Causal association of obesity-related anthropometric traits with myopia and the mediating role of educational attainment:a Mendelian randomization study

AIM:To study the causal relationship between obesityrelated anthropometric traits and myopia and the mediating role of educational attainment(EA).METHODS:Univariable Mendelian randomization(UVMR)was performed to evaluate the causal association between body mass index(BMI),height,waist-hip ratio(WHR,adjusted for BMI),and mean spherical equivalent(MSE).BMI was divided into fat and fat-free mass and included in multivariable Mendelian randomization(MVMR)to explore the roles of different BMI components in the causal relationship between BMI and MSE.A mediation analysis based on two-step Mendelian randomization(MR)was carried out.Specifically,UVMR was conducted to estimate the causal effect of BMI on EA.The direct effect of EA on MSE was estimated from MVMR.The mediation effect of EA in the BMI-EA-MSE model was calculated by the product of coefficients method.Expression quantitative trait loci(eQTL)-MR,reverse MR,and Linkage Disequilibrium Score Regression(LDSC)were performed to assess the robustness.RESULTS:Genetically predicted higher BMI had a positive total effect on MSE(βIVW=0.26 D,95%CI=0.14 to 0.37 D,P<0.001),whereas there was no significant association between height,WHR,and MSE.Fat mass was found to play a significant role in the effect of body mass on MSE(βIVW=0.50 D,95%CI=0.21 to 0.78 D,P=0.001),but there was no significant association between fat-free mass and MSE.The causal effect of BMI on EA was-0.14(95%CI=-0.16 to-0.11,P<0.001),and the direct effect of EA on MSE was-0.63 D(95%CI=-0.81 to-0.44 D,P<0.001).The mediating effect of EA in the BMI-EA-MSE model was 0.09 D(95%CI=0.06 to 0.12 D),with a mediation proportion of 33%(95%CI=22.1%to 44.6%).No reverse causal associations were detected except for BMI on EA.The results of eQTL-MR and LDSC were consistent with each MR analysis.CONCLUSION:Genetically predicted higher BMI decreases the degree of myopia with a 33%mediation proportion by EA,and fat mass provides a dominant protective role in body mass-myopia.As a supplement to previous observational studies,it provides strong evidence for the relationship between anthropometric traits and refractive errors and offers a theoretical basis for future measures to prevent and control myopia.

Investigating the causal associations between five anthropometric indicators and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease:Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Although the etiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)has not been thoroughly understood,the emerging roles of anthropometric indicators in assessing and predicting the risk of NAFLD have been highlighted by accumulating evidence.AIM To evaluate the causal relationships between five anthropometric indicators and NAFLD employing Mendelian randomization(MR)design.METHODS The Anthropometric Consortium provided genetic exposure data for five anthropometric indicators,including hip circumference(HC),waist circumference(WC),waist-to-hip ratio(WHR),body mass index(BMI),and body fat percentage(BF).Genetic outcome data for NAFLD were obtained from the United Kingdom Biobank and FinnGen Consortium.Genome-wide significant single nucleotide polymorphisms were chosen as instrumental variables.Univariable MR(UVMR)and multivariable MR(MVMR)designs with analytical approaches,including inverse variance weighted(IVW),MR-Egger,weighted median(WM),and weighted mode methods,were used to assess the causal relationships between anthropometric indicators and NAFLD.RESULTS Causal relationships were revealed by UVMR,indicating that a higher risk of NAFLD was associated with a perunit increase in WC[IVW:odds ratio(OR)=2.67,95%CI:1.42-5.02,P=2.25×10^(−3)],and BF was causally associated with an increased risk of NAFLD(WM:OR=2.23,95%CI:1.07-4.66,P=0.033).The presence of causal effects of WC on the decreased risk of NAFLD was supported by MVMR after adjusting for BMI and smoking.However,no causal association between BF and NAFLD was observed.In addition,other causal relationships of HC,WHR(BMI adjusted),and BMI with the risk of NAFLD were not retained after FDR correction.CONCLUSION This study establishes a causal relationship,indicating that an increase in WC is associated with a higher risk of NAFLD.This demonstrates that a suitable decrease in WC is advantageous for preventing NAFLD.

