Admission Control Based on QoS for Third Generation Broadband Mobile Communication Systems

In this paper, a novel admission scheme is proposed which provides high degrees of quality of service (QoS) guarantees for multimedia traffic carried in mobile networks. The proposed scheme combines the admission control and bandwidth reservation to guarantee QoS requirements. It considers both local information and remote information to determine whether to accept or reject a connection. In order to embody the characteristics of the algorithms proposed in the article, two traditional algorithms of admission control are used for comparison. In the end of the paper the simulation analyses are given and the results show that the proposed algorithm can adjust the bandwidth according to the current status of networks and decrease the probability of connections forcibly dropped. The most important thing is that the algorithm is based on the multimedia communications and can guarantee the QoS of real time connections through decreasing the bandwidth of non real time connections.

A Contrastive Genre Analysis of Chinese and American University Admission Brochures

This study mainly uses the move and step analysis to conduct a contrastive genre analysis on the selected 20 Chinese ad-mission brochures(CABs) and 20 American admission brochures(AABs).Differences in moves,move sequences and step arrange-ments have revealed themselves in this comparison.Firstly,Chinese university admission brochures cast more focus on basic infor-mation about the university,the application procedure and admission criteria,while American universities,besides offering such in-formation,also emphasize the promotional function of the admission brochures.They use appealing and creative moves to commer-cially‘sell'advantages of the university to the potential applicants.Secondly,based on Kress & van Leeuwen's visual grammarsymbolic meaning,images and colors in admission brochures are also explored and analyzed as language.For one thing,after count-ing the frequency of the four categories of images,namely portrait,campus scenery,campus life pictures and graphs,it is foundthat,compared with CABs,AABs have a highly more obvious tendency in using images.The images are used as an effective tool toincrease the sense of credibility,identity-recognition,attract reader's attention,and help understanding,making the facts and in-formation more intuitive.For another thing,the main colors used in the brochures are yet another noticeable feature.Especially inAmerican brochures,universities tend to use their‘traditional colors' in the brochure to achieve a sense of consistency.Some Chi-nese brochures also follow this promotional strategy,yet a large percentage of them do not use any recognizable colors other thanthe printed black and white.Based on these differences,suggestions are put forward from perspectives including choice of movesand steps to improve the quality of CABs,hopefully raising their acceptance in the international level.

Admission delay is associated with worse surgical outcomes for elderly hip fracture patients:A retrospective observational study

BACKGROUND:The influence of surgical delay on mortality and morbidity has been studied extensively among elderly hip fracture patients.However,most studies only focus on the timing of surgery when patients have already been hospitalized,without considering pre-admission waiting time.Therefore,the present study aims to explore the infl uence of admission delay on surgical outcomes.METHODS:In this retrospective study,we recorded admission timing and interval from admission to surgery for included patient.Other covariates were also collected to control confounding.The primary outcome was 1-year mortality.The secondary outcomes were 1-month mortality,3-month mortality,ICU admission and postoperative pneumonia.We mainly used multivariate logistic regression to determine the effect of admission timing on postoperative outcomes.An additional survival analysis was also performed to assess the impact of admission delay on survival status in the fi rst year after operation.RESULTS:The proportion of patients hospitalized on day 0,day 1,day 2 after injury was 25.4%,54.7%and 66.3%,respectively.And 12.6%patients visited hospital one week later after injury.Mean time from admission to surgery was 5.2 days(standard deviation 2.8 days).Hospitalization at one week after injury was a risk factor for 1-year mortality(OR 1.762,95%CI 1.026–3.379,P=0.041).CONCLUSION:Admission delay of more than one week is signifi cantly associated with higher 1-year mortality.As a supplement to the current guidelines which emphasizes early surgery after admission,we also advocate early admission once patients get injured.

Association between Ambient Air Pollution and Hospital Emergency Admissions for Respiratory and Cardiovascular Diseases in Beijing: a Time Series Study

Objective To investigate the association between ambient air pollution and hospital emergency admissions in Beijing. Methods In this study, a semi-parametric generalized additive model （GAM） was used to evaluate the specific influences of air pollutants （PM10, SO2, and NO2） on hospital emergency admissions with different lag structures from 2009 to 2011, the sex and age specific influences of air pollution and the modifying effect of seasons on air pollution to analyze the possible interaction. Results It was found that a 10μg/m3 increase in concentration of PMlo at lag 03 day, SO2 and NO2 at lag 0 day were associated with an increase of 0.88%, 0.76%, and 1.82% respectively in overall emergency admissions. A 10 lag/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 at lag 5 day were associated with an increase of 1.39%, 1.56%, and 1.18% respectively in cardiovascular disease emergency admissions. For lag 02, a 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration of PM10, SO2 and NO2 were associated with 1.72%, 1.34%, and 2.57% increases respectively in respiratory disease emergency admissions. Conclusion This study further confirmed that short-term exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with increased risk of hospital emergency admissions in Beijing.

