力相对误差为7.14%。结合温度变化和组织变化,将应力变化过程分为感应加热阶段、激光加热阶段、自然冷却阶段和强制水冷阶段。改进后的大轴承表面变形量的模拟值与实验值相对平均误差为0.58%。结论在复合淬火过程中,应力同时受到热应力和组织相变应力的影响,热应力和组织相变应力在每个阶段起作用的主体不同。随着激光功率和感应功率的减小,以及扫描速度的增大,轴承内圈外滚道表面法向位移变小,尺寸稳定性越好。

稀土La对42CrMo钢碳化物析出特征及摩擦学性能增强机理研究

使用真空熔炼技术制备了稀土42CrMo钢,采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱仪(EDS)对材料微观组织、拉伸断口、磨损表面和亚表层进行了表征,研究了La对42CrMo钢碳化物析出特征及摩擦学性能增强机理.结果表明:La减小了晶界张力和界面能,降低了碳化物沉淀所需成核势垒,提供了形核点,使42CrMo钢具有更小的原奥氏体晶粒和碳化物,原奥氏体和碳化物尺寸减少约46.5%和19.4%.添加La后,42CrMo钢具有更优良的力学和摩擦磨损性能,屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率比普通钢提升了9.29%、9.48%和25.01%,磨损率降低了36.71%.稀土钢强塑性的提高得益于La对晶粒和碳化物的细化以及碳化物和基体界面柔韧性的提高.摩擦磨损性能的提升是由于碳化物和基体的柔性界面在摩擦磨损过程中起到协调变形作用,减少了微裂纹的形成和碳化物的剥离,使摩擦表面形成的自润滑膜更加致密、完整,不易破坏.此外,La减少了钢中夹杂物,也提高了稀土钢的塑性和摩擦磨损性能.

基于应力三轴度的铸态42CrMo钢高温拉伸断裂行为分析

利用Gleeble-3500型热模拟试验机对不同缺口半径(0.5,1.0,2.0,4.0 mm)的铸态42CrMo钢缺口试样进行不同温度(1223,1273,1373 K)下的热拉伸试验,基于应力三轴度分析了其高温拉伸断裂行为。结果表明:较高拉伸温度下缺口试样的流变应力较小;随着缺口半径减小,缺口试样流变应力和峰值应力增加,断裂应变减小;当缺口半径为0.5,1.0 mm时,应力三轴度最大值向最小横截面圆心转移;当缺口半径为2.0,4.0 mm时,拉伸过程中最小横截面圆心处的应力三轴度始终最大;随着缺口半径增加,应力三轴度减小;温度由1223 K升至1373 K,试样断口组织平均晶粒尺寸增大;缺口半径由0.5 mm增加至4.0 mm,平均晶粒尺寸增大,微空洞且尺寸及面积分数增加。

雾化射流对42CrMo钢车削断屑性能影响的实验研究

金属加工过程中,切屑周期性断裂有利于切削过程的稳定进行,实现高质高效加工。雾化射流是一种重要的冷却方式,把压缩空气与切削液混合并断续喷射形成雾状。与切削液溢流冷却相比,雾化射流射出的小液滴渗透性更好,冷却介质能更准确地施加到刀具前刀面和切屑内表面位置。为了探究雾化射流对42CrMo钢车削断屑性能的影响,采用三种冷却方式(干切削、切削液溢流及雾化射流)和两种进给量(0.15mm/r, 0.18mm/r)进行车削实验,对切屑的宏观长度、卷曲半径、切削力和刀—屑接触长度进行观测。在相同的进给量下,采用雾化射流冷却方式可以获得更短的切屑宏观长度、更小的切屑卷曲半径、更小的切削力、更短的刀—屑接触长度以及更小的切屑内表面粗糙度。

超声喷丸工艺参数对42CrMo钢表面质量的影响

通过单因素试验法研究了超声喷丸工艺对42CrMo超高强度钢表面质量的影响,对42CrMo钢超声喷丸处理前后的表面粗糙度、表面硬度、截面显微硬度和微观组织进行了表征分析。结果表明,随着喷丸时间的延长,表面粗糙度和表面硬度逐渐增大直至稳定,稳定值分别为1.08μm和433.60 HV;超声振幅、弹丸直径的增加和喷丸距离的减小可以有效地提升试样的超声喷丸强度,在试样表面产生更加剧烈的塑性变形,虽然提高了表面粗糙度,但是获得了深度更大的硬化层和梯度结构晶粒细化层,分别为2.8 mm和40μm。