Personalized HRTF Prediction Based on Light GBM Using Anthropometric Data

This paper proposes a personalized headrelated transfer function(HRTF)prediction method based on Light GBM using anthropometric data.Considering the overfitting problems of the current training-based prediction methods,we use Light GBM and a specific network structure to prevent over-fitting and enhance the prediction performance.By decomposing and combining the data to be predicted,we set up 90 Light GBM models to separately predict the 90instants of HRTF in log domain.At the same time,the method of 10-fold cross-validation is used to score the accuracy of the model.For models with scores below 80 points,Bayesian optimization is used to adjust model hyperparameters to obtain a better model structure.The results obtained by Light GBM are evaluated with spectral distortion(SD)which can show the fitting error between the prediction and the original data.The mean SD values of both ears on the whole test set are 2.32 d B and 2.28 d B respectively.Compared with the non-linear regression method and the latest method,SD value of Light GBM-based method relatively decreases by 83.8%and 48.5%.

Estimating Anthropometric Soft Biometrics:An Empirical Method

Following the success of soft biometrics over traditional biomet-rics,anthropometric soft biometrics are emerging as candidate features for recognition or retrieval using an image/video.Anthropometric soft biometrics uses a quantitative mode of annotation which is a relatively better method for annotation than qualitative annotations adopted by traditional biometrics.However,one of the most challenging tasks is to achieve a higher level of accuracy while estimating anthropometric soft biometrics using an image or video.The level of accuracy is usually affected by several contextual factors such as overlapping body components,an angle from the camera,and ambient conditions.Exploring and developing such a collection of anthropometric soft biometrics that are less sensitive to contextual factors and are relatively easy to estimate using an image or video is a potential research domain and it has a lot of value for improved recognition or retrieval.For this purpose,anthro-pometric soft biometrics,which are originally geometric measurements of the human body,can be computed with ease and higher accuracy using landmarks information from the human body.To this end,several key contributions are made in this paper;i)summarizing a range of human body pose estimation tools used to localize dozens of different multi-modality landmarks from the human body,ii)a critical evaluation of the usefulness of anthropometric soft biometrics in recognition or retrieval tasks using state of the art in the field,iii)an investigation on several benchmark human body anthropometric datasets and their usefulness for the evaluation of any anthropometric soft biometric system,and iv)finally,a novel bag of anthropometric soft biomet-rics containing a list of anthropometrics is presented those are practically possible to measure from an image or video.To the best of our knowledge,anthropometric soft biometrics are potential features for improved seamless recognition or retrieval in both constrained and unconstrained scenarios and they also minimize the approximation level of feature value estimation than traditional biometrics.In our opinion,anthropometric soft biometrics constitutes a practical approach for recognition using closed-circuit television(CCTV)or retrieval from the image dataset,while the bag of anthropometric soft biometrics presented contains a potential collection of biometric features which are less sensitive to contextual factors.

Clinical and Anthropometric Evolution of People Living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus during 6 Months of Dolutegravir Treatment in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo

Background: AntiRetroViral Treatment (ART) remains an important tool for reducing morbidity and mortality and improving the quality of life of people living with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (PLHIV). Under the pressure of ART, several parameters of PLHIV change and are the subject of different evaluations. Objective: The objective of this work was to study the clinical and anthropometric evolution of PLHIV after 6 months of ART based on Dolutegravir (DTG). Methods: The present study was a non-interventional prospective cohort to assess the clinical and anthropometric evolution of PLHIV after 6 months of ART in the Ambulatory Treatment Center (CTA) for HIV in Kinshasa. The patients included were followed for 6 months in compliance with the schedule promulgated by the National Program. The parameters of interest were: Age, Sex, Marital Status, Weight, Height, Body Mass Index and Clinical Status. Results: On inclusion, 119 patients (56.3% women;43.7% men) were selected. During the consultation appointments, 42 patients (66.7% women;33.3% men) were present at M1, 37 patients (70.3% women;29.7% men) at M3, and 67 patients (61.3% women and 38.7% men) in M6. On inclusion, 41.5% of patients were at Stage 3 and 47.0% had a normal clinical condition. In M1, 48.7% of patients were at Stage 1 and 65.8% had a normal clinical condition. At M3, 41.7% of patients were at Stage 3 and 67.6% had a normal clinical condition. At M6, 61.8% of patients were at Stage 3 and 67.9% had a normal clinical condition. On D0, 45.5% of patients were in the 45 to 55 kg range and 56.5% had a normal Body Mass Index (BMI). At M1, 45.7% were in the 45 to 55 kg range and 50.0% had a normal BMI. At M3, 34.4% were in the 45 to 55 kg range and 64.3% had a normal BMI. At M6, 31.8% were in the range of 45 to 55 kg and, respectively, 37.5% of patients were lean and had a normal BMI. Conclusion: The clinical and anthropometric parameters evolve in saw tooth. Improvements are easily visible up to the third month of AntiRetroViral Treatment (ART). At the sixth month, with the pressure of the infection by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the evolution of the patients is compromised.

Anthropometric Breast Measurements: Analysis of the Average Breast in the Mexican Female Population

Introduction: The elements and perception of beauty vary between populations around the world. To obtain better results, surgical techniques should be planned based on anthropometric characteristics of the race, location, and body mass index (BMI). Objectives: To determine which are the standard measurements and anatomical proportions of the breast in a healthy Mexican women population. Materials and Methods: Female Mexican volunteers between 20 and 60 years of age, without any history of breast illness or breast surgery were studied. Demographic information and standard breast anthropometric measurements were collected manually by one of the authors. For the statistical analysis a Student-T test was performed, and the Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained using the latest version of SPSS software. Results: 78 volunteers were included in the analysis. Mean height, weight and BMI were 1.6 m, 68.9 Kg, and 26.6 Kg/m2 respectively. The mean anthropometric values found were: Supra Sternal notch to nipple distance (SSN:N) 22 cm, Breast volume (BV) 372.6 cm3, Upper breast pole length (UBPL) 11 cm, Lower Breast Pole length (LBPL) 7.7 cm, Midline to Nipple distance (ML:N) 10.2 cm, Transverse diameter of the Nipple areola complex (NAC-T) 4.1 cm, Height of the Nipple Areola Complex (NAC-H) 4.1 cm, Base of the breast (BB) 13.4 cm, Upper Pole to Lower Pole Ratio (UPP:LPP) 58.9:41.1. A statistically significant difference between Right and left breast was not found. The UPP/ LPP ratio in our population is far different from what is considered internationally aesthetic (45:55). A positive correlation was found between weight/ BMI and SSN:N, BV, BB, ML:N and LBPL. Also between age and SSN:N, LBPL, BV and BB. Conclusion: This study sets the Anthropometric grounds in Mexican population for an objective individual patient analysis and comparison with the female population of this and other nations.

Correlation of serum leptin levels with anthropometric and metabolic parameters and biochemical liver function in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection

AIM: To determine serum leptin levels and investigate their correlations with anthropometric and metabolic parameters and biochemical liver function in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and their potential clinical implications.METHODS: Forty-two chronic HCV-infected patients without anti-viral treatment were enrolled in this study, 30 patients had chronic hepatitis C, 10 had cirrhosis, and 2 had hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals served as controls. Serum leptin levels were determined by ELISA. The biochemical liver function and serum lipids were determined at the same time. The height and body weight of patients and controls were measured, and body mass index (BMI) and body fat were calculated simultaneously. The correlations of serum leptin levels with anthropometric and metabolic parameters and biochemical liver function were assessed statistically.RESULTS: The mean of serum leptin levels in patients with chronic hepatitis C, HCV-associated cirrhosis, HCVassociated HCC and control groups was (6.13±3.94),(5.25±4.21), (4.17±0.28), and (3.59±3.44) ng/mL, respectively. The serum leptin level in patients with chronic hepatitis C was significantly higher than that in controls. The serum leptin levels between cirrhotic patients and controls and between male and female cirrhotic patients had no significant difference. Serum leptin levels were positively-correlated with body fat, BMI, and apolipoprotein B (Apo B) in patients with chronic HCV infection. The serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were closelycorrelated with BMI in patients with chronic hepatitis C. CONCLUSION: HCV infection interferes with fat and lipid metabolism in patients with chronic HCV infection and leptin may play a role in hepatosteatosis.