Daily Visibility and Hospital Admission in Shanghai, China

Objective The study is to investigate the associations between visibility, major air pollutants and daily counts of hospital admission in Shanghai, China. Methods Daily data on hospital admission, visibility, and air pollution during 2005‐2008 were obtained from the Shanghai Insurance Bureau （SHIB）, Shanghai Meteorological Bureau, and Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center, respectively. The generalized additive model （GAM） with penalized splines was used to examine the associations between daily visibility and hospital admission. Results Among various pollutants, PM 2.5 showed strongest correlation with visibility. Decreased visibility was significantly associated with increased risk of hospital admission in Shanghai. An inter‐quartile range decrease in the 2‐day （L01） moving average of visibility corresponded to 3.66% （95%CI： 1.02%, 6.31%）, 4.06% （95%CI： 0.84%, 7.27%）, and 4.32% （95%CI： 1.67%, 6.97%） increase of total, cardiovascular, and respiratory hospitalizations, respectively. Conclusion Our analyses provide the first piece of evidence in China, demonstrating that decreased visibility has an effect on hospital admission, and this finding strengthens the rationale for further limiting air pollution levels in Shanghai.

A Combining Call Admission Control and Power Control Scheme for D2D Communications Underlaying Cellular Networks

As device-to-device(D2D) communications usually reuses the resource of cellular networks, call admission control(CAC) and power control are crucial problems. However in most power control schemes, total data rates or throughput are regarded as optimization criterion. In this paper, a combining call admission control(CAC) and power control scheme under guaranteeing QoS of every user equipment(UE) is proposed. First, a simple CAC scheme is introduced. Then based on the CAC scheme, a combining call admission control and power control scheme is proposed. Next, the performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated. Finally, maximum DUE pair number and average transmitting power is calculated. Simulation results show that D2 D communications with the proposed combining call admission control and power control scheme can effectively improve the maximum DUE pair number under the premise of meeting necessary QoS.

Impact of admission blood glucose levels on prognosis of elderly patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention

OBJECTIVE:Admission hyperglycemia in acute myocardial infarction (MI) is related with increased in-hospital and long term mortality and major cardiac adverse events。 We aimed to investigate how admission hyperglycemia affects the short and long term outcomes in elderly patients >65 years) after primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction。 METHODS:We retrospectively analyzed 677 consecutive elderly patients (mean age 72.2 ±5.4)。 Patients were divided into two groups according to admission blood glucose levels。 Group : low glucose group (LLG), glucose < 168 mg/dL; and Group 2: high glucose group (HGG), glucose >168 mg/dL。 RESULTS:In-hospital, long term mortality and in-hospital major adverse cardiac events were higher in the high admission blood glucose group (P <0.001)。 Multivariate regression analysis showed: Killip > 1, post-thrombolysis in MI <3 and admission blood glucose levels were independent predictors of in-hospital adverse cardiac events (P <0.001)。 CONCLUSIONS:Admission hyperglycemia in elderly patients presented with ST elevation myocardial infarction is an independent predictor of in-hospital major adverse cardiac events and is associated with in-hospital and long term mortality。

Total ischemic time and outcomes for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction： does time of admission make a difference？

Objective To investigate whether admission time was associated with the delay of reperfusion therapy and in-hospital death in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction （STEMI）. Methods All patients with STEMI who were admitted to the emergency depart- ment and underwent primary percutaneous coronary intervention at Peking University People＇s Hospital between April 2012 and March 2015 were included. We examined differences in clinical characteristics, total ischemic time, and in-hospital death between patients admitted during off-hours and those admitted during regular hours. Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between off-hours admission and clinical outcome. Results The sample comprised 184 and 105 patients with STEMI admitted to hospital during off-hours and regular hours, respectively. Total ischemic and onset-to-door times were significantly shorter in patients admitted during off-hours than among those admitted during regular hours （all P 〈 0.05）. Door-to-balloon （DTB） time, the rate of DTB time 〈 90 min, and in-hospital death were comparable between groups. Multivariate logistic regression showed that age and creatinine level, but not off-hours admission, were associated independently with increased in-hospital death. Conclusions Off-hours admission did not result in delayed reperfusion therapy or increased in-hospital mortality in patients with STEMI. Further efforts should focus on identifying pivotal factors associated with the pre-hospital and in-hospital delay of reperfusion therapy, and implementing quality improvement initiatives for reperfusion programs.