Combined Cellular Automaton Model for Dynamic Recrystallization Evolution of 42CrMo Cast Steel

The dynamic recrystallization(DRX) simulation performance largely depends on simulated grain topological struc?tures. However, currently solutions used di erent models for describing two?dimensional(2 D) and three?dimensional(3 D) grain size distributions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more universal simulation technique. A cellular automaton(CA) model combined with an optimized topology deformation technology is proposed to simulate the microstructural evolution of 42 CrMo cast steel during DRX. In order to obtain values of material constants adopted in the CA model, hot deformation characteristics of 42 CrMo cast steel are investigated by hot compression metal?lographic testing. The proposed CA model deviates in two important aspects from the regular CA model. First, an optimized grain topology deformation technology is utilized for studying the hot compression e ect on the topology of grain deformation. Second, the overlapping grain topological structures are optimized by using an independent component analysis method, and the influence of various thermomechanical parameters on the nucleation process, grain growth kinetics, and mean grain sizes observed during DRX are explored. Experimental study shows that the average relative root mean square error(RRMSE) of the mean grain diameter obtained by the regular CA model is equal to 0.173, while the magnitude calculated using the proposed optimized CA model is only 0.11. This paper pro?poses a novel combined CA model for simulating the microstructural evolution of 42 CrMo cast steel, which notably uses a ICA?based grain topology deformation method to optimize the overlapping grain topological structures in simulation.

常规喷丸和微粒喷丸工艺对42CrMo钢表面性能的影响

为了研究常规喷丸和微粒喷丸2种工艺对42CrMo钢表面性能的影响,利用ABAQUS软件通过正交试验确定了这2种工艺对材料表面粗糙度和残余压应力层深的主次影响因素。根据正交试验的分析结果,开展了一定的实际试验验证。考虑微粒喷丸和常规喷丸的特点,针对喷丸覆盖率单因素研究了2种工艺对42CrMo钢残余应力、表面粗糙度和等效塑性应变的影响。结果表明:微粒喷丸在相同覆盖率条件下能够获得更大的残余压应力、更低的表面粗糙度和更高的等效塑性应变,但强化层深度稍浅。残余压应力的提高有助于提高材料的耐磨损和抗疲劳性能,而较低的表面粗糙度有助于降低裂纹的萌生,更高的等效塑性应变可以进一步细化晶粒,同时有利于产生残余压应力,说明微粒喷丸在机械零部件的表面强化上具有广阔的应用前景。

42CrMo与06Cr19Ni10异种钢焊接工艺研究

为了解决42CrMo和06Cr19Ni10异种钢焊接熔深不足的问题,进行异种钢焊接工艺研究。采用氩弧焊的焊接方法,焊接材料选择不锈钢焊材,并进行必要的焊前处理,焊接完成后对42CrMo与06Cr19Ni10异种钢焊接接头进行金相和硬度试验。结果表明:选用铬镍含量更高的不锈钢焊材,并对42CrMo母材进行焊前预热处理,可以获得熔合更好的焊接接头,焊缝区域硬度更加均匀。

超声振动对42CrMo铸钢管道硬度和耐磨性的影响

为了探讨超声振动对42CrMo铸钢管道硬度和耐磨性的影响,分别在激励频率为0 kHz(无超声振动)、20 kHz和25 kHz的超声振动下制备检测试样。使用Rtec摩擦试验机,获得了不同载荷条件下平均摩擦系数和摩擦稳定系数的变化规律。采用超声波清洗机对摩擦后的试样进行处理,并采用电子天平进行测量,得出磨损质量的变化规律。将硬度研究与金相观察相结合,得出了超声波振动对试样微观组织和表面硬度的影响规律。通过电子探针显微镜分析微磨损形态,结合元素分布测试结果,解释了超声振动对试样材料耐磨性的影响机理。研究表明,将超声振动应用于管道铸造的工艺过程中,可以显著提高管道的硬度、耐磨性和摩擦稳定性,特别是当激励频率为20 kHz时,管材力学性能的提升效果更显著。