Population-Based and Personalized Design of Total Knee Replacement Prosthesis for Additive Manufacturing Based on Chinese Anthropometric Data

At present,most total knee replacement(TKR)prostheses on the market are designed according to the sizes of Caucasians.However,extensive studies have indicated that human anatomies differ among different ethnicities.A number of reports have indicated that Chinese TKR patients do not match with available prostheses.In this study,computed tomography(CT)images of 52 knees of Chinese men and women were used for anthropometric measurements.Index and geometric measurements were definedand used for correlation analysis.Key parameters from the measurement results were identified.Detailed geometries of knees were measured as coordinates.A deformable three-dimensional(3D)knee modelbased on anatomical coordinates correlating with the identified key parameters was generated.A pros-thesis was then designed according to the analyzed results.Surface matching analysis,bone resectionanalysis,and cadaveric trials were conducted and compared with commercial products to validate theproposed design.The femoral component designed by this study resulted in the highest accuracy(rootmean square point-to-surface(RMS PS),(1.08±0.20)mm)and lowest amount of resected bone volume(27412mm^(3))in comparison with two commercial knee prostheses.This study suggests a new approachfor population-based patient-specific femoral prosthesis design With a single,easilty acquired dimen-sion-namely,epicondyle width(ECW)-as input,a patient-specific femoral prosthesis can be designed according to the analyzed measured data and manufactured by additive manufacturing(AM)methods.Meanwhile,the reconstructed femoral condylar surface was compared with the femoral condylar surfacein the original CT scanning data The average RMS PS distance of the reconstructed femoral condylar surface among all data was(1.10±0.18)mm,which is comparable to other statistical shape modeling methods using multiple radiographs as input data.There is a need to develop an anthropometric-based knee prosthesis for the Chinese population.Based on the anthropometry of the Chinese population,our new design fits Chinese patients better and reserves more bone volume compared with current commercial prostheses,which is an essential step toward AM for personalized knee prostheses.

Leisure-time physical activity,anthropometrics,and body composition as predictors of quality of life domains after spinal cord injury:an exploratory cross-sectional study

The objective of the current work was to examine the relationships between quality of life(QOL)domains in persons with spinal cord injury(SCI)and their levels of weekly leisure-time physical activity(LTPA),anthropometric variables,and body composition variables.This exploratory cross-sectional study consisted of baseline data collected as part of a randomized clinical trial at a VA Medical Center and SCI center.A convenience sample of 36 community-dwelling persons with SCI participated in the current study.Outcome measures included the World Health Organization Quality of Life Short Form(WHOQOL-BREF),Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire for People with Spinal Cord Injury(LTPAQ-SCI),anthropomorphic measures(waist,hip,and abdominal circumference),and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry(DXA)to quantify regional and total body composition.Multiple regression models suggested that engagement in LTPA accounted for 35.7%of the variance in physical health QOL,33.5%in psychological QOL,14.2%in social relationships QOL,and 38.2%in environmental QOL.Anthropometric measures accounted for 11.3%,3.1%,12.0%,and 6.7%of the variance in these QOL indices,respectively,and DXA indices accounted for 18.7%,17.5%,27.4%,and 21.9%.Within these models,the number of minutes of heavy LTPA per day uniquely predicted physical health QOL,the number of mild LTPA days per week uniquely predicted psychological QOL,and the amount of mild LTPA per day uniquely predicted environmental QOL.Bivariate analyses also suggested that android and trunk fat,as well as supine waist and abdominal circumferences,were positively associated with social relationships QOL.Encouraging individuals with SCI to engage in LTPA may robustly enhance multiple aspects of QOL while reducing the risk for cardiovascular and metabolic morbidities associated with SCI.Moreover,this may lead to a further understanding of how QOL may impact longitudinal intervention trials.The study protocol and procedures were reviewed and approved by the McGuire VA Research Institutional Review Board(IRB#02152,approval date August 9,2015;IRB#02375,approval date May 2,2018).