Game-theoretic approach to power and admission control in hierarchical wireless sensor networks

Power efficiency and link reliability are of great impor- tance in hierarchical wireless sensor networks （HWSNs）, espe- cially at the key level, which consists of sensor nodes located only one hop away from the sink node called OHS. The power and admission control problem in HWSNs is comsidered to improve its power efficiency and link reliability. This problem is modeled as a non-cooperative game in which the active OHSs are con- sidered as players. By applying a double-pricing scheme in the definition of OHSs＇ utility function, a Nash Equilibrium solution with network properties is derived. Besides, a distributed algorithm is also proposed to show the dynamic processes to achieve Nash Equilibrium. Finally, the simulation results demonstrate the effec- tiveness of the proposed algorithm.

New degradation call admission control for increasing WCDMA system capacity

Propose a new degradation call admission control（DCAC）scheme, which can be used in wideband code division multiple access communication system. So-called degradation is that non-real time call has the characteristic of variable bit rate, so decreasing its bit rate can reduce the load of the system, consequently the system can admit new call which should be blocked when the system is close to full load, therefore new call＇s access probability increases. This paper brings forward design project and does system simulation, simulation proves that DCAC can effectively decrease calls＇ blocking probability and increase the total number of the on-line users.

Joint Resource Allocation and Admission Control in Sliced Fog Radio Access Networks

Network slicing based fog radio access network(F-RAN) has emerged as a promising architecture to support various novel applications in 5 G-and-beyond wireless networks. However, the co-existence of multiple network slices in F-RANs may lead to significant performance degradation due to the resource competitions among different network slices. In this paper, the downlink F-RANs with a hotspot slice and an Internet of Things(Io T) slice are considered, in which the user equipments(UEs) of different slices share the same spectrum. A novel joint resource allocation and admission control scheme is developed to maximize the number of UEs in the hotspot slice that can be supported with desired quality-of-service, while satisfying the interference constraint of the UEs in the Io T slice. Specifically, the admission control and beamforming vector optimization are performed in the hotspot slice to maximize the number of admitted UEs, while the joint sub-channel and power allocation is performed in the Io T slice to maximize the capability of the UEs in the Io T slice tolerating the interference from the hotspot slice. Numerical results show that our proposed scheme can effectively boost the number of UEs in the hotspot slice compared to the existing baselines.

SERVICE-AWARE BASED FUZZY ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEME IN MULTI-SERVICE NETWORKS

Multi-service aggregated transmission is the direction of IP network. Providing different Quality of Service (QoS) assurance for different services has become a crucial problem in future network. Admission control is a vital function for multi-service IP network. This paper proposes a novel fuzzy admission control scheme based on coarse granularity service-aware technique. Different service has discriminative sensitivity to the same QoS characteristic parameter in general. The traffic class can be perceived by the service request parameter and the proposed QoS function. And requirements of dif- ferent applications can be met by maintaining the life parameter. From simulation results, the proposed scheme shows a better QoS provisioning than those traditional fuzzy logic based methods under the same admission probability.

