Association between Anthropometry and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: The predictive value of various anthropometric indicators for identifying benefits or risksfor maternal health outcomes of pregnancy is discussed around the globe. Anthropometric measurements can be a cost effective, efficient method of screening for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) especially, in developing countries with low-cost health care settings. Objectives: To determine a relationship between anthropometric measurements and GDM and to assess the importance/suitability of an anthropometric measurement in predicting GDM. Methods: A correlational study with the evaluation of diagnostic test accuracy was conducted among 48 pregnant women at period of amenorrhoea (POA) of 26 - 34 weeks of gestation. The obstetrics ward and the antenatal clinic of Peradeniya teaching hospital was the study setting. Systematic random sampling technique was used for participant selection. Singleton pregnancies with Body Mass Index (BMI) less than 30.0 kg/m2 were included. Women with pre-existing diabetes and medical disorders were excluded. Mid arm circumference (MAC), tricipital skin fold thickness (TSFT), bicipital skin fold thickness (BSFT) were measured according to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) anthropometry manual. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was applied to collect the data. Data was evaluated in accordance with the objectives by using SPSS version 25. Results: Mean age of the participants was 29.67 years (SD = 4.76 years). Mean height and weight of the study participants were 154.93 cm and 67.45 kg respectively. Mean BMI value was recorded as 28.13 kgm2. Mean mid arm circumference was 9.43 cm. According to the multivariate analysis done by using logistic regression, calculated TSFT and BSFT values were independently associated with GDM in the population. Successful prediction can be achieved by using the BMI and the body weight (AUC 0.5). 24.8 kg/m2 is taken as the best cut off value to predict GDM (Sn = 79.2;Sp = 29.2). Best cut off value for body weight appears as 60 kg (Sn = 79.2;Sp = 32.3) and the best cut off value for height is 150 cm (Sn = 80.0;Sp = 25.0). When the predictive variables are compared with each other, highest predictive ability was recorded by the body mass index (AUC = 0.632). Predictability of TFT and BSFT appeared significant. 27.0 cm can be considered as the most accurate cut off value of MAC (Sn = 80;Sp = 30). Best cut off values for BSFT and TSFT were 22 mm (Sn = 80;Sp = 60) and 10.5 mm (Sn = 83.3;Sp

Utility of the Abdominometer: A Novel Contribution to Cardiovascular Anthropometry

Obesity is a CVD risk factor that can be modulated for massive reduction in morbi-mortality. Traditional indices measuring it have been inconsistent and the most commonly used;BMI has proved inappropriate for Africans, not attending specifically to body fat and its distribution. With the consensus that intra-abdominal fat is the most critical for cardio-metabolic diseases, various attempts were made to measure it for risk estimation. These however require costly equipments not easily amenable for population studies. The abdominometer conceptualized by BNO has shown promise in isolated cases. This pilot study was undertaken in this restricted population to compare its utility with existing anthropometric measures of cardiovascular disease.

Effects of Anthropometry Variations on Physiological Parameters of Heart Rate, Oxygen Consumption, Aerobic Power While Performing Manual Operation at Fixed Vice Height

This study investigated the effect of fixed height standing-workstation on different people with diverse anthropometry dimensions. Measurements of some anthropometric and physiological parameters are carried out as bases for the calculation of body mass index (BMI) and the determination of the maximum heart rate (HRmax) and aerobic power (VO2max) of individual subject while performing manual cutting operation with hacksaw on fixed vice height of 940 mm. Twenty subjects (S1 to S20) parted 2 mm thick square-pipe of 25 mm × 25 mm. Each subject carried out cutting operation in 5 replicates and their physiological parameters during activities are measured to determine their expended energy (EE) and oxygen consumption rate (VO2). The results showed that subject S4 with BMI of 20.76 kg/m2 has maximum cutting rate of 5.33 stroke/s, while subject S8 with BMI of 23.39 kg/m2 has minimum cutting rate of 0.92 stroke/s. There was a statistically significant effect on the interaction between BMI, EE and Cutting rate, with F = 827.54, P = 0.000, R2 = 0.967 and S = 1.749 units. Subject S11 was discovered to have VO2 (28.54 l/min) and VO2max (24.36 ml/min/kg), with highest value of EE (2.94 kcal/min). Wear rates of 1.86 teeth/s and 9.55 teeth/s have the same energy cost (EE = 0.87 kcal/min) but different cutting time of 36.65 s (S18) and 10.89 s (S20) respectively. This could explain in-part that excess 25.76 s utilized in operation time by subject S18 is responsible for keeping approximately 7.7 teeth intact as regards tool management. EE and Tool Wear Rate in one-way analysis of variance, were statistically significant (F = 45.87, P = 0.000, R2 = 54.69% and S = 1.617 units) at 0.05 level.

