Background: Cesarean section (CS) has increased steadily over the last decade, with an estimated one-third of women delivering by cesarean section worldwide. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the demographic a...Background: Cesarean section (CS) has increased steadily over the last decade, with an estimated one-third of women delivering by cesarean section worldwide. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the demographic and associated factors influencing vaginal birth after one cesarean (VBAC-1) success focusing on variables like pre-pregnancy BMI, diabetes, hypertension, education, and smoking. Study Design and Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 285 cases (81 unsuccessful VBAC-1, 204 successful VBAC-1) from San Juan City Hospital (Puerto Rico) between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. We used odds ratios and model selection comparison to assess the impact of variables on successful VBAC-1, using a significance threshold of 95% CI. Model selection assessed binomial model combinations using a generalized linear approach to identify key risk factors. Results: Unsuccessful VBAC-1 (a repeat cesarean), was associated with diabetes (OR: 0.376, p = 0.086), hypertension (OR: 0.23, p = 0.006), and university-educated women (OR: 1.372, p = 0.711). High school-educated women had an OR of 3.966 (p = 0.105), while overweight women were 0.481 times more likely to have unsuccessful VBAC-1 (p = 0.041). Significant associations were not found with obesity (OR: 0.574, p = 0.122), underweight/normal (OR: 1.01, p = 0.810), or smoking (OR: 1.227, p = 0.990). Conclusion: Results revealed women with higher education levels, hypertension, or diabetes are less likely to have a successful VBAC-1. Understanding the complex interactions affecting these outcomes is aimed at establishing guidelines for healthcare professionals to conduct systematic risk/benefit assessments. This study lays a foundation for evidence-based practices and policies, offering initial insights into VBAC-1 success factors in Puerto Rico.展开更多
Introduction: Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) plays an essential role in lowering cesarean rates. Despite endorsement, trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) attempt rates remain low, in part due to fear of lawsuit...Introduction: Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) plays an essential role in lowering cesarean rates. Despite endorsement, trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) attempt rates remain low, in part due to fear of lawsuits. Zavanelli maneuver is a last resort procedure in the management of shoulder dystocia. We discuss a case of a woman determined to have a vaginal birth after her prior birth was complicated by shoulder dystocia requiring a Zavanelli maneuver. Her physicians were reluctant to allow her a TOLAC given her prior obstetric history. Case: A 34-year-old para 1 with prior cesarean delivery due to shoulder dystocia that required Zavanelli maneuver presents determined to pursue VBAC in her current pregnancy. She considered her delivery route options and addressed her modifiable risk factors. She consulted with multiple perinatologists who agreed that a TOLAC was reasonable, however she had to travel more than 70 miles (from Pennsylvania to New Jersey) to find an obstetrical practice and hospital willing to consider VBAC. She transferred care and the remainder of her prenatal course was uncomplicated. She went into labor at 41 weeks and had a successful VBAC without complication. In a thank you letter to her obstetrician, she described her birth experience as euphoric. Conclusion: This case illustrates how a woman’s choice of delivery route may be impacted by fear of litigation. Local providers focused on her prior delivery instead of her overall improved risk profile. Delivery route decisions should be based on a thorough evaluation of all risk factors and individualized to meet the reproductive goals of each woman. .展开更多