Anthropometric Markers as a Paradigm for Obesity Risk Assessment

Background: Quantification of obesity/adiposity is feasible with different anthropometric characteristics along with the bioelectrical impedance analysis techniques. Recent advancements are now witnessing development of further computations derived from previously established measures to gauge obesity. Objective: Main aim of our study was to evaluate the association of anthropometric determinants of obesity with body compositional adiposity variables, and thus identifying the best marker among them emerging out as the probable predictor for compositional adiposity. Participants and Setting: 550 female participants within the age of 18 to 23 years were enrolled under this study attending graduation course at University of Delhi. Ethical clearance was received from the institutional head. Informed written consent was taken from every participant. Design: All the body measurements were recorded by trained staff using standard techniques. Derived measurements were calculated further. Analysis: Data, hence, gathered was undertaken for descriptive and infer-ential statistical analysis with SPSS 20.0. Variables Measured and Results: WHR over-estimated the count for those at risk compared to waist circumference and WHtR. Skeletal muscle fat associated negatively with all anthropometric adiposity indicators. BMI, BAI, WHtR and waist circumference related closely with all body composition cum obesity markers compared to WHR, CI and ABSI. BAI overrated the risk for fat determining body composition parameters the most followed by BMI. ABSI revealed an underestimated risk for augmenting fat content in body, compared to other markers. Conclusion and Implications: It is difficult to establish with compliance as to which of the measures used in the study could better predict the perils of obesity but it could be ascertained that some of the newly verified anthropometric adiposity indicators could be administered for determining clinical situations after further validation.

Anthropometric method for estimating component sizes in total hip arthroplasty

BACKGROUND Preoperative templating is essential in total hip arthroplasty(THA)as it not only helps to facilitate the correct implant type and size but also determines the postoperative biomechanics.Templating is also increasingly important from a medicolegal perspective and recommended in the British Orthopaedic Association Guide to Good Practice.Although templating has become increasingly digitised,there are no simple anthropometric models to predict implant sizes in the absence of digital methods.AIM To assess the accuracy of using an easily obtainable measurement(shoe size)to predict component sizes in THA compared with digital templating.METHODS Digital radiographs from a cohort of 102 patients(40 male,62 female)who had undergone uncemented or hybrid THA at a single centre were retrospectively templated to desired cup and stem sizes using TraumaCad■.We compared the templated size to the actual size of the implant and assessed if there was any correlation with the patient’s shoe size.RESULTS Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between:shoe size and templated cup size(ρ=0.92,P<0.001);shoe size with implanted cup size(ρ=0.71,P<0.001);shoe size and templated stem size(ρ=0.87,P<0.001);and shoe size with implanted stem size(ρ=0.57,P<0.001).Templated and implanted acetabular cup sizes were positively correlated(ρ=0.76,P<0.001)and were exact in 43.1%cases;80.4% of implanted cup sizes were within 1 size(+/-2 mm)of the template and 100% within 2 sizes(+/-4 mm).Positive correlation was also demonstrated between templated and implanted femoral stem sizes(ρ=0.69,P<0.001)and were exact in 52.6% cases;92.6% were within 1 size of the template and 98% within 2 sizes.CONCLUSION This study has shown there to be a significant positive correlation between shoe size and templated size.Anthropometric measurements are easily obtainable and can be used to predict uncemented component sizes in the absence of digital methods.