Among the risk factors of myocardial infarction, anthropometry has no association: A case control study in the central region of Sri Lanka

Background: In the face of rising incidence of cardiovascular disease in the globe, the associated risk factors could be country or area specific. This study aimed to identify the important risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) prevailing in the Kandydistrict of Sri Lanka. Methods: In a case control design, the cases were recruited from the Coronary Care Unit, General Hospital Kandy, with the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Matched controls were selected from the Out Patient Department with other ailments, unrelated to cardiovascular diseases. Results: There were 205 cases and 197 controls with the mean age of 56 years (SD ± 8.4 years) and 54 years (SD ± 9.8 years) respectively with male: female ratio of 1:0.2. In analysis, hypertension (OR = 5.09, CI = 2.64 - 9.83), type 11 diabetes (OR = 3.45, CI = 1.90 - 6.10), smoking (OR = 1.95, CI= 1.44 - 2.65) and high LDL cholesterol levels (OR = 1.06, CI = 1.04 - 1.06) were identified as the independent risk factors of myocardial infarction. However, the anthropometric measurements, waist hip ratio (OR = 0.64, CI = 0.33 - 1.34) and body mass index ≥ 25 (OR = 0.75, CI = 0.46 - 1.22) did not show an association with myocardial infarctions. Conclusions: Anthropometric measurements did not qualify as risk factors of myocardial infarction in the local setting even though hypertension, diabetes, smoking and high LDL levels showed a significant association in par with the established data.

Anthropometry Survey of Nigerian Occupational Bus Drivers to Facilitate Sustainable Design of Driver’s Workplace

Driving is a highly demanding and responsible job in which both the driver and passengers are exposed to several occupational risks. However, poor design of driver’s workplace is a major risk factor responsible for the uncomfortable conditions which operators of this highly technological system are exposed to especially when engaged in long distance driving. This study aimed at developing anthropometric model for business bus drivers in Nigerian which would facilitate sustainable design of driver’s workplace. A sample size of 161 drivers was randomly selected among strata of operators of buses in selected motor parks in the study area for the ergonomic study. Twelve anthropometric data were collected and analysed to obtain their 5th, 50th and 95th percentiles with which the anthropometric model were developed. Anthropometric model developed from 1932 data points was presented in forms of table showing measurement of sitting driver’s body parts in his workspace indicating design for average as well as extremities of 5th and 95th percentiles. The model represents a database from which designers, manufacturers of equipment, machine, automobiles and household goods can obtain relevant body measurement of the population under study in relation relevant to specific product feature and for development of sustainable workspace design.

Body Composition Estimatives by Anthropometry, Bioelectrical Impedance and Deuterium Oxide Dilution in Obese Adolescents

To evaluate the relationship between measures of body composition in obese adolescents by the methods of bioelectrical impedance analysis, deuterium oxide dilution and anthropometric measures, proposing an equation. The variables were weight, height, BMI, triceps and subscapular skinfold thickness, waist and arm muscle circumference, lean body mass, fat mass and total body water by bioelectrical impedance and deuterium oxide dilution methods. The study included 40 obese adolescents, 45% male, age distribution was 2.42 ± 1.19 years and females 55%, and the predominant age was 12.61 ± 1.78. Linear regression equations were developed, capable of predicting body composition from information supplied by the method of deuterium oxide dilution (gold standard), bioelectrical impedance and anthropometry. The variables gender, age, height, arm circumference, triceps and suprailiac skin fold thickness, resistance and reactance were used to estimate lean body mass, fat mass and total body water by the method of deuterium and significantly correlated with variables, resistance, reactance, sex and total body water (TBW) by bioimpedance method. Among the equations developed, five were suitable for this sample, therefore, it is suggested that more studies should be done to test the applicability of the equations in other samples so that we can validate the equations encountered in obese adolescents.