Objective: With the aging population and changes in lifestyle, lumbar spinal stenosis has become a common spinal disorder. Treatment modalities have been advancing, and the application of Enhanced Recovery After Surge...Objective: With the aging population and changes in lifestyle, lumbar spinal stenosis has become a common spinal disorder. Treatment modalities have been advancing, and the application of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) principles provides a new approach to postoperative recovery in patients. This study aims to investigate the clinical application effects of ERAS principles in single-level lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Methods: This study included 64 patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery in the Spinal Surgery Department of Baise People’s Hospital from July 2022 to July 2024. These patients were divided into an experimental group (ERAS group, 33 cases) and a control group (conventional group, 31 cases) based on perioperative care, receiving ERAS principles and traditional treatment, respectively. A comparison was made between the two groups in terms of gender, age, BMI, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, hospital costs, VAS scores (preoperative/postoperative day 3), and ODI scores (preoperative/postoperative day 3). Results: There were no significant differences in gender, age, and BMI between the ERAS group and the conventional group (gender: χ2 = 0.5008, P = 0.4792;age: 54.55 ± 8.51 years vs. 57.39 ± 8.16 years, P = 0.0892;BMI: 25.11 ± 2.70 vs. 24.77 ± 2.75, P = 0.3098). However, during surgery, patients in the ERAS group had significantly less blood loss than those in the conventional group (197.58 ± 195.51ml vs. 438.71 ± 349.22 ml, P = 0.0006), and the postoperative length of hospital stay was significantly shorter (7.00 ± 2.24 days vs. 11.55 ± 5.23 days, P = 0.0000). On postoperative day 3, VAS scores were significantly better in the ERAS group compared to the conventional group (3.70 ± 0.88 vs. 4.32 ± 0.87, P = 0.0031), and the ODI scores showed significant improvement as well (46.00 ± 3.04 vs. 48.00 ± 3.39, P = 0.0078). Although there were no significant differences in postoperative complications and hospital costs (complications: 3 cases vs. 0 cases, P = 0.2154;hospital costs: 63524.29 ± 17891.80 RMB vs. 58733.84 ± 13280.82 RMB, P = 0.1154), ERAS demonstrated better postoperative recovery outcomes in single-level lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Conclusion: The study results support the implementation of ERAS principles in single-level lumbar spinal stenosis surgery to promote rapid recovery, reduce healthcare resource consumption, and improve overall patient satisfaction.展开更多
世界英语背景下本族语标准不断受到挑战,一线教学面临诸多迷惑。English After RP:Standard British Pronunciation Today(Lindsey 2019)一书指出RP在英国已经死亡,这要求外语教学界回应语音教学中的两个突出问题:应采用何种语音标准来...世界英语背景下本族语标准不断受到挑战,一线教学面临诸多迷惑。English After RP:Standard British Pronunciation Today(Lindsey 2019)一书指出RP在英国已经死亡,这要求外语教学界回应语音教学中的两个突出问题:应采用何种语音标准来教授?该标准对现有课程框架的教学内容及教学重点将产生怎样的影响?中国及世界英语教学理论与实践的研究表明,以传播中国,沟通世界为目的的中国外语教学,应该理性地选择世界范围内认可度最高的规范作为教授标准,并与时俱进,更新教学内容;从评价输出角度来说,应转变教学理念,聚焦信息交流的可理解度,将教学重点转向韵律。师生均需拓宽视野,培养世界胸怀,培养国际交流中对待地域及社会变体的积极的语言态度。展开更多
Background: Trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC) has long been accepted as a safe option for women with previous cesarean delivery. Previous efforts have been exerted in trials to predict the success rates o...Background: Trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC) has long been accepted as a safe option for women with previous cesarean delivery. Previous efforts have been exerted in trials to predict the success rates of TOLAC according to specific parameters related to previous cesarean section and before TOLAC. We aimed to investigate the different indications of previous cesarean delivery as independent predictors for successful vaginal birth. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Armed Forces Hospitals of the Southern Region between December 15, 2019, and July 1, 2020. The included 566 patients with previous cesarean section who were willing to undergo a trial of labor were divided into two groups according to the success of vaginal birth (VBAC). Results: The nonrecurring indications for previous cesarean delivery were higher in the successful group (fetal distress 54.7% vs 41.1%, malpresentation 26% vs 21.4%, multifetal pregnancy 3.8% vs 2.7%). Additionally, the successful VBAC group had a significantly higher percentage of previous successful VBAC (47.7% vs 21.9%) and prior vaginal deliveries (58.5% vs 44.2%) and less coincidence of medical disorders and meconium-stained liquor (18.1% vs 26.3% and 3.2% vs 8.2%, respectively) than the unsuccessful group. Conclusion: During counseling regarding trial of labor after cesarean section, indications for previous cesarean section not related to arrest of labor can predict higher success of VBAC. Moreover, previous successful vaginal delivery or VBAC improves the success rates.展开更多