Effect of weekend admission on geriatric hip fractures

BACKGROUND The care discrepancy for patients presenting to a hospital on the weekend relative to the work week is well documented.With respect to hip fractures,however,there is no consensus about the presence of a so-called“weekend effect”.This study sought to determine the effects,if any,of weekend admission on care of geriatric hip fractures admitted to a large tertiary care hospital.It was hypothesized that geriatric hip fracture patients admitted on a weekend would have longer times to medical optimization and surgery and increased complication and mortality rates relative to those admitted on a weekday.AIM To determine if weekend admission of geriatric hip fractures is associated with poor outcome measures and surgical delay.METHODS A retrospective chart review of operative geriatric hip fractures treated from 2015-2017 at a large tertiary care hospital was conducted.Two cohorts were compared:patients who arrived at the emergency department on a weekend,and those that arrived at the emergency department on a weekday.Primary outcome measures included mortality rate,complication rate,transfusion rate,and length of stay.Secondary outcome measures included time from emergency department arrival to surgery,time from emergency department arrival to medical optimization,and time from medical optimization to surgery.RESULTS There were no statistically significant differences in length of stay(P=0.2734),transfusion rate(P=0.9325),or mortality rate(P=0.3460)between the weekend and weekday cohorts.Complication rate was higher in patients who presented on a weekend compared to patients who presented on a weekday(13.3%vs 8.3%;P=0.044).Time from emergency department arrival to medical optimization(22.7 h vs 20.0 h;P=0.0015),time from medical optimization to surgery(13.9 h vs 10.8 h;P=0.0172),and time from emergency department arrival to surgery(42.7 h vs 32.5 h;P<0.0001)were all significantly longer in patients who presented to the hospital on a weekend compared to patients who presented to the hospital on a weekday.CONCLUSION This study provided insight into the“weekend effect”for geriatric hip fractures and found that day of presentation has a clinically significant impact on delivered care.

Whole-brain CT Perfusion at Admission and During Delayed Time-window Detects the Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

Objective To evaluate the utility of computed tomography perfusion(CTP)both at admission and during delayed cerebral ischemia time-window(DCITW)in the detection of delayed cerebral ischemia(DCI)and the change in CTP parameters from admission to DCITW following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.Methods Eighty patients underwent CTP at admission and during DCITW.The mean and extreme values of all CTP parameters at admission and during DCITW were compared between the DCI group and non-DCI group,and comparisons were also made between admission and DCITW within each group.The qualitative color-coded perfusion maps were recorded.Finally,the relationship between CTP parameters and DCI was assessed by receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analyses.Results With the exception of cerebral blood volume(P=0.295,admission;P=0.682,DCITW),there were significant differences in the mean quantitative CTP parameters between DCI and non-DCI patients both at admission and during DCITW.In the DCI group,the extreme parameters were significantly different between admission and DCITW.The DCI group also showed a deteriorative trend in the qualitative color-coded perfusion maps.For the detection of DCI,mean transit time to the center of the impulse response function(Tmax)at admission and mean time to start(TTS)during DCITW had the largest area under curve(AUC),0.698 and 0.789,respectively.Conclusion Whole-brain CTP can predict the occurrence of DCI at admission and diagnose DCI during DCITW.The extreme quantitative parameters and qualitative color-coded perfusion maps can better reflect the perfusion changes of patients with DCI from admission to DCITW.

Admission control based on beamforming and interference alignment for D2D communication underlaying cellular networks

An admission control algorithm based on beamforming and interference alignment for device-to-device( D2D) communication underlaying cellular networks is proposed. First, some portion of D2D pairs that are the farthest away from the base station( BS) is selected to perform joint zero-forcing beamforming together with the cellular user equipments( UEs) and is admitted to the cellular network. The interference of the BS transmitting signal to the cellular UEs and the portion of D2D pair is eliminated completely at the same time. Secondly,based on the idea of interference alignment,the definition of channel parallelism is given. The channel parallelism of the remaining D2D pairs which are not involved in joint zero-forcing beamforming is computed by using the channel state information from the BS to the D2D devices. The higher the channel parallelism,the less interference the D2D pair suffers from the BS. Finally,in a descending order of channel parallelism,the remaining D2D pairs are reviewed in succession to determine admission to the cellular network. The algorithm stops when the admission of a D2D pair decreases the system sum rate. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively reduce the interference of the BS transmitting signal for D2D pairs and significantly improve system capacity. Furthermore, D2D communication is more applicable to short-range links.

A novel dynamic call admission control policy for wireless network

To address the issue of resource scarcity in wireless communication, a novel dynamic call admission control scheme for wireless mobile network was proposed. The scheme established a reward computing model of call admission of wireless cell based on Markov decision process, dynamically optimized call admission process according to the principle of maximizing the average system rewards. Extensive simulations were conducted to examine the performance of the model by comparing with other policies in terms of new call blocking probability, handoff call dropping probability and resource utilization rate. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve better adaptability to changes in traffic conditions than existing protocols. Under high call traffic load, handoff call dropping probability and new call blocking probability can be reduced by about 8%, and resource utilization rate can be improved by 2%-6%. The proposed scheme can achieve high source utilization rate of about 85%.