Fat-to-muscle Ratio: A New Anthropometric Indicator for Predicting Metabolic Syndrome in the Han and Bouyei Populations from Guizhou Province, China

Objective To investigate the prevalence and possible factors influencing metabolic syndrome in people from Guizhou Province and to explore the predictive value of the fat-to-muscle ratio in diagnosing metabolic syndrome. Methods A multistage stratified sampling method was used in this cross-sectional study of 20-80 years old Han and Bouyei populations from Guizhou Province, southwestern China, from October-December 2012. The study included 4,553 cases of metabolic syndrome, that was defined according to 2005 International Diabetes Federation criteria. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used for determining the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive ability of the fat-to-muscle ratio for the diagnosis of metabolic syndrome. Results The age-standardized prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 11.38%（men： 9.76%; women： 12.72%） for Han and 4.78%（men： 4.43%; women： 5.30%） for Bouyei populations. In Guizhou Province, the cut-off value for the men fat-to-muscle ratio was 0.34, the area under the curve was 0.95, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.94 and 0.85, respectively. The cut-off value for the women fat-to-muscle ratio was 0.55, the area under the curve was 0.91, and the sensitivity and specificity were 0.93 and 0.79, respectively. Conclusion The fat-to-muscle ratio is highly predictive of metabolic syndrome in Guizhou Province, and a useful reference indicator.

Anthropometric parameter-based assessment for cardiovascular disease predisposition among young Indians

AIM:To assess the predisposition for cardiovascular diseases among young Asian Indians by anthropometric data analysis.METHODS:One hundred and thirty males and 329 females aged between 15 and 26 years,attending health care check-ups at VIT University,were included in this study.Their body mass index,systolic and diastolic blood pressure,waist circumference,waist-to-hip ratio,pulse rate and pressure,along with mean arterial pressure,were measured and the data analyzed as per World Health Organization guidelines.RESULTS:Based on the analysis,54% of the male population was found to be predisposed to cardiovascular disease.Of these,approximately 40% were at highest possible risk,with greater than threshold values of body mass index,waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio.Females were found to have lower risk.Both genders showed significant correlation(P < 0.0001) between body mass index and waist circumference.Waist-to-hip ratio correlated significantly only in males with the former index whereas it correlated significantly with waist circumference in both genders.Receiver operating curve analysis,when performed,showed optimal sensitivity and specificity for body mass index and waist circumference.CONCLUSION:The above results indicate that seeds of cardiovascular disease may have been sown at a young age in Asian Indian populations.Interventional measures are advised to prevent accelerated atherosclerosis leading to premature cardiovascular disease.

Anthropometric Study of the Physique of Hong Kong-Chinese Fire Services Recruits to Streamline the Sizing System

This research applies the principles of anthropometrics to improve existing size charts together with somatotyping techniques to define the physique of the Hong Kong-Chinese Fire Services recruits. The research results proved that age does not correspond with either body measurements or somatotype components. The results of the study demonstrates that the somatotype component (i. e., endomorphy, mesomorphy and ectomorphy) has low to moderate correlation with body girth and body length measurements.

Anthropometric indices, lipid profile, and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein levels in metabolic endotoxemia: A case-control study in Calabar Metropolis, Nigeria

