Adansonia digitata L.(baobab):a review of traditional information and taxonomic description

Adansonia digitata L.(Malvaceae) is commonly known as baobab tree native to Africa.Baobab is a multi-purpose tree which offers protection and provides food,clothing and medicine as well as raw material for many useful items.The fruit pulp,seeds,leaves,flowers.roots,and bark of baobab are edible and they have been studied by scientists for their useful properties.The fruit pulp have very high vitamin C.calcium,phosphorus,carbohydrates,fibers,potassium,proteins and lipids content,which can be used in seasoning as an appetizer and also make juices.Seeds contain appreciable quantities of phosphorus,magnesium,zinc,sodium,iron,manganese,whereas they have high levels of lysine,thiamine,calcium and iron.Baobab has numerous biological properties including antimicrobial,anti-malarial,diarrhoea,anaemia,asthma,antiviral,anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities amongst others.Phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of flavonoids.phytosterols.amino acids,fatty acids,vitamins and minerals.The review summarizes the information on various aspects of traditional information,taxonomic description,medicinal properties and importantly nutritional value.

Impact of Extraction Method on Physicochemical Characteristics and Antioxidant Potential of <i>Adansonia digitata</i>Oil

In this study, the effect of extraction processes on the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant potential of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) seed oil was evaluated. The oils were extracted, on the one hand, by cold pressing, and on the other hand, with three types of organic solvents (acetone, chloroform, n-hexane). The recorded results indicated that the extraction yield of baobab oil was significantly impacted by both the extraction method and the polarity of the solvent used. In addition, chloroform provides the best extraction yield (40.12 ± 0.607). However, extraction by cold pressure preserves at best the physicochemical and bioactive properties of the extracted oils. Indeed, the pressing oil contains a content of phenolic compounds (0.047 ± 0.0024 mgEAG/g of oil) and a very high radical scavenging activity (DPPH) (31.71% ± 0.61%). For the various oils extracted, the minimum and maximum values were 0.50 and 3.17 mEq?kg-1;56.26 and 99.113 mgI2?100 g-1;1.457 and 1.465;205.37 and 233.587 mgKOH/g respectively for the peroxide, iodine, refractive and saponification values. The color parameters (L*, a* and b*) of the oils also differ depending on the nature of the organic solvent used. Principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis were performed on the physicochemical properties and the antioxidant potential of the extracted oils. Therefore, the results suggest the mixed use of acetone and hexane to obtain oil comparable to that extracted by cold pressing.

Research Progress of Adansonia digitata

The origin,introduction,cultivation,active ingredients,use and advances in propagation methods of Adansonia digitata are reviewed in this paper,with focus on the rapid propagation techniques of plant tissues,to provide theoretical basis for seedling breeding and promotion of A.digitata.

The Effect of Seeds and Fruit Pulp of <i>Adansonia digitata</i>L. (Baobab) on Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma

The anti-tumor effect of Adansonia digitata on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma cells (EAC) is still novel talk. This study is focusing on the role of the extracts of seeds and the fruit pulp of Adansonia on the antioxidants activity and the molecular changes of pro-apoptic and anti-apoptic genes expression before and after the treatment of EAC cells bearing mice. Adult female BALB/C mice were used in this study;subgrouped randomly into four groups: control group (non-tumorized);EAC tumorized group, mice was i.p. inoculated with 2.5 × 106 of EAC cells;EAC+ extract of seeds group, tumorized mice was inoculated with 2.5 × 106 of EAC cells and i.p. administered with the extract of Adansonia seeds (300 mg/kg b. wt.);EAC+ fruit pulp group, tumorized mice was inoculated with 2.5 × 106 of EAC cells and i.p. administered with the extract of Adansonia fruit pulp (300 mg/kg b. wt.). The antioxidant enzymes were inhibited in EAC cells and in ascetic fluid of tumorized mice. Also the oxidative stress was increased significantly in EAC cells bearing mice. The liver was affected with the transplantation of EAC cells as reflected by the imbalance in the antioxidants and oxidants in the EAC cells bearing mice. Moreover, the molecular changes in p53 and B-cell lymphoma (Bcl-2) genes expression were recorded in EAC cells bearing mice. The extracts of adansonia have a promising role as antioxidant action due to their antioxidant effect as they ameliorate the imbalance in antioxidants and oxidants balance. The plant extract has anti-apoptosis role by restoring the P53 and Bcl-2 genes expression. Also the plant has antitumor action as they restore tumor markers levels such as α-l-fucosidase and arginase to the normal levels.