The Impact of the Superposition Coding Concept on Admission Control Strategy in OFDMA-Based Network

Admission control is a key mechanism to manage the increasing number of the simultaneous demanding services, requiring a desired Quality of Service(QoS) in a spectrum efficient manner. To address this issue,we investigate in this work, the use of the superposition coding technique to increase the system capacity through multiuser diversity exploitation. We propose a novel joint admission control and superposition coding formalism based on different utility functions:Opportunistic(OPSC), Great Fairness(GFSC)and Proportional Fairness(PFSC). Simulation results show the superiority of our proposed approaches over other by providing higher mean of served VoIP users and higher throughput while maintaining an average VoIP packet transmission delay lower than 0.6 ms.

Terminal-Modality-Based Joint Call Admission Control Algorithm for Fair Radio Resource Allocation in Heterogeneous Cellular Networks

There is a problem of unfairness in allocation of radio resources among heterogeneous mobile terminals in heterogeneous wireless networks. Low-capability mobile terminals (such as single-mode terminals) suffer high call blocking probability whereas high-capability mobile terminals (such as quad-mode terminals) experience very low call blocking probability, in the same heterogeneous wireless network. This paper proposes a Terminal-Modality-Based Joint Call Admission Control (TJCAC) algorithm to reduce this problem of unfairness. The proposed TJCAC algorithm makes call admission decisions based on mobile terminal modality (capability), network load, and radio access technology (RAT) terminal support index. The objectives of the proposed TJCAC algorithm are to reduce call blocking/dropping probability, and ensure fairness in allocation of radio resources among heterogeneous mobile terminals in heterogeneous networks. An analytical model is developed to evaluate the performance of the proposed TJCAC scheme in terms of call blocking/dropping probability in a heterogeneous wireless network. The performance of the proposed TJCAC algorithm is compared with that of other JCAC algorithms. Results show that the proposed algorithm reduces call blocking/dropping probability in the networks, and ensure fairness in allocation of radio resources among heterogeneous terminals.

A NOVEL CALL ADMISSION CONTROL SCHEME IN CELLULAR/WLAN INTEGRATION AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

In order to achieve the Quality of Service(QoS) provisioning and efficient resource utili-zation in cellular network and Wireless Local Area Network(WLAN) integration,an Integrated Ser-vice-Based Call Admission Control(ISB-CAC) scheme is proposed in this paper.The integrated network is modeled by using multi-dimensional Markov chains.The numerical analysis is presented to evaluate the important performance measures such as the blocking probability of originating calls,the dropping probability,and the average transfer time,etc.The steady-state probabilities of the multi-dimensional Markov chains are obtained by using an iterative approach,and the CAC pa-rameters are optimally designed.The analytical model is validated by the computer simulation.It is shown that compared with the conventional WLAN-First Call Admission Control(WF-CAC) scheme,the proposed ISB-CAC scheme not only provides better QoS for mobile users but also utilizes the bandwidth resources more efficiently.

Epidemiological profile of alcoholic liver disease hospital admissions in a Latin American country over a 10-year period

BACKGROUND Alcoholic liver disease(ALD)is a major cause of chronic liver disease worldwide.AIM To describe the epidemiological profile and mortality rates of patients with ALD admitted to public hospitals in different regions of Brazil from 2006 to 2015.METHODS This is a descriptive study that evaluated aggregate data from the five Brazilian geographic regions.RESULTS A total of 160093 public hospitalizations for ALD were registered.There was a 34.07%increase in the total number of admissions over 10 years,from 12879 in 2006 to 17267 in 2015.The region with the highest proportion(49.01%)of ALD hospitalizations was Southeast(n=78463).The North region had the lowest absolute number of patients throughout the study period,corresponding to 3.9%of the total(n=6242).There was a 24.72%increase in the total number of ALD deaths between 2006 and 2015.We found that the age group between 50 and 59 years had the highest proportion of both hospitalizations and deaths:28.94%(n=46329)of total hospital admissions and 29.43%(n=28864)of all deaths.Men were more frequently hospitalized than women and had the highest proportions of deaths in all regions.Mortality coefficient rates increased over the years,and simple linear regression analysis indicated a statistically significant upward trend in this mortality(R^2=0.744).CONCLUSION Our study provides a landscape of the epidemiological profile of public hospital admissions due to ALD in Brazil.We detected an increase in the total number of admissions and deaths due to ALD over 10 years.