Objectives: To determine the anthropometric indices, lipopolysaccharide-binding proteins (LBP), and lipid profile in patients with metabolic endotoxemia. Methods: The study comprised of 47 patients with metabolic endotoxemia (the metabolic endotoxemia group) and 43 controls (the control group). Patients in the metabolic endotoxemia group were categorized further into three subgroups including the normal weight group (n=8), the overweight group (n=12) and the obese group (n=27). Height, weight, waist, and hip circumference were measured, and waist-hip ratio (WHR) and body mass index (BMI) were calculated. LBP was determined by ELISA and total cholesterol, triglycerides, high density lipoprotein by the respective enzymatic colorimetric methods. In addition, low density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein were determined by Friedewald's formula. Results: The mean waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), BMI, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein, and LBP of the metabolic endotoxemia group were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the control group. WHR, TG, high density lipoprotein and very low density lipoprotein of the metabolic endotoxemia group were not significantly different (P>0.05) from those of the control group. The mean WC, HC, WHR, and BMI of the obese group with metabolic endotoxemia were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of the overweight group and the normal weight group with metabolic endotoxemia. Significant positive correlations were obtained between BMI and LBP (r=0.610, P=0.001), total cholesterol and LBP (r=0.385, P=0.007), TG and LBP (r=0.356, P=0.014) in patients with metabolic endotoxemia. Conclusions: Metabolic endotoxemia arising from increased circulating level of bacterial derive particles consequent to perturbation in the gut microbial community and the elevated ;serum level of LBP may precede the development of obesity, characterized by dyslipidemia, dysregulation of gut energy harvest, and metabolic energy imbalance.

Association of obesity anthropometric indices with hypertension,diabetes mellitus and hypertriglyceridemia in apparently healthy adult Nigerian population

BACKGROUND Hypertension,hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia are chronic conditions associated with cardiometabolic diseases.Certain anthropometric indices are known to predict them.AIM To investigate the association of anthropometric indices with these chronic diseases and which anthropometric index predicts them best.METHODS In this study,221 apparently healthy individuals who never received treatments for cardiovascular disease(CVD),diabetes or other chronic diseases participated.The age of the participants ranged from 20-75 years with mean age of 36.9±11.4 years.The risk factors of these diseases namely systolic blood pressures(SBP)and diastolic blood pressures(DBP),fasting blood glucose(FBG)and triglycerides(TG)were determined for all the participants using standard clinical procedures.The obesity anthropometric indices,waist circumference,waist-to-height ratio,waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as well as abdominal height(AH)and body surface index were determined.The association between each of them with the risk factors were determined by the Pearson correlation method.RESULTS From the results,it was found that AH showed superiority over the rest for SBP(r=0.301,P<0.01),DBP(r=0.370,P<0.01),FBG(r=0.297,P<0.01)and TG(r=0.380,P<0.01).Using the receiver operating characteristic curves,cut-off values of AH for SBP,DBP,FBG and TG were determined to be 24.75 cm,24.75 cm,25.25 cm and 24.75 cm respectively.CONCLUSION The indices of anthropometry used in this study correlated significantly with the studied CVD risk factors,with AH emerging as the most predictive.

Households Hunger:The Key Attribute to Anthropometric Failures of Children in West Oromia(Ethiopia)

Poor nutrition is the underlying cause of child death.However,comprehensive data showing the relationships between dietary-practices,food security,and nutritional status are scant.The present study aimed to examine the association of inappropriate feeding practices and household-hunger with anthropometric measures in children aged 6–23 months.A cross-sectional survey was conducted on randomly selected 525-households.Semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to gather data on socio-demographic,child health,dietary-practices and household-hunger.Weight and height/length of the children were measured and analyzed using the new World Health Organization(WHO)Growth Standards.The prevalence of stunting,wasting and underweight as well as composite index of anthropometric failure(CIFA)were used to indicate under-nutrition.The overall prevalence of inappropriate feeding practices was 22.9%,rate of moderate households-hunger was 12.4%,and the prevalence of stunting,underweight and wasting was 16.2%,6.9%and 6.3%,respectively,while the CIAF was 21.3%.The prevalence was significantly higher in young children aged 12–23 months than in infants aged 6–11 months.Children from households experiencing moderate hunger had significantly higher risk of being stunting(OR:10.20;95%CI:2.00–51.50),underweight(OR:3.89;95%CI:1.40–10.90),wasting(OR:1.97;95%CI:0.99–3.90),and CIAF(OR:1.90;95%CI:1.05–3.45),than those residing in households experiencing no or mild hunger.Multi-disciplinary approaches are required to improve household food-security and child dietary practices,thus the nutritional status among young children.