Background: The success rate of vaginal birth after cesarean section with a single cesarean scar is greater than 50%, the lack of the information about the safety of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery pushes most o...Background: The success rate of vaginal birth after cesarean section with a single cesarean scar is greater than 50%, the lack of the information about the safety of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery pushes most of obstetricians to increase the num ber of cesarean sections following a previous cesarean section. Guidelines for Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) indicate that TOLAC offers women with no contraindications and one previous transverse low-segment cesarean. The objective of the current study was to study the outcome of trial of labour after caesarean section (TOLAC), the indications for emergency repeat cesarean section and to determine the maternal and fetal prognosis in vaginal birth after caesarian section (VBAC) at Tshikaji Mission Hospital. Patients, Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study of the records of 126 women were selected to undergo the TOLAC in the department of gynecology and obstetrics at the Tshikaji Mission Hospital over the period from January 1<sup>st</sup> to December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2021. The data on demography, antenatal care, labour and delivery and outcomes were collected from the maternity unit of this hospital. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 2.0. Results: The TOLAC in 126 studied women. The course of work allowed vaginal delivery 107 parturient women, a success rate of successful VBAC of 85% after the TOLAC. The repeat emergency cesarean section was necessary for delivery in 15% of cases for failed TOLAC. There was no maternal mortality, but we recorded one fetal death or 0.8% of perinatal mortality, 2 cases of cicatricial dehiscence, the incidence of 1.6%. Maternal morbidity after delivery on cicatricial uterus was dominated by postpartum hemorrhages, with 19 cases or 15.1% of cases. Cervical dilatation of more than 3 cm at the time of admission, the parity more than 3 and were the significant factors in favor of a successful VBAC. Birth weight of more than 3500 g, fetal distress and malpresentation were associated with a lower success rate of VBAC. The TOLAC in selected cases has great importance in the present era of the rising rate of primary CS especially in rural areas. Conclusion: Pregnancy on a cicatricial uterus represents a high-risk pregnancy. Trial of VBAC in selected cases has great importance in the present era of the rising rate of primary CS especially in rural areas. There is a significantly high vaginal birth after caesarian section (VBAC) success rate among selected women undergoing trial of scar in Tshikaji Hospital. TOLAC remains the option for childbirth in low resource settings as Kasai region in DRC. Adequate patient education and counselling in addition to appropriate patient selection for TOLAC remain the cornerstone to achieving high VBAC success rate.展开更多
AIM: To study the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program at a large University Hospital from “pilot study” to “standard of care”.
In this paper, we take occurrence process of early strong aftershocks of a main after shock type′s earthquake sequence as a complex grey system, and introduce predicting method for its stronger aftershocks by grey p...In this paper, we take occurrence process of early strong aftershocks of a main after shock type′s earthquake sequence as a complex grey system, and introduce predicting method for its stronger aftershocks by grey predicting theory. Through inspection prediction for 1998 Zhangbei M S=6.2 earthquake sequence, it shows that the grey predicting method maybe has active significance for the investigation of quick response prediction problems of stronger aftershocks of an earthquake sequence.展开更多
The three worlds after the human world in The Journey to the West, in spite of their religious elements, their implicit moralizing, and their involved allegory, hold up a mirror to the social vices of the author's...The three worlds after the human world in The Journey to the West, in spite of their religious elements, their implicit moralizing, and their involved allegory, hold up a mirror to the social vices of the author's day, showing on the one hand the corruption, injustice, ava rice, lust, faction, perfidiousness and cruelty among the ruling classes, and on the other hand the miseries of the oppressed.展开更多