Oestrous cycle of Wistar rats altered by sterol and triterpenes rich fraction of Adansonia digitata (Linn) root bark - A scientific rationale for contraceptive use

Objective: To investigate the effect of different fractions from the aqueous methanolic root bark of Adansonia digitata (Linn) on the estrous cycle of female Wistar rats and to elucidate their phytochemical content. Methods: Crude aqueous methanol extract of Adansonia digitata (Linn) root bark was fractionated by column chromatography using various ratios of hexane, acetyl acetate, methanol and distilled water. Fractions with similar trails on a thin layer chromatography were pooled into four fractions. Each fraction was then screened for its phytochemical content. Forty mature Wistar female rats weighing (135±28) g with regular estrous cycles were given each fraction at two dose levels while a control group received distilled water of equal volume. Treatments were given per os for 15 days starting from the day of estrus. Vaginal smears were observed daily for the duration of each cycle, frequency of occurrence of each stage of the estrous cycle and number of cycles for 15 days before and during treatment. At the end of treatment, rats were humanely sacrificed. Ovaries and uteri were weighed and processed for histopathology. Results: Hexane acetyl acetate and acetyl acetate methanol fractions at 150 mg/kg body weight and 300 mg/kg body weight prolonged the occurrence of proestrus and diestrus and produced atretic cyst-like ovaries at 300 mg/kg body weight. Acetyl acetate methanol treated rats also had low relative ovarian weights when compared to the control. Conclusions: Sterols and triterpenes in hexane acetyl acetate and acetyl acetate methanol fractions of the root bark may be responsible for the disruption of estrous cycle in female Wistar rats and may have a contraceptive effect.

Adansonia digitata aqueous leaf extract ameliorates dexamethasone-induced testicular injury in male Wistar rats

Objective:To evaluate the effects of aqueous leaf extract of Adansonia(A.)digitata L on dexamethasone-induced testicular damage in male Wistar rats.Methods:Twenty adult male Wistar rats weighing 170-190 g were divided into four groups.GroupⅠreceived 0.5 mL of phosphate buffer orally for 28 days and served as the normal control group;groupⅡreceived 10 mg/kg of dexamethasone(a synthetic glucocorticoid)intraperitoneally for 7 days and 0.5 mL of phosphate buffer orally for 21 days,groupⅢreceived 10 mg/kg of dexamethasone for 7 days and 800 mg/kg of A.digitata extract orally for 21 days;groupⅣreceived 10 mg/kg of dexamethasone for 7 days and 300 mg/kg of vitamin-E orally for 21 days.Dexamethasone was administered intra-peritoneally for 7 days and all administration lasted for 28 days.The rats were sacrificed by anesthesia with diethyl ether and the testes of each animal were harvested.The testis was homogenized in 0.25 M sucrose at 4℃for biochemical and histological analyses.Results:Administration of dexamethasone significantly decreased body weight,glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PDH),lactate dehydrogenase(LDH),superoxide dismutase(SOD),and glutathione peroxidase(GPx)(P<0.05),and significantly increased malondialdehyde(MDA)activities(P<0.05).The degeneration in the population of spermatogonia and vacuolation and abnormal widening of the interstitial spaces were observed in the rats treated with dexamethasone.However,administration of A.digitata significantly increased SOD,GPx,G6PDH,and LDH levels,significantly decreased MDA activities and improved the histoarchitecture of the testis(P<0.05).Conclusions:A.digitata may have an ameliorative effect on dexamethasone-induced testicular damage in Wistar rats because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Impact of Storage Conditions on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) Seed Oil

The evolution of some quality markers of baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) was studied. Baobab oil extracted by pressing was packaged in 30 mL non-amber glass bottles and stored at different temperatures: 20°C, 30°C and 45°C. The physicochemical parameters (acid, peroxide, iodine, saponification, refraction and color indices) were determined during three months’ storage. A significant 5% increase in acid, peroxide and saponification value was observed over time. However, the iodine value decreased. The yellowing and refractive index remained stable while storage at 45°C caused the most significant changes in chemical parameters. The results obtained show that oils stored at 20°C had the lowest acid (2.42 ± 0.26 mg KOH/g) and peroxide (0.82 ± 0.25 mEqO2/Kg) value after three months of follow-up.