Overweight/Obesity in University Students from Mexico: Comparison Using Different Indices

The goal was to compare body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to height ratio (WHtR), and relative fat mas (RFM), to identify the best predictor of overweight and obesity in university students from Mexico. This is a cross-sectional survey with 697 university students from northern and central Mexico (448 women, and 249 men aged 18 - 19 years). Data was collected during 2018. Overweight and obesity were calculated from those indices and for both, female and male students, the order of correlation between a pair of indices were WHtR vs. RFM > WHtR vs. WC > RFM vs. WC > WHtR vs. BMI > BMI vs. WC > RFM vs. BMI. It is concluded to use the WHtR and the RFM to better predict overweight and obesity in young Mexican university students.

Evaluation of Ear and Facial Indices of Ibibio and Efik Female Children of Akwa Ibom and Cross River States, Nigeria

Background: The ear and face are indispensable and distinctive features for hearing and identification. Objectives: This study was designed to generate anthropometric data of the ear and facial indices of females of Efik and Ibibio children in Cross River and Akwa Ibom States, show morphological and aesthetic differences and ethnicity. Methods: A total of 600 female children (300 Efiks and 300 Ibibios) aged 2 to 10 years that met the inclusion criteria were chosen from selected primary schools in Calabar Municipality, Calabar South of Cross River State and from Uyo, Itu of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Standardized measurements of face length, face width, ear length, and ear width were taken with a spreading caliper;the facial (proscopic) and ear (auricular) indices were determined. Results: Efik subjects presented a mean face length of 8.36 ± 0.06 cm, face width of 11.04 ± 0.04 cm, ear length of 4.92 ± 0.02 cm, and ear width of 3.06 ± 0.01 cm. Ibibio subjects had mean values for face length, face width, ear length, and ear width as 8.17 ± 0.05 cm, 10.75 ± 0.05 cm, 4.77 ± 0.03 cm, and 2.94 ± 0.02 cm respectively. The mean facial index and ear index for Efik subjects were 75.68 ± 0.31 and 62.16 ± 0.27 respectively;while the mean facial and ear indices for Ibibio subjects were 74.79 ± 0.36 and 61.80 ± 0.34 respectively. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant differences in face length, ear length, ear width and facial index, with the Efik subjects having higher values than Ibibio subjects (p Conclusion: The results showed hypereuryproscopic face as the prevalent face type among females of both ethnic groups, therefore can be of importance in sex, ethnic, and racial differentiation, and in clinical practice, aesthetics and forensic medicine.

Draft of an Anthropometric Reference System for Full-Term Cameroonian Newborns: Prospective Study with Analytical Aim in the Maternity Wards of Douala

Introduction: Anthropometry applied to newborns is a reliable indicator of the quality of fetal growth. The latter is influenced by genetic, racial and nutritional factors varying from one population to another, explaining why a standard cannot be applied to all populations. Research question: should the Caucasian frame of reference be dogmatically applied in our African context? Multicenter studies are therefore necessary;hence the interest of this work, the main objective of which was to describe the anthropometric profile of full-term newborns in the city of Douala. Methodology: We carried out a cross-sectional study with an analytical aim and prospective data collection in the maternity wards of the Douala General Hospital, Laquintinie Hospital, District hospitals of Deido, Nylon and Bonassama over a period of 4 months (January to April 2020). We were interested in any newborn, born alive, vaginally or by cesarean section, seen in the first 24 hours from a full-term single-fetal pregnancy whose mother had given consent. We excluded newborns whose term was unclear and those with congenital malformations or signs of embryo-foetopathy. Data collection was done using structured and pre-tested survey sheets. The study variables were obstetric and anthropometric. Statistical analyzes were carried out with CS Pro 7.3 and SPSS version 25.0 software. The Student, Chi-square and Fischer tests were used to compare the means of the variables, the percentages with a significance threshold P value Results: During the study period, 305 full-term newborns were included, divided into 172 boys and 133 girls. The average anthropometric parameters of the full-term newborn in the city of Douala were: average weight: 3305 grams, average height: 49.8 centimeters, average head circumference: 34.6 centimeters, average upper arm circumference: 11.3 centimeters, circumference average thoracic: 32.8 centimeters. The percentile distribution showed a 10th percentile at 2656 grams and a 90th percentile at 3966 grams for weight defining the limits for small-for-gestational-age neonates and macrosomes. Conclusion: The anthropometric data of the full-term newborn in the city of Douala were: an average weight of 3305.4 grams, an average height of 49.8 centimeters, an average head circumference of 34.2 centimeters, an average upper arm circumference of 11.3 centimeters, and an average thoracic circumference of 32.8 centimeters with higher valuesin male newborns.