Colorectal resection was traditionally associated with significant morbidity and prolonged stay in hospital.Laparoscopic colorectal resection was first described in 1991 as a minimally invasive form of colorectal surg...Colorectal resection was traditionally associated with significant morbidity and prolonged stay in hospital.Laparoscopic colorectal resection was first described in 1991 as a minimally invasive form of colorectal surgery.It was later on assessed by multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis and was found to be associated with a faster recovery,lower complication rates and a shorter stay in hospital compared with open resection.To assess the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on postoperative length of stay after elective colorectal resections,a literature review was conducted,supplemented by the results of 111 ERAS colorectal resections at regional NWS Hospital using a protocol based on the Fast Track approach described by Kehlet in 1999.ERAS has been shown to improve postoperative recovery,reduce length of stay and enhance early return to normal function when compared with traditional colorectal surgical protocols.The role of laparoscopic surgery in colorectal resections within a fast-track (ERAS) program is controversial.The current evidence suggests that within such a program,there is no difference between laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery in terms of postoperative recovery rates or length of hospital stay.展开更多
文摘Background: Cesarean section (CS) has increased steadily over the last decade, with an estimated one-third of women delivering by cesarean section worldwide. Objective: Our study aimed to investigate the demographic and associated factors influencing vaginal birth after one cesarean (VBAC-1) success focusing on variables like pre-pregnancy BMI, diabetes, hypertension, education, and smoking. Study Design and Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 285 cases (81 unsuccessful VBAC-1, 204 successful VBAC-1) from San Juan City Hospital (Puerto Rico) between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2020. We used odds ratios and model selection comparison to assess the impact of variables on successful VBAC-1, using a significance threshold of 95% CI. Model selection assessed binomial model combinations using a generalized linear approach to identify key risk factors. Results: Unsuccessful VBAC-1 (a repeat cesarean), was associated with diabetes (OR: 0.376, p = 0.086), hypertension (OR: 0.23, p = 0.006), and university-educated women (OR: 1.372, p = 0.711). High school-educated women had an OR of 3.966 (p = 0.105), while overweight women were 0.481 times more likely to have unsuccessful VBAC-1 (p = 0.041). Significant associations were not found with obesity (OR: 0.574, p = 0.122), underweight/normal (OR: 1.01, p = 0.810), or smoking (OR: 1.227, p = 0.990). Conclusion: Results revealed women with higher education levels, hypertension, or diabetes are less likely to have a successful VBAC-1. Understanding the complex interactions affecting these outcomes is aimed at establishing guidelines for healthcare professionals to conduct systematic risk/benefit assessments. This study lays a foundation for evidence-based practices and policies, offering initial insights into VBAC-1 success factors in Puerto Rico.
文摘Introduction: Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) plays an essential role in lowering cesarean rates. Despite endorsement, trial of labor after cesarean (TOLAC) attempt rates remain low, in part due to fear of lawsuits. Zavanelli maneuver is a last resort procedure in the management of shoulder dystocia. We discuss a case of a woman determined to have a vaginal birth after her prior birth was complicated by shoulder dystocia requiring a Zavanelli maneuver. Her physicians were reluctant to allow her a TOLAC given her prior obstetric history. Case: A 34-year-old para 1 with prior cesarean delivery due to shoulder dystocia that required Zavanelli maneuver presents determined to pursue VBAC in her current pregnancy. She considered her delivery route options and addressed her modifiable risk factors. She consulted with multiple perinatologists who agreed that a TOLAC was reasonable, however she had to travel more than 70 miles (from Pennsylvania to New Jersey) to find an obstetrical practice and hospital willing to consider VBAC. She transferred care and the remainder of her prenatal course was uncomplicated. She went into labor at 41 weeks and had a successful VBAC without complication. In a thank you letter to her obstetrician, she described her birth experience as euphoric. Conclusion: This case illustrates how a woman’s choice of delivery route may be impacted by fear of litigation. Local providers focused on her prior delivery instead of her overall improved risk profile. Delivery route decisions should be based on a thorough evaluation of all risk factors and individualized to meet the reproductive goals of each woman. .