Secondary Metabolites and Antioxidant Activity of Different Parts of the Baobab Fruit (<i>Adansonia digitata</i>L.)

The objective of this study was to determine the polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin content and the antioxidant power of methanolic extracts from the different parts of the Senegalese baobab fruit. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of saponosides, tannins, alkaloids, sterols, flavonoids, coumarins and total sugars in all extracts from the fruit parts. The total polyphenol content was determined by the folin-ciocalteu method. This method is based on the quantification of the total concentration of hydroxyl groups present in the extract. In an alkaline medium, the reagent of folin-ciocalteu, oxidizes the phenols to ion phenolates and partially reduces its hetero-polyacids, hence the formation of a blue complex. The absorbance is read at 765 nm against a control. The Flavonoids vere determined using aluminum trichloride and sodium hydroxide. Aluminum trichloride forms a yellow complex with flavonoids and sodium hydroxyde forms a pink complex absorbing in the visible range at 510 nm. The alternative colorimetric method based on reactions with vanillin in an acidic medium made it possible to determine the tannin content. Absorbances were measured at 500 nm. The results show that the methanolic extracts of the fibers and shell have very high polyphenol, flavonoid and tannin contents. In fact, the polyphenol contents of the fiber (159.00 ± 0.93 μg EAG/mg extract) and shell (155.39 ± 0.89 μg EAG/mg extract) were much higher than those of the pulp (27.21 ± 0.26 μg EAG/mg extract) and seeds (18.36 ± 0.07 μg EAG/mg extract). In addition, the flavonoid contents of the fibers (97.64 ± 0.40 μg EQ/mg) and of the shell (86.18 ± 0.46 μg EQ/mg) were higher than those of the seeds (12.82 ± 0.04 μg EQ/mg) and pulp (5.66 ± 0.18 μg EQ/mg). The tannin contents of the fibers (256.65 ± 1.45 μg EC/mg) and of the shell (196.05 ± 25 μg EC/mg) are higher than those of the pulp (103.09 ± 0.62 μg EC/mg extract) and seeds (1.09 ± 0.04 μg EC/mg extract). The antioxidant activity of extracts from different parts of the baobab fruit has Also been achieved using two different methods (DPPH and FRAP). The trapping capacity of the DPPH radical is very advantageous for the fibers (IC50 = 2.27 μg/mL) and the shell (IC50 = 1.52 μg/mL). The FRAP test has shown that the extracts from the shell (18.47 μg/mL) and fibers (20.00 μg/mL) have a greater iron reduction capacity than that of the standard ascorbic acid (45.64 μg/mL).

Improving the Quality of Baobab Oil by Filtration on Activated Carbon from the Fruit Capsules

The baobab, Adansonia digitata L., plays an important role in the economy of local populations. Nowadays, baobab seed oil is highly prized for its many cosmetic and therapeutic applications, and for its composition of unsaturated fatty acids, sterols, and tocopherols. However, it undergoes numerous reactions during production, processing, transport, and storage, leading to undesirable products that make it unstable. The aim of this study was to provide local processors with innovative solutions for the treatment of unrefined vegetable oils. To this end, an experimental device for filtering crude oil on activated carbon made from fruit capsules was designed. The results obtained after the treatment show a significant decrease at (p < 5%) in acid value (1.62 to 0.58 mg KOH/g), peroxide value (4.40a to 0.50c mEqO2/Kg), chlorophyll concentration (1.81 to 0.50 mg/Kg) and primary and secondary oxidation products. According to these results, activated carbon’s adsorptive power eliminates oxidation products and certain pro-oxidants such as chlorophyll, resulting in a cleaner, more stable and better storable oil.