Intraoperative study on anthropometry and gender differences of the proximal tibial plateau at the arthroplasty resection surface

Background The tibial plateau is asymmetric with a larger medial plateau.We observed from clinical practice that the shape of the tibial plateau does not always present a larger medial plateau.Tibial plateau also showed other shapes.The purpose of this study was to analyze the anthropometric data of the proximal tibia in a large group of Chinese patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty and to investigate the morphology of the resected proximal tibial surface and its gender differences.Methods A total of 822 knees （164 males,658 females） from the Chinese population were measured intraoperatively for medial anteroposterior （MAP） and lateral anteroposterior （LAP） dimensions of the resected proximal tibial surface.The difference of MAP and LAP （DML） was also calculated as MAP minus LAP.We then classified the data into three groups based on the DML （＜-2,-2 to 2,and ＞2 mm） to analyze the morphology of the proximal tibia and its distribution between male and female.Results The shape of proximal tibial plateau was of three types：larger medial plateau type,symmetric type,and larger lateral plateau type.There were significant differences between males and females in relation to the shape distribution of the proximal tibial plateau （P ＜0.05）.Most of the proximal tibial plateau was asymmetric,with 517 of 822 （62.9％） tibia having a DML ＞2 mm and 120 of 822 （14.6％） tibia having a DML＜-2 mm.Only 185 of 822 （22.5％） tibia had a DML between-2 and 2 mm.Conclusion The results of this study can be used as a guideline to design tibial components with different DMLs to better match the different anthropometry of the resected tibial surface.

Design of Rehabilitation Training Device for Finger-Tapping Movement Based on Trajectory Extraction Experiment

Patients with stroke, tendon injury and cardiovascular disease commonly have the sequelae of hand dysfunction which seriously affects the patients’ ability in daily life. Previous studies have found that the function of finger-tapping movement accounts for 80% of the hand function, and the recovery of the motor ability of the finger-tapping can greatly improve the patients’ self-care ability. Therefore, a rehabilitation training device to restore the finger-tapping movement is designed. In the study, anthropometry was applied to measure the dynamic and static dimensions of human hands in the finger-tapping movement. Subjects were selected according to the selected size range, and an experimental platform was built. Sampling points were set at key positions of index fingers and thumbs, and characteristic points of coronal planes and sagittal planes were recorded at a frequency of 10 frames per second. MATLAB was used to optimize the fitting of the scatter plot, and the fitted spatial curve parameters were input into the modeling software to establish the joint motion trajectory model and assist the design of rehabilitation training devices. It is proved that the device is ergonomic, and can effectively achieve the finger-tapping movement rehabilitation training of patients.

Evaluation of Malnutrition in Infants Aged 0 - 59 Months in the Suburbs of Dakar

Introduction: Child malnutrition is a major public health concern worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The latest report from Senegal’s Continuous Demographic and Health Survey revealed that 18% of children in Senegal were stunted (chronic malnutrition), 8% were wasted (acute malnutrition) and 14% were underweight. Thus, this study aimed to assess the characteristics associated with malnutrition in children according to their nutritional status. Methods: This descriptive transverse study was conducted at the Pediatric Social Institute of Pikine/Guediawaye and the National Hospital Center of Pikine, in Senegal between October and December 2019. A total of 94 children were recruited, with the consent of their legal tutors. Descriptive and multivariate analyses of the factors associated with malnutrition were performed. The z-scores for the indices of nutrition were determined with WHO Anthro® software version 3.2.2. All the data analyses were performed using R software version 4.2.2. Result: From the 94 children recruited, 51.06% were female, with a sex ratio (male/female) of 0.96. Acute malnutrition was recorded in 62.77% of cases, chronic malnutrition in41.49%, and underweight in 71.27%. Linear regression analysis showed that many factors, such as the female gender [OR = 1.82 CI (1.02 - 3.3), P-value = 0.04], consanguinity [OR = 2.84 CI (1.14 - 7.65), P-value = 0.03], low birth weight [OR = 4.83 CI (2.15 - 12.89), P-value = 0.0004], were associated with acute malnutrition. Low birth weight (<2.5 kg) [OR = 10.66 CI (3.82 - 44.39) P-value < 0.0001], non-exclusive breastfeeding [OR = 3 CI (1.40 - 7.13)] P-value = 0.007], dietary diversification before six months [OR = 2.04 CI (1.23 - 3.51), P-value = 0.007] and others factors were associated with underweight. The most frequently recorded clinical signs are weight loss (30.85%), fever (23.40%), diarrhea (34.04%), and anemia (70.21%). Conclusion: Problems associated with malnutrition are multifactorial. Dietary diversification, consanguinity, and low birth weight are factors associated with malnutrition in children in Senegal. Thus, special attention must be paid to this problem because of its impact on child survival. .

鄂温克族与鄂伦春族的群体遗传学研究(续)

本次调查采印了645名鄂温克族和424名鄂伦春族中、小学生和部分牧民、猎民的指纹和掌纹。观察了各型指纹出现率、指纹总嵴数、atd角和掌褶纹等指标。 1.各型指纹出现率 弓(A)、尺侧箕(L^u)、桡侧箕(L^r)和斗(W)的出现频率见表11。额左旗和陈旗鄂温克人中斗多于箕,与汉族相似。有些指纹型在某个手指上较为多见。

Nutritional support in chronic liver disease and cirrhotics

The liver is a major organ and an essential componentin maintaining an appropriate nutritional status in healthy individuals through metabolism of protein, carbohydrates, and fat. In individuals with chronic liver disease(CLD), along with a number of other essen-tial functions that the liver serves, its role in nutrition maintenance is severely impaired. Common causes of CLD include hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, and non-alcoholic liver disease. Amongst this population, the most common manifestation of impaired nutritional maintenance is protein-calorie malnutrition. Aside from inherent abnormalities in metabolism, such as malab-sorption and maldigestion, CLD can be associated with anorexia as well as increased metabolic requirements, all of which contribute to a state of malnutrition. Given the systemic implications and impact on prognosis of malnutrition, proper nutritional assessment is essential and can be achieved through a thorough history and physical, as well as biochemical investigations and anthropometry as needed. Following an appropriate assessment of a patient's nutritional status, an approach to management can be decided upon and is based on the extent of malnutrition which directly reflects the severity of disease. Management options can be grossly separated into enteral and parenteral nutrition. The former is usually sufficient in the form of oral supplements in less severe cases of malnutrition, but as the CLD worsens, parenteral nutrition becomes necessary. With appropriate assessment and early intervention, many of the complications of CLD can be avoided, and ultimately better outcomes can be achieved.

Anthropometric indicators of visceral adiposity as predictors of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review

The objective was to critically analyze studies that evaluated the predictive capacity of indicators of visceral adiposity in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD). The bibliographic research was carried out using the electronic database PubMed, LILACS and SciELO, references of selected articles. Although we found few studies, they have already used several indicators of visceral adiposity as waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, waist-to-height ratio, Lipid accumulation product, Body Shape Index, Body Roundness Index and most them were good predictors of NAFLD. Thus, the anthropometric indicators may contribute for the diagnosis of NAFLD in a simple, low-cost and noninvasive way, allowing early therapeutic measures to prevent the evolution to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.

Nutritional assessment in cirrhotic patients with hepatic encephalopathy

Hepatic encephalopathy(HE) is one of the worst complications of liver disease and can be greatly influenced by nutritional status. Ammonia metabolism, inflammation and muscle wasting are relevant processes in HE pathophysiology. Malnutrition worsens the prognosis in HE, requiring early assessment of nutritional status of these patients. Body composition changes induced by liver disease and limitations superimposed by HE hamper the proper accomplishment of exams in this population, but evidence is growing that assessment of muscle mass and muscle function is mandatory due to the role of skeletal muscles in ammonia metabolism. In this review, we present the pathophysiological aspects involved in HE to support further discussion about advantages and drawbacks of some methods for evaluating the nutritional status of cirrhotic patients with HE, focusing on body composition.