文摘Objective: With the aging population and changes in lifestyle, lumbar spinal stenosis has become a common spinal disorder. Treatment modalities have been advancing, and the application of Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) principles provides a new approach to postoperative recovery in patients. This study aims to investigate the clinical application effects of ERAS principles in single-level lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Methods: This study included 64 patients who underwent lumbar fusion surgery in the Spinal Surgery Department of Baise People’s Hospital from July 2022 to July 2024. These patients were divided into an experimental group (ERAS group, 33 cases) and a control group (conventional group, 31 cases) based on perioperative care, receiving ERAS principles and traditional treatment, respectively. A comparison was made between the two groups in terms of gender, age, BMI, intraoperative blood loss, postoperative length of hospital stay, postoperative complications, hospital costs, VAS scores (preoperative/postoperative day 3), and ODI scores (preoperative/postoperative day 3). Results: There were no significant differences in gender, age, and BMI between the ERAS group and the conventional group (gender: χ2 = 0.5008, P = 0.4792;age: 54.55 ± 8.51 years vs. 57.39 ± 8.16 years, P = 0.0892;BMI: 25.11 ± 2.70 vs. 24.77 ± 2.75, P = 0.3098). However, during surgery, patients in the ERAS group had significantly less blood loss than those in the conventional group (197.58 ± 195.51ml vs. 438.71 ± 349.22 ml, P = 0.0006), and the postoperative length of hospital stay was significantly shorter (7.00 ± 2.24 days vs. 11.55 ± 5.23 days, P = 0.0000). On postoperative day 3, VAS scores were significantly better in the ERAS group compared to the conventional group (3.70 ± 0.88 vs. 4.32 ± 0.87, P = 0.0031), and the ODI scores showed significant improvement as well (46.00 ± 3.04 vs. 48.00 ± 3.39, P = 0.0078). Although there were no significant differences in postoperative complications and hospital costs (complications: 3 cases vs. 0 cases, P = 0.2154;hospital costs: 63524.29 ± 17891.80 RMB vs. 58733.84 ± 13280.82 RMB, P = 0.1154), ERAS demonstrated better postoperative recovery outcomes in single-level lumbar spinal stenosis surgery. Conclusion: The study results support the implementation of ERAS principles in single-level lumbar spinal stenosis surgery to promote rapid recovery, reduce healthcare resource consumption, and improve overall patient satisfaction.
文摘世界英语背景下本族语标准不断受到挑战,一线教学面临诸多迷惑。English After RP:Standard British Pronunciation Today(Lindsey 2019)一书指出RP在英国已经死亡,这要求外语教学界回应语音教学中的两个突出问题:应采用何种语音标准来教授?该标准对现有课程框架的教学内容及教学重点将产生怎样的影响?中国及世界英语教学理论与实践的研究表明,以传播中国,沟通世界为目的的中国外语教学,应该理性地选择世界范围内认可度最高的规范作为教授标准,并与时俱进,更新教学内容;从评价输出角度来说,应转变教学理念,聚焦信息交流的可理解度,将教学重点转向韵律。师生均需拓宽视野,培养世界胸怀,培养国际交流中对待地域及社会变体的积极的语言态度。
文摘Background: Trial of labor after cesarean delivery (TOLAC) has long been accepted as a safe option for women with previous cesarean delivery. Previous efforts have been exerted in trials to predict the success rates of TOLAC according to specific parameters related to previous cesarean section and before TOLAC. We aimed to investigate the different indications of previous cesarean delivery as independent predictors for successful vaginal birth. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in Armed Forces Hospitals of the Southern Region between December 15, 2019, and July 1, 2020. The included 566 patients with previous cesarean section who were willing to undergo a trial of labor were divided into two groups according to the success of vaginal birth (VBAC). Results: The nonrecurring indications for previous cesarean delivery were higher in the successful group (fetal distress 54.7% vs 41.1%, malpresentation 26% vs 21.4%, multifetal pregnancy 3.8% vs 2.7%). Additionally, the successful VBAC group had a significantly higher percentage of previous successful VBAC (47.7% vs 21.9%) and prior vaginal deliveries (58.5% vs 44.2%) and less coincidence of medical disorders and meconium-stained liquor (18.1% vs 26.3% and 3.2% vs 8.2%, respectively) than the unsuccessful group. Conclusion: During counseling regarding trial of labor after cesarean section, indications for previous cesarean section not related to arrest of labor can predict higher success of VBAC. Moreover, previous successful vaginal delivery or VBAC improves the success rates.