猴面包树引种栽培及其应用前景

介绍了猴面包树的形态及生物学特性、分布与原产地概况,世界各地引种栽培及其在食品、饮料、医药和纺织等方面的传统利用和产业化开发现状。根据其生物气候参数分析我国适宜引种区域并展望在我国引种与推广应用前景。

猴面包树的离体快繁条件筛选

该文以猴面包树(Adansonia digitata)种子为外植体,首先筛选合适的种子预处理及消毒方法,然后经过启动培养获得无菌外植体后在增殖培养基中进行丛生芽诱导,将丛生芽切成单株进行生根壮苗培养,最终建立猴面包树离体快繁技术体系。结果表明:75%酒精浸泡3 min+0.1%升汞消毒15 min消毒效果较佳,污染率为21.7%,发芽效果较好;用95%的浓硫酸预处理12 h接种到WPM启动培养基上萌发率为46.0%;猴面包树种子经过预处理和消毒后接种到WPM启动培养基上遮光处理48 h,发芽率可达74.0%;将经过启动培养后的外植体切成2~3 cm带有一个节的幼嫩茎段接种在增殖培养基中进行丛生芽诱导,筛选出最佳增殖培养基为WPM+2.0 mg·L^(-1)ZT+0.2 mg·L^(-1)IBA,继代周期60 d,增殖系数最高为3.1/60 d;将丛生芽切成单株,接种到生根诱导培养基中,筛选出最佳生根培养基为WPM+5.0 mg·L^(-1)IBA,生根诱导60 d,生根率达61.3%,平均根数为1.9条,平均根长8.9 cm。将生根苗在荫棚炼苗后,移栽至混合基质(椰糠∶菜园土∶珍珠岩=1∶1∶1)中,成活率60.0%。初步建立了猴面包树离体快繁技术体系,为猴面包树的快速繁殖和种质资源保存提供理论和技术支持。

猴面包树研究进展

综述猴面包树(Adansonia digitata)的起源、引种栽培情况、有效成分、用途及其繁殖方法进展,重点介绍其植物组织快繁技术,为猴面包树的种苗繁育及推广提供理论依据。

Modeling impacts of climate change on the potential distribution of six endemic baobab species in Madagascar

Madagascar,a globally renowned biodiversity hotspot characterized by high rates of endemism,is one of the few remaining refugia for many plants and animal species.However,global climate change has greatly affected the natural ecosystem and endemic species living in Madagascar,and will likely continue to influence species distribution in the future.Madagascar is home to six endemic baobab(Adansonia spp.,Bombacoideae[Malvaceae])species(Adansonia grandidieri,A.suarezensis,A.madagascariensis,A.perrieri,A.rubrostipa,A.za),which are remarkable and endangered plants.This study aimed to model the current distribution of suitable habitat for each baobab species endemic to Madagascar and determine the effect that climate change will have on suitable baobab habitat by the years 2050 and 2070.The distribution was modeled using MaxEnt based on locality information of 245 occurrence sites of six species from both online database and our own field work.A total of seven climatic variables were used for the modeling process.The present distribution of all six Madagascar's baobabs was largely influenced by temperature-related factors.Although both expansion and contraction of suitable habitat are predicted for all species,loss of original suitable habitat is predicted to be extensive.For the most widespread Madagascar baobab,A.za,more than 40%of its original habitat is predicted to be lost because of climate change.Based on these findings,we recommend that areas predicted to contract in response to climate change should be designated key protection regions for baobab conservation.

一个奇特的热带树种:猴面包树

简要介绍猴面包树(Adansonia digitata)的分布、植物学特征、用途和繁殖方法,以及在云南西双版纳的生长状况。

Laxative Effect of Some Plants Extracts Used in Traditional Pharmacopoeia on the Intestine of Rabbit

Constipation is a condition in which a person or animal has difficulty in eliminating solid waste from the body and the faeces are hard and dry. It is mainly characterized by a difficulty in defecation. The aim of the study is to assess the laxative effect of some plants such as Adansonia digitata , Ziziphus mauritiana and Psidium guayava traditionally used in Chad to treat the problems of constipation. The Microdynamometer method (Biomecatronics) is used to carry out this study. The outcomes show that the extracts’ leaves of Psidium guayava and barks of Ziziphus mauritiana did not lead a significant contraction of duodenum of rabbit until a maximum concentration of 1000 μg, but the extracts’ leaves of Adansonia digitata had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the intestinal motility of rabbit. This effect of the extract of Adansonia digitata varies with the increase of its concentration (dose dependent) with a maximum of 500 μg and the minimal effect is inferior to 10 μg. On the other hand, the extract of Adansonia digitata has a musculotrope effect because the results have shown that inhibitive molecules such as the atropine and the naloxone do not have to inhibit the action of Adansonia digitata on the intestinal motility of rabbit. Thus, the extract of this plant would reduce significantly the time of intestinal transit and it will be an important laxative drug candidate as described traditionally in Chad.