42CrMo钢动态再结晶的临界条件

采用Gleeble-1500热模拟试验机对挤压态42CrMo钢进行等温热压缩实验,研究了在温度为1123～1348 K,应变速率为0.01～10 s-1条件下的动态再结晶行为。流变应力曲线对比分析表明:42CrMo钢在0.01～1 s-1的低应变速率下(除1 s-1和1123 K)发生动态再结晶型软化,在1～10 s-1的高应变速率下(含1 s-1和1123 K)发生动态回复型软化。采用加工硬化率的方法处理流变应力数据,结合lnθ-ε曲线的拐点及2(lnθ)/ε2-ε曲线的零点判据,研究42CrMo钢热塑性变形中动态再结晶发生的临界条件。结果表明:所有压缩试样均发生了动态再结晶;增加应变速率及降低变形温度会抑制动态再结晶的发生。进一步引入表征动态再结晶临界条件的临界应变模型,建立了临界条件与各热力参数之间的数学关系。验证表明该模型相对误差不超过7.8%。

42CrMo钢铸造环坯辗扩成形理论与工艺分析

与目前常用的环类零件生产工艺相比,基于环形铸坯的短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺具有节约材料和能源、缩短工艺流程等优点。以轴承环件常用的42CrMo钢为研究对象,探讨基于环形铸坯的轴承环件辗扩成形机理和工艺。借助于热力模拟试验和组织测试分析,揭示42CrMo钢在热变形条件下组织演变机理和规律;通过理论分析与数值模拟,研究铸坯环件辗扩成形过程中变形工艺参数及其对金属变形和组织演变规律的影响,实现环形零件铸辗复合成形/成性一体化调控;在洛阳LYC轴承股份有限公司,完成轴承套圈铸辗复合成形工业试验。试件的力学性能测试结果表明,这种短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺生产的环形零件具有良好的力学性能指标,可满足工业使用要求。

42CrMo钢加热时奥氏体晶粒长大演化规律

对42CrMo钢在不同加热温度(850~1150℃)和保温时间(0~1200 s)下的奥氏体晶粒长大规律进行了研究。采用金相定量法对加热后材料的奥氏体晶粒度进行测量,建立42CrMo钢加热时奥氏体晶粒长大演化模型。结果表明:奥氏体晶粒尺寸随加热温度升高呈指数关系长大,随保温时间的延长呈近似抛物线形式长大;利用基于唯象理论的Sellars模型,通过非线性回归方法建立42CrMo钢加热时奥氏体晶粒长大演化模型;将该模型导入有限元软件中预报42Cr Mo钢加热时奥氏体晶粒变化,预报结果与实验结果吻合,验证了该模型的正确性。

基于铸辗复合成形的42CrMo钢环坯铸造工艺与试验研究

针对目前环形零件生产工艺流程长,加热次数多,浪费材料和能源等问题,提出和研究环形零件短流程铸辗复合成形新工艺。该工艺采用铸造环坯直接辗扩成形,具有节能、节材和缩短工艺流程等优点。在这种新工艺中,环坯的铸造质量、组织和力学性能对后续的辗扩工艺和环形零件组织、性能具有重要的影响。以轴承环件常用的42CrMo钢为研究对象,通过理论分析和模拟研究,提出高质量环形铸坯铸造工艺;并进行实际工业试验。通过试验研究和性能测试,表明该铸造工艺生产的环形铸坯具有良好的质量、组织和力学性能,可以为轴承环件铸辗复合成形提供高质量的铸坯。

42CrMo钢热加工图的建立与热辗扩成形工艺

以铸态42CrMo 钢为研究对象，通过分析其热压缩应力-应变曲线，计算建立该钢不同应变时的热加工图。应变较小的热加工图中，微观组织演变机制在1100～1150℃、0.1～1 s-1范围为动态再结晶，在950～1050℃、1～10 s-1范围内为动态回复；随着应变的增大，动态回复和再结晶发生的温度和应变速率范围扩大，从而确定该钢最佳热辗扩温度和应变速率范围。结合该钢环形铸坯的热辗扩工艺试验，分析辗扩比、驱动辊速度和芯辊进给速度对辗扩件质量的影响，以及辗扩工艺参数对环件内部微观组织演变和最终晶粒组织的影响。分析结果和辗扩试验环件的检测结果都表明，用该钢环形铸坯直接进行辗扩成形生产环形零件，不仅可以获得精确的形状尺寸，而且可使环形铸坯得到充分变形，改善铸态组织、细化晶粒，获得内部微观组织和力学性能满足要求的环件。