文摘Background: The success rate of vaginal birth after cesarean section with a single cesarean scar is greater than 50%, the lack of the information about the safety of vaginal birth after cesarean delivery pushes most of obstetricians to increase the num ber of cesarean sections following a previous cesarean section. Guidelines for Vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) indicate that TOLAC offers women with no contraindications and one previous transverse low-segment cesarean. The objective of the current study was to study the outcome of trial of labour after caesarean section (TOLAC), the indications for emergency repeat cesarean section and to determine the maternal and fetal prognosis in vaginal birth after caesarian section (VBAC) at Tshikaji Mission Hospital. Patients, Material and Methods: This is a retrospective study of the records of 126 women were selected to undergo the TOLAC in the department of gynecology and obstetrics at the Tshikaji Mission Hospital over the period from January 1<sup>st</sup> to December 31<sup>st</sup>, 2021. The data on demography, antenatal care, labour and delivery and outcomes were collected from the maternity unit of this hospital. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 2.0. Results: The TOLAC in 126 studied women. The course of work allowed vaginal delivery 107 parturient women, a success rate of successful VBAC of 85% after the TOLAC. The repeat emergency cesarean section was necessary for delivery in 15% of cases for failed TOLAC. There was no maternal mortality, but we recorded one fetal death or 0.8% of perinatal mortality, 2 cases of cicatricial dehiscence, the incidence of 1.6%. Maternal morbidity after delivery on cicatricial uterus was dominated by postpartum hemorrhages, with 19 cases or 15.1% of cases. Cervical dilatation of more than 3 cm at the time of admission, the parity more than 3 and were the significant factors in favor of a successful VBAC. Birth weight of more than 3500 g, fetal distress and malpresentation were associated with a lower success rate of VBAC. The TOLAC in selected cases has great importance in the present era of the rising rate of primary CS especially in rural areas. Conclusion: Pregnancy on a cicatricial uterus represents a high-risk pregnancy. Trial of VBAC in selected cases has great importance in the present era of the rising rate of primary CS especially in rural areas. There is a significantly high vaginal birth after caesarian section (VBAC) success rate among selected women undergoing trial of scar in Tshikaji Hospital. TOLAC remains the option for childbirth in low resource settings as Kasai region in DRC. Adequate patient education and counselling in addition to appropriate patient selection for TOLAC remain the cornerstone to achieving high VBAC success rate.
文摘AIM: To study the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program at a large University Hospital from “pilot study” to “standard of care”.
文摘In this paper, we take occurrence process of early strong aftershocks of a main after shock type′s earthquake sequence as a complex grey system, and introduce predicting method for its stronger aftershocks by grey predicting theory. Through inspection prediction for 1998 Zhangbei M S=6.2 earthquake sequence, it shows that the grey predicting method maybe has active significance for the investigation of quick response prediction problems of stronger aftershocks of an earthquake sequence.
文摘The three worlds after the human world in The Journey to the West, in spite of their religious elements, their implicit moralizing, and their involved allegory, hold up a mirror to the social vices of the author's day, showing on the one hand the corruption, injustice, ava rice, lust, faction, perfidiousness and cruelty among the ruling classes, and on the other hand the miseries of the oppressed.
文摘Colorectal resection was traditionally associated with significant morbidity and prolonged stay in hospital.Laparoscopic colorectal resection was first described in 1991 as a minimally invasive form of colorectal surgery.It was later on assessed by multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analysis and was found to be associated with a faster recovery,lower complication rates and a shorter stay in hospital compared with open resection.To assess the effect of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) program on postoperative length of stay after elective colorectal resections,a literature review was conducted,supplemented by the results of 111 ERAS colorectal resections at regional NWS Hospital using a protocol based on the Fast Track approach described by Kehlet in 1999.ERAS has been shown to improve postoperative recovery,reduce length of stay and enhance early return to normal function when compared with traditional colorectal surgical protocols.The role of laparoscopic surgery in colorectal resections within a fast-track (ERAS) program is controversial.The current evidence suggests that within such a program,there is no difference between laparoscopic and open colorectal surgery in terms of postoperative recovery rates or length of hospital stay.