采自西双版纳的三个拟茎点霉新种 (英文)

报道了采自云南西双版纳的三个拟茎点霉Phomopsis新种:猴面包树拟茎点霉Ph. adansoniae、橡胶生拟茎点霉Ph. heveicola和蒲桃生拟茎点霉Ph. syzygiicola。猴面包树拟茎点霉分生孢子梗较长且宽,甲型分生孢子纺锤形,不同于木棉科植物上已报道的拟茎点霉种。橡胶生拟茎点霉与橡胶拟茎点霉Ph. heveae的主要区别在于前者分生孢子梗较宽,甲型和乙型分生孢子较窄。蒲桃生拟茎点霉与蒲桃拟茎点霉Ph. syzygii的主要区别是前者分生孢子梗合轴分枝,甲型分生孢子具2个油球。新种附有拉丁文、英文描述及显微结构图。模式标本保存于华南农业大学真菌标本室(SCHM)。

猴面包树属植物的研究进展

猴面包树属(Adansonia)植物为高大落叶乔木,隶属锦葵科木棉亚科,原产于非洲和澳大利亚。该属植物因其硕大的茎干、极强的耐旱能力及长寿的特点受到世界范围的广泛关注。猴面包树属植物可利用价值较高,在古气候重建、生物起源进化、生物多样性保护等方面具有重要意义。本文从地理分布、形态结构、功能用途和起源进化等方面对猴面包树属植物的相关研究进行了综述,并从其抗旱机理、开发利用、起源进化和保护繁育等方面进行了展望。

猴面包树实生苗荫棚育苗技术

为探讨适合三亚地区的猴面包树实生苗荫棚育苗生产技术,以猴面包树种子作为试验材料,研究5种播种基质、4种浸种水温、10种化学处理对猴面包树种子萌发和幼苗生的长影响,并在单因素试验的基础上采用L_(9)(3^(4))正交试验进行优化。单因素试验结果表明:供试的5种基质中,配合型基质椰糠∶菜园土=1∶1最适合猴面包树实生苗育苗;采用100℃浸种催芽效果最佳;采用95%浓硫酸酸蚀种子12 h,可获得最高的萌发率和发芽势,且实生苗的各项生长发育考察指标较优;80 mg/LABT溶液能有效促进根的生长。正交试验结果表明,最优种子处理组合是:将猴面包树种子以30℃水浸泡去果肉的猴面包树种子24 h,然后用95%浓硫酸酸蚀12 h,将酸液冲洗干净后,用80 mg/L的ABT溶液处理12 h,30 d种子发芽率可达58%。

基于层次分析法的猴面包树观赏性状综合评价

采用层次分析法对我国南部5个省区的22株猴面包树观赏性状进行综合评价,结果表明:(1)综合评价体系准则层中以花果形态美感(B4)的权重值最大,指标层中开花指数(C41)的总权重值最高;(2)评价结果显示:海南地区的猴面包树观赏性状整体比较高。根据评价结果将22株猴面包树划分为4个等级,其中Ⅰ级的有5株,其综合性状表现突出,观赏价值高。

猴面包树种子萌发及苗期生长规律研究

在3种处理条件下对猴面包树Adansonia digitata种子进行播种育苗,观察记录种子萌发特性、苗高和地径,以及连续观察两年物候。结果表明:(1)70℃热水浸种发芽率和发芽势最高,分别为18.72%、6.20%。(2)苗高和地径增长呈"S"型,苗木生长分为缓慢期、速生期和停滞期;苗高和地径的速生期起点均为7月上旬,一直持续至9月上旬,在8月中旬出现苗高和地径速生点。1年生猴面包树苗高和地径可达81.9 cm和12.6 mm,苗木整齐度较好,苗木质量较高,苗木移栽成活率高达90%以上。(3)在云南元阳县干热河谷地区,2年内猴面包树苗期的物候无显著差异,生长发育正常,证明该地区是猴面包树理想的引种栽培区域之一。