Estimating the weight of children in Nepal by Broselow, PAWPER XL and Mercy method

BACKGROUND: Resuscitation of a critically-ill child requires an accurate weight for fluids and medication dosing; however, weighing children on a scale while critically ill is not always practical. The objective of this study is to determine the accuracy of three different weight estimation methods(Broselow, PAWPER XL and Mercy tape) of children presenting to Patan Hospital, Nepal.METHODS: This was a prospective, cross-sectional study that included children presenting to the emergency department and under-fourteen outpatient clinic at Patan Hospital. Measured weight was compared to estimated weight of Broselow, PAWPER XL, and Mercy tapes. The mean percentage error and percentage of estimated weights that were within 10%(PW10) and 20%(PW20) of actual weight were calculated. Acceptable accuracy was determined as a PW10>70% and PW20>95%. A Bland-Altman analysis was done to determine agreement between each weight estimation method and actual weight.RESULTS: The study included 813 children. The mean age was 4.2 years(ranging from 4 days to 14 years) with 60% male. The mean percentage error(MPE) for Broselow, PAWPER XL and Mercy were –1.0%(SD 11.8), 0.7%(10.5) and 4.2%(11.9) respectively. The predicted weight within 10% was highest for the PAWPER XL(71.5%) followed by Broselow(63.2%) and Mercy(58.1%). The predicted weight within 20% of actual weight was 95.2%, 91.5% and 91.3% for PAWPER XL, Broselow and Mercy respectively.CONCLUSION: The PAWPER XL tape was the only method found to be accurate in estimating the weight of Nepalese children.

Application of Three-dimensional Body Measurement System

The configuration principles and functions of the non-contact three-dimensional （3D） body measurement system （BMS） developed by the Textile/Clothing Technology Corporation （[TC]^2） are described in this paper. The advantages of this new system, compared with traditional contact body measurement instruments （ Martin instruments ） are discussed by selecting 40 female undergraduates of Donghna University as the scan objects. In the experiments both the Martin instruments and [TC]^2 BMS were used respectively. According to the data of different position （Bust Circumference, Full Waist, Full Hips, Bust Height, Front Waist Height and Back Waist Height） obtained from both of the methods we can get the correlation coefficient which is close to 1, indicating that the results of both methods have comparability. Finally some suggestions for the further applications of the non-contact BMS in the apparel development of China are given.

Nutritional Status and Dietary Habits of School Children in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt

Objectives: Childhood malnutrition is a major concern in developing countries. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the nutritional status and dietary habits of school children. Methods: This is a community based cross-sectional survey designed to evaluate nutritional status of students aged (5 - 19 years) in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt, during September-December 2013. A two-stage sampling technique was done;22 government schools were selected in the first stage. In the second stage, 1100 students were selected from the target population of the study. Weight, height, and age data were used to calculate z-scores of the three different nutritional indicators. Dietary habits were studied using a food frequency questionnaire. Results: Underweight (WAZ +2SD). Boys were more underweight (3%) than girls (2.2%). Conversely, girls tend to be more stunted (65.3%) compared to boys (59.9%) in the age group 10 - 14 years. Identified risk factors associated with malnutrition for those aged more than 10 years were: mother education (P-value = 0.03), father education (P-value = 0.04) and family size (P-value = 0.014). Conclusion and Recommendations: Child’s nutritional status is strongly associated with the literacy of both parents and family size. The prevalence of malnutrition can be reduced by implementation of school intervention programs for the socioeconomic development.

Advanced wasting in peritoneal dialysis patients

AIM To identify patients with end-stage renal disease treated by peritoneal dialysis(PD) who had zero body fat(BF) as determined by analysis of body composition using anthropometric formulas estimating body water(V) and to compare nutritional parameters between these patients and PD patients whose BF was above zero.METHODS Body weight(W) consists of fat-free mass(FFM) andBF.Anthropometric formulas for calculating V allow the calculation of FFM as V/0.73,where 0.73 is the water fraction of FFM at normal hydration.Wasting from loss of BF has adverse survival outcomes in PD.Advanced wasting was defined as zero BF when V/0.73 is equal to or exceeds W.This study,which analyzed 439 PD patients at their first clearance study,used the Watson formulas estimating V to identify patients with V_(Watson)/0.73 ≥ W and compared their nutritional indices with those of PD patients with V_(Watson)/0.73 < W.RESULTS The study identified at the first clearance study two male patients with V_(Watson)/0.73 ≥ W among 439 patients on PD.Compared to 260 other male patients on PD,the two subjects with advanced wasting had exceptionally low body mass index and serum albumin concentration.The first of the two subjects also had very low values for serum creatinine concentration and total(in urine and spent peritoneal dialysate) creatinine excretion rate while the second subject had an elevated serum creatinine concentration and high creatinine excretion rate due,most probably,to non-compliance with the PD prescription.CONCLUSION Advanced wasting(zero BF) in PD patients,identified by the anthropometric formulas that estimate V,while rare,is associated with indices of poor somatic and visceral nutrition.