Prediction of Anthropometric Dimensions Based on Grey Incidence Analysis and ANFIS

In order to select the efficient input variables of adaptive ncuro-fuzzy infence system （ANFIS）during the prediction anthropometric dimenions, grey incidence （GI） analysis, as a mastic method that ranks the sequence of of lots of variables in complicated factors has been applled.According to the prediction accuracy （A） between the predicted values and actual measured values, the ANFISG1 model with the parameters selected by using the GI analysis were more correct and effective than those done by multiple regression model and the model with input parmeters nonelected. The model prediction accuracy △Regrauskn= 0.804 7〈 △ANE3CI=0.9725, which proves the nodel with few parameters is more correct and effective than the other merits.

Anthropometric measurements at birth as predictor of low birth weight

In developing countries, low birth weight (BW < 2500 grams) accounts for 60% - 80% of neonatal deaths. Early identification and referral of LBW babies for extra essential newborn care is vital in preventing neonatal deaths. Studies carried out in different populations have suggested that the use of newborn anthropometric surrogates of birth weight may be a simple and reliable method to identify LBW babies. previous studies reported correlation between birth weight to several anthropometric measurements and their predictive value. We aimed to evaluate the correlation between birth length, head, chest, and mid arm circumferences to birth weight. Methods: A cross sectional study has been conducted in SHARIATI Hospital in Tehran, from September 2008 to February 2009. All Consecutive full-term. Single ton, live born babies were included and anthropometric measurements carried out within 48 hours after birth by authors. Birth weight was measured by digital scale within the first 24 hours after delivery. Birth length by somatometer and head, chest, mid arm circumferences were measured 2 times by using plastic measuring tape. Result: Out of 500 newborn studied. 52.2% were male and 47.8% were female. The mean birth weight was 3195.4 ± 399.9 gram and 3.8% of newborns were low birth weight. It was evident a positive correlation of birth weight to all such anthropometric measurements with the highest correlation coefficient for chest circumference (r: 0.74). By ROC- AUC analyses, chest circumference (AUC = 0.91, 95% CI 0.84 to 0.97) and arm circumference (AUC = 0.87, 95% CI 0.79 to 0.95) were identified as the optimal surrogate indicators of LBW babies. The optimal cut-points for chest circumference and arm circumference to identify LBW newborns were ≥31.2 cm and ≥10.2 cm respectively. Conclusions: Chest and mid arm circumferences were the best anthropometric surrogates of LBW among studied Iranian population. Further studies are needed in the field to cross-validate our results. anthropometric values are simple, practicable, quick and reliable indicator for predicting LBW newborns in the community and can be easily measured by paramedical workers in developing nation.

Statistical Evaluation of Anthropometric Measures and Oral Health Status in Terms of Diet, Smoking and Brushing Habits

Introduction and Objective: The aim of this research was to find out the interaction of anthropometric measurements particularly body mass and oral health status of Turkish young adult nationals regionally, depending on the effects of diet (food and fluid consumption), smoking and tooth brushing habits, which were determined by using the body mass index (BMI) and dental health index (DMFT). Material and Methods: The BMI and DMFT of 202 cases, with an age average 22.5 years, were recorded through physical and clinical examinations. Statistical evaluation of the data was checked by Cronbach’s Alpha Reliability Scale and performed by analysis of variance, Somer’s d and Pearson Chi-Square statistics, Poisson Regression and Odds Ratio analysis. Results: The results showed that the mean of BMI was at the optimum level (21.52) for all cases. The DMFT was higher for underweight females and for overweight males. The mean of DMFT according to sexes seemingly had no significant difference;however, females had 8.6% more DMFT than males. When the risk factors of dental caries were evaluated, the DMFT was found as 19.3% more for cases consuming high carbohydrate foods, 4.5% more for high beverage consumption and 18% more for smokers. Conclusions: In conclusion, tooth brushing 3 or more times a day is necessary to decrease the DMFT and tooth brushing 3 times a day as opposed to 1 or 2 times shows significant difference regarding